GUIDELINE 5

AACRA SOILS AND MATERIALS MANUAL

FORWARD

This is the first comprehensive Soils and Materials Manual prepared for the use and technical
guidance for design personnel of the Addis Ababa City Roads Authority (AACRA) and consultants
doing urban road design for the Authority. However, it may also be used as a guide by other
agencies undertaking relevant work in the road sector.

The Addis Ababa City Roads Authority has prepared this Manual in order to standardize design
practices in all AACRA road design works.

The design standards set out in this Manual shall be adhered to unless otherwise directed by the
concerned bodies within AACRA. However, I would like to emphasis that careful consideration to
sound engineering practice shall be observed in the use of the Manual and under no circumstances
shall the Manual waive professional judgment in applied engineering. For simplification in
reference this Manual may be cited as “AACRA Soils and Materials Manual – 2004”.

It is my sincere hope that this Manual will provide all users with both a standard reference and a
ready source of good practice for the design of urban roads and will assist in a cost effective
operation and environmentally sustainable development of the city’s road network.

I look forward to the practices contained in this Manual being quickly adopted into our operations,
thereby making a sustainable contribution to the improved infrastructure of our City.

As this Manual, due to technological development and change, requires periodic updating,
comments and suggestions on all aspects from any concerned body, group or individual as a
feedback during its implementation is expected and that will be highly appreciated.

Fekadu Haile

General Manager

Addis Ababa City Roads Authority

FINAL – November 2004 Forward

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PREFACE

This AACRA Soils and Materials Manual – 2004 is one of the series of “AACRA’s Design Manuals,
Standard Contract Documents and Specifications”. The Manual was developed by SMEC
International in association with Metaferia Consulting Engineers (MCE).

This manual has been developed from current international practice appropriately modified to take
into account the local experience and conditions and is written for the practicing Engineer.

AACRA formed a project Working Group charged with evaluating and commenting upon the draft
Manuals and guiding the Consultant on the preparation of the final Manuals. Members of the
Working Group, the SMEC International and Metaferia Consulting Engineers (MCE) for this Manual
consists of the following:

Ato Tesfaye Legesse - AACRA

Ato Getachew Dilnesaw - AACRA

Ato Belayneh W/Selassie - SMEC

Mr John Fooks - SMEC

Mr Nurul Amin - SMEC

Ato Efrem G/Egziabher - MCE

Manuals and Documents prepared under these services are the following:

1. AACRA Traffic and Axle Load Study Manual

2. AACRA Pavement Design Manual

3. AACRA Geometric Design Manual

4. AACRA Bridge Design Manual and Standard Bridge Drawings

5. AACRA Soils and Materials Manual (this Manual)

6. AACRA Drainage Design Manual

7. AACRA Street Lighting Manual

8. AACRA Technical Specification and Standard Drawings for Urban Infrastructure

9. AACRA Bidding Documents and Conditions of Contract

This Manual has been set up in accordance with the following format:

• Chapter

• Major Heading (Level One)

• Subchapter within the major heading (Level Two)

• Sub-subchapter within the second level subject matter (Level Three)

All tables are described by numbers beginning with one (1) at the first of each section. Figures are
described in a similar manner.

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The Manual will be updated and revised on a periodic basis, as deemed appropriate. Significant
changes to criteria or procedures, which represent new policies of AACRA, or that are mandated
by the City Government, Federal Government Ministry or Agency, should be issued as soon as
possible. Other minor changes, not affecting design, can be accumulated and made periodically.
When a change is approved, new page(s) instituting the revisions, together with the revision date,
will be issued and inserted into the relevant sections.

All revisions to the Manual will be made strictly in accordance with the following procedures:

Any proposed change will be submitted by or through the head of the Design Department of
AACRA.

The proposed change, addition or deletion will be submitted on a Manual Change Form 1-1 (see
the attached form) and forwarded with an explanation of its need and purpose.

If the change is approved, the General Manager will sign the Manual Change form and return a
copy to the initiating Design Department Head. The original will be incorporated into the Manual by
the concerned Department.

The concerned Department will incorporate the changes into the Manual and re-issue all effected
pages showing the proper revision date as shown on the Manual Change Form 1.1.

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ADDIS ABABA CITY ROADS AUTHORITY

SOILS AND MATERIALS MANUAL

MANUAL CHANGE This area to be completed by the head of the

Design Division

Change No.

(Chapter No. -Change No.)

Chapter Explanation To be Deleted To be Inserted

Table
Figure

Submitted by: Approved by:

Title: General Manager of:

Date: Date:

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SOILS AND MATERIALS MANUAL

CONTENTS
Table of Contents ...............................................................................................................................i
1 Introduction............................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................ 1-1

1.2 Content of the Manual ........................................................................................................ 1-1

1.2.1 Section 1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 1-1

1.2.2 Section 2 – Sampling and Testing............................................................................. 1-1

1.2.3 Section 3 – Test Methods for Equipment .................................................................. 1-1

1.2.4 Section 4 – Soil Surveys and Treatments ................................................................. 1-2

1.2.5 Section 5 – Test Methods for Soils............................................................................ 1-2

1.2.6 Section 6 - Test Methods for Aggregates .................................................................. 1-2

1.2.7 Section 7 – Test Methods for Asphalt and Bituminous Materials.............................. 1-2

1.2.8 Section 8 – Test Methods for Cement and Concrete ................................................ 1-2

1.3 Relation to other Manuals and Specifications .................................................................... 1-2

1.4 References ......................................................................................................................... 1-3

2 Sampling and Testing .............................................................................................................. 2-1

2.1 Process Control and Routine Testing ................................................................................ 2-1

2.1.2 Routine Tests and Inspection by the Engineer.......................................................... 2-1

2.2 Test Methods...................................................................................................................... 2-2

2.3 Laboratory Equipment ........................................................................................................ 2-5

2.3.1 Preamble ................................................................................................................... 2-5

2.4 Sampling and Testing Frequency .................................................................................... 2-11

3 Test Methods For Equipments ................................................................................................. 3-1

3.1 General............................................................................................................................... 3-1

3.2 Standard Method of Test for Sieve for testing purposes Part I - Methods of “Testing
Sieves” ......................................................................................................................................... 3-2

3.2.1 Scope......................................................................................................................... 3-2

3.2.2 Definitions .................................................................................................................. 3-2

3.2.3 Instruments ................................................................................................................ 3-2

3.2.4 Methods of Testing and Calibration of Wire Cloth Sieves:-....................................... 3-2

3.2.5 Methods of Testing and Calibration of Perforated Plate Sieves:- ............................. 3-3

3.2.6 References ................................................................................................................ 3-3

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3.3 Part II - Wire Cloth Test Sieves .......................................................................................... 3-4

3.3.1 Scope......................................................................................................................... 3-4

3.3.2 Definitions: ................................................................................................................. 3-4

3.3.3 Requirements............................................................................................................. 3-5

3.3.4 Marking ...................................................................................................................... 3-6

3.3.5 Testing Methods ........................................................................................................ 3-7

3.3.6 Packaging .................................................................................................................. 3-7

3.3.7 References............................................................................................................... 3-12

3.4 Standard Method of Test for Weights and Balances Used in Testing of Highway Materials..
.......................................................................................................................................... 3-13

3.4.1 Scope....................................................................................................................... 3-13

3.4.2 Definitions ................................................................................................................ 3-13

3.4.3 Requirements........................................................................................................... 3-13

3.5 Standard Method of Test for Terms Relating to Density and Specific Gravity of Solids,
Liquids and Gases ..................................................................................................................... 3-16

3.5.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 3-16

3.6 Standard Method for Load Verification of Tensile Testing Machines (SSA 211/1981).... 3-18

3.6.1 Scope....................................................................................................................... 3-18

3.6.2 Definitions ................................................................................................................ 3-18

3.6.3 Requirements........................................................................................................... 3-18

3.6.4 Verification Methods ................................................................................................ 3-19

3.6.5 Calculations and Results: ........................................................................................ 3-21

3.7 References ....................................................................................................................... 3-22

4 Soil Surveys ............................................................................................................................. 4-1

4.1 Procedure for Soil Surveys................................................................................................. 4-1

4.1.1 Standard investigations of soils ................................................................................. 4-1

4.1.2 Soil and Rock Classification and Description ............................................................ 4-2

4.1.3 Sampling Methods ..................................................................................................... 4-2

4.1.4 Horizontal Distribution of Test Holes ......................................................................... 4-2

4.1.5 Proposed New Line and/or Grade ............................................................................. 4-3

4.1.6 Hydrological Conditions ............................................................................................. 4-4

4.1.7 Condition of Existing Pavements ............................................................................... 4-5

4.1.8 Adjacent Terrain......................................................................................................... 4-6

4.1.9 Regional Factor.......................................................................................................... 4-6

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4.1.10 Excavation Characteristics ........................................................................................ 4-6

4.1.11 Swelling Soils............................................................................................................. 4-7

4.1.12 Remedial measures for cut areas in swelling soil ................................................... 4-10

4.2 Soil Identification and Description .................................................................................... 4-10

4.2.1 Purpose of Soil Identification ................................................................................... 4-10

4.2.2 Rock Identification and Description ......................................................................... 4-12

4.2.3 Classification of soil ................................................................................................. 4-16

4.2.4 AASHTO Classification System............................................................................... 4-16

4.3 Recommended Options for Soil Treatment...................................................................... 4-22

4.4 Soil Stabilisation ............................................................................................................... 4-25

4.4.1 Technique of stabilisation ........................................................................................ 4-25

4.4.2 Classification of Stabilising Agents:......................................................................... 4-25

4.4.3 Available Stabilising Agents .................................................................................... 4-26

4.4.4 Mix Design Procedures for lime-soil stabilisation .................................................... 4-27

4.4.5 Recommended Laboratory Tests and procedure.................................................... 4-30

4.4.6 Samples................................................................................................................... 4-31

4.5 Slope Stabilisation............................................................................................................ 4-31

4.5.1 Aims of slope stability analysis ................................................................................ 4-31

4.5.2 Qualification requirements....................................................................................... 4-32

4.5.3 Types of slopes........................................................................................................ 4-32

4.5.4 Factors contributing to slope failures....................................................................... 4-34

4.5.5 Basic Soil Mechanics............................................................................................... 4-34

4.5.6 Basic Concepts Applicable to Slope Stability .......................................................... 4-35

4.5.7 Possible Effects of proposed constructions............................................................. 4-36

4.5.8 Material Properties................................................................................................... 4-36

4.5.9 Ground Water Conditions ........................................................................................ 4-36

4.5.10 Studies..................................................................................................................... 4-37

4.5.11 Exploration Program Design.................................................................................... 4-38

4.5.12 Laboratory Testing and Interpretation ..................................................................... 4-38

4.5.13 Factor of Safety Concepts (FOS) ............................................................................ 4-39

4.5.14 Method of Slices ...................................................................................................... 4-39

4.5.15 Factor of Safety ....................................................................................................... 4-43

4.6 References ....................................................................................................................... 4-51

5 Test Methods FOR Soils .......................................................................................................... 5-1

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5-1 Cross Reference ............................................................................................................ 5-1

5-1.1 Summary Form .......................................................................................................... 5-1

5-2 Test Methods for Soil ..................................................................................................... 5-1

5-1 Standard Method of Test for Dry Preparation of Disturbed Soil and Soil-Aggregate
Samples ....................................................................................................................................... 5-3

5-1.1 Scope......................................................................................................................... 5-3

5-1.2 Apparatus................................................................................................................... 5-3

5-1.3 Test Procedures ........................................................................................................ 5-3

5-1.4 Attachment: None ...................................................................................................... 5-3

5-2 Standard Method of Test for Wet Preparation of Disturbed Soil Samples for Test ....... 5-4

5-2.1 Scope......................................................................................................................... 5-4

5-2.2 Apparatus................................................................................................................... 5-4

5-2.3 Test Procedure .......................................................................................................... 5-4

5-2.4 Attachment: None ...................................................................................................... 5-4

5-3 Standard Method of Test for Laboratory Determination of Moisture Content of Soils ... 5-5

5-3.1 Scope......................................................................................................................... 5-5

5-3.2 Apparatus................................................................................................................... 5-5

5-3.3 Test Procedure .......................................................................................................... 5-5

5-3.4 Attachment................................................................................................................. 5-5

5-4 Standard Method of Test for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates .............. 5-7

5-4.1 Scope......................................................................................................................... 5-7

5-4.2 Apparatus................................................................................................................... 5-7

5-4.3 Test Procedures ........................................................................................................ 5-7

5-4.4 Attachment................................................................................................................. 5-7

5-5 Standard Method of Test for Particle Size Analysis of Soils........................................ 5-10

5-5.1 Scope....................................................................................................................... 5-10

5-5.2 Apparatus................................................................................................................. 5-10

5-5.3 Procedure ................................................................................................................ 5-10

5-5.4 Attachment...............................................................................................................5-10

5-6 Standard Method of Test for Amount of Material Finer than 75 µm Sieve in Aggregate....
..................................................................................................................................... 5-15

5-6.1 Scope:...................................................................................................................... 5-15

5-6.2 Apparatus:................................................................................................................5-15

5-6.3 Test Procedure: .......................................................................................................5-15

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5-6.4 Attachment:.............................................................................................................. 5-15

5-7 Standard Method of Test for Specific Gravity Of Soils ................................................ 5-17

5-7.1 Scope:...................................................................................................................... 5-17

5-7.2 Definition:................................................................................................................. 5-17

5-7.3 Apparatus: ............................................................................................................... 5-17

5-7.4 Procedure: ............................................................................................................... 5-17

5-7.5 Attachments:............................................................................................................ 5-17

5-8 Standard Method of Test for Determining the Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index of Soils ...
..................................................................................................................................... 5-20

5-8.1 Scope of work .......................................................................................................... 5-20

5-9 Standard Method of Test for Determining the Liquid Limit of Soils ............................. 5-22

5-9.1 Definition:................................................................................................................. 5-22

5-9.2 Apparatus: ............................................................................................................... 5-22

5-9.3 Test Procedure: ....................................................................................................... 5-22

5-9.4 Attachment:.............................................................................................................. 5-22

5-10 Standard Method of Test for the Classification of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures for
Highway Construction Purposes ............................................................................................... 5-25

5-10.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 5-25

5-10.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 5-25

5-10.3 Test Procedures .................................................................................................. 5-25

5-10.4 Attachment .......................................................................................................... 5-25

5-11 Standard Method of Test for Moisture-Density Relations of Soils Using a 4.54 kg
Rammer and a 457 mm. Drop ................................................................................................... 5-27

5-11.1 Scope: ................................................................................................................. 5-27

5-11.2 Apparatus: ........................................................................................................... 5-27

5-11.3 Test Procedure:................................................................................................... 5-27

5-11.4 Attachment: ......................................................................................................... 5-27

5-12 Standard Method of Test for the California Bearing Ratio........................................... 5-30

5-12.1 Scope: ................................................................................................................. 5-30

5-12.2 Apparatus: ........................................................................................................... 5-30

5-12.3 Test Procedure:................................................................................................... 5-30

5-12.4 Attachment: ......................................................................................................... 5-30

5-13 Standard Method of Test for Relative Density of Cohesion-less Soils ........................ 5-34

5-13.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 5-34

5-13.2 Definition of Relative Density .............................................................................. 5-34

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5-13.3 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 5-34

5-13.4 Test Procedure .................................................................................................... 5-34

5-13.5 Attachment ..........................................................................................................5-34

5-14 Standard Method of Test for Density of Soil In-Place by the Sand Cone Method....... 5-36

5-14.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................5-36

5-14.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 5-36

5-14.3 Test Procedure .................................................................................................... 5-36

5-14.4 Attachment ..........................................................................................................5-36

5-15 Standard Method of Test for Correction for Coarse Particles in Soil Compaction Test .....
..................................................................................................................................... 5-39

5-15.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................5-39

5-15.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 5-39

5-15.3 Procedure ............................................................................................................ 5-39

5-15.4 Attachment ..........................................................................................................5-39

5-16 Standard Method of Test for Determination of Moisture in Soils by Means of a Calcium
Carbide Gas Pressure Moisture Tester ..................................................................................... 5-42

5-16.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................5-42

5-16.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 5-42

5-16.3 Procedures .......................................................................................................... 5-42

5-16.4 Attachments......................................................................................................... 5-42

5-17 Standard Method of Test for Density and Moisture Content of Soil and Soil-Aggregate
In-Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth) .......................................................................... 5-44

5-17.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................... 5-44

5-17.2 Scope ..................................................................................................................5-44

5-17.3 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 5-44

5-17.4 Procedure ............................................................................................................ 5-44

5-17.5 Attachment: None................................................................................................ 5-44

5-18 Standard Method of Test for Soil Investigation and Sampling by Auger Borings ........ 5-45

5-18.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................5-45

5-18.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 5-45

5-18.3 Procedure ............................................................................................................ 5-45

5-18.4 Attachment: None................................................................................................ 5-45

5-19 Standard Method of Test for Penetration Test and Split Barrel Sampling of Soils ...... 5-46

5-19.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................5-46

5-19.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 5-46

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5-19.3 Procedure............................................................................................................ 5-46

5-19.4 Attachment: None................................................................................................ 5-46

5-20 Standard Method of Test for Thin Walled Tube Sampling of Soils.............................. 5-47

5-20.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 5-47

5-20.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 5-47

5-20.3 Procedure............................................................................................................ 5-47

5-20.4 Attachment: None................................................................................................ 5-47

5-21 Standard Method of Test for Diamond Drilling for Site Investigation........................... 5-48

5-21.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 5-48

5-21.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 5-48

5-21.3 Procedure............................................................................................................ 5-48

5-21.4 Attachment: None................................................................................................ 5-48

5-22 Standard Method of Test for Field Vane Shear Test in Cohesive Soil ........................ 5-49

5-22.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 5-49

5-22.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 5-49

5-22.3 Procedure............................................................................................................ 5-49

5-22.4 Attachment: None................................................................................................ 5-49

5-23 Standard Method of Test for Determining Expansive Soils and Remedial Action....... 5-50

5-23.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 5-50

5-23.2 Applicable Documents......................................................................................... 5-50

5-23.3 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 5-50

5-23.4 Procedure............................................................................................................ 5-50

5-23.5 Attachment: None................................................................................................ 5-50

5-24 Standard Method of Test for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil..... 5-51

5-24.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 5-51

5-24.2 Definition ............................................................................................................. 5-51

5-24.3 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 5-51

5-24.4 Procedure............................................................................................................ 5-51

5-24.5 Attachment: None................................................................................................ 5-51

5-25 Standard Method of Test for One Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils ...... 5-52

5-25.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 5-52

5-25.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 5-52

5-25.3 Procedure............................................................................................................ 5-52

5-25.4 Attachment: None................................................................................................ 5-52

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5-26 Standard Method of Test for Triaxial Compressive Strength of Undrained Rock Core
Specimens Without Pore Pressure Measurement..................................................................... 5-53

5-26.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................5-53

5-26.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 5-53

5-26.3 Procedures .......................................................................................................... 5-53

5-26.4 Attachment: None................................................................................................ 5-53

5-27 Standard Method of Test for Strength Parameters of Soils by Triaxial Compression . 5-54

5-27.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................5-54

5-27.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 5-54

5-27.3 Procedure ............................................................................................................ 5-54

5-27.4 Attachment: None................................................................................................ 5-54

5-28 Standard Method of Test for Direct Shear Test of Soils Under-Consolidated Drained
Conditions .................................................................................................................................. 5-55

5-28.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................5-55

5-28.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 5-55

5-28.3 Procedure ............................................................................................................ 5-55

5-28.4 Attachment: None................................................................................................ 5-55

5-29 Standard Method of Test for Bearing Capacity of Soil for Static Load on Spread Footings
..................................................................................................................................... 5-56

5-29.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................5-56

5-29.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 5-56

5-29.3 Procedure ............................................................................................................ 5-56

5-29.4 Attachment: None................................................................................................ 5-56

5-30 Standard Method of Test for Measurements of Pore Pressures in Soils..................... 5-57

5-30.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................5-57

5-30.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 5-57

5-30.3 Procedure ............................................................................................................ 5-57

5-30.4 Attachment: None................................................................................................ 5-57

5-31 Standard Method of Test for Installing, Monitoring and Processing Data of the Travelling
Type Slope Inclinometer ............................................................................................................ 5-58

5-31.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................5-58

5-31.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 5-58

5-31.3 Procedures .......................................................................................................... 5-58

5-31.4 Attachment: None................................................................................................ 5-58

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5-32 Standard Method of Test for Repetitive Static Plate Load Tests of Soils and Flexible
Pavement Components, for Use in Evaluation and Design of Highway Pavement .................. 5-59

5-32.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 5-59

5-32.2 Definitions............................................................................................................ 5-59

5-32.3 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 5-59

5-32.4 Procedure............................................................................................................ 5-59

5-32.5 Attachment: None................................................................................................ 5-59

5-33 Standard Method of Test for Pavement Deflection Measurements............................. 5-60

5-33.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 5-60

5-33.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 5-60

5-33.3 Procedure............................................................................................................ 5-60

5-33.4 Attachment: None................................................................................................ 5-60

5-34 Standard Method of Test for Permeability of Granular Soils (Constant Head)............ 5-61

5-34.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 5-61

5-34.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 5-61

5-34.3 Procedures .......................................................................................................... 5-61

5-34.4 Attachment .......................................................................................................... 5-61

5-35 Standard Method of Test for Moisture Density Relationships of Soils Using a 2.5 kg
Rammer and a 305 mm Drop .................................................................................................... 5-63

5-35.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 5-63

5-35.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 5-63

5-35.3 Procedures .......................................................................................................... 5-63

5-35.4 Attachment .......................................................................................................... 5-63

6 Test Methods for Aggregates................................................................................................... 6-3

6-1 Characteristics of Aggregates........................................................................................ 6-3

6-1.1 Resistance to Abrasion and Skidding........................................................................ 6-3

6-1.2 Particle Shape and Surface Texture:......................................................................... 6-5

6-1.3 Bulk Unit Weight (Bulk Density):................................................................................ 6-6

6-1.4 Specific gravity:.......................................................................................................... 6-6

6-1.5 Absorption and Surface Moisture: ............................................................................. 6-6

6-1.6 Harmful Materials and alkali reactivity: ...................................................................... 6-6

6-1.7 Handling and Storing Aggregates:............................................................................. 6-7

6-2 Aggregate....................................................................................................................... 6-8

6-2.1 Introduction: ............................................................................................................... 6-8

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6-2.2 Sedimentary Rocks.................................................................................................... 6-8

6-2.3 Igneous Rocks ........................................................................................................... 6-8

6-2.4 Metamorphic Rocks ................................................................................................... 6-8

6-2.5 Sources of Aggregates .............................................................................................. 6-8

6-2.6 Processed Aggregates .............................................................................................. 6-8

6-2.7 Synthetic or Artificial Aggregates............................................................................... 6-9

6-2.8 Aggregate Properties................................................................................................. 6-9

6-2.9 Size and Grading ....................................................................................................... 6-9

6-2.10 Cleanliness .......................................................................................................... 6-10

6-2.11 Toughness........................................................................................................... 6-10

6-2.12 Surface Texture ................................................................................................... 6-10

6-2.13 Particle Shape ..................................................................................................... 6-11

6-2.14 Absorption ...........................................................................................................6-11

6-2.15 Affinity for Asphalt................................................................................................ 6-11

6-1 Standard Method of Test for Clay Lumps and Friable Particles in Natural aggregates .....
..................................................................................................................................... 6-13

6-1.1 Scope....................................................................................................................... 6-13

6-1.1 Apparatus:................................................................................................................6-13

6-1.2 Procedure: ............................................................................................................... 6-13

6-1.3 Attachment:.............................................................................................................. 6-13

6-2 Standard Method of Test for Lightweight Pieces in Aggregate Moisture Induced Damage
6-15

6-2.1 Scope....................................................................................................................... 6-15

6-2.2 Apparatus................................................................................................................. 6-15

6-2.3 Procedure ................................................................................................................ 6-15

6-2.4 Attachment: None .................................................................................................... 6-15

6-3 Standard Method of Test for Resistance to Abrasion of Small Size Coarse Aggregate by
Use of the Los Angeles Machine ............................................................................................... 6-16

6-3.1 Scope:...................................................................................................................... 6-16

6-3.2 Apparatus:................................................................................................................6-16

6-3.3 Procedure: ............................................................................................................... 6-16

6-3.4 Attachment:.............................................................................................................. 6-16

6-4 Standard Method of Test for Soundness of Aggregate by Use of Sodium Sulphate or
Magnesium Sulphate ................................................................................................................. 6-18

6-4.1 Scope....................................................................................................................... 6-18

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6-4.2 Apparatus: ............................................................................................................... 6-18

6-4.3 Procedure: ............................................................................................................... 6-18

6-4.4 Attachment:.............................................................................................................. 6-18

6-5 Standard Method of Test for Sieve Analysis for Coarse and Fine Aggregates ........... 6-20

6-5.1 Scope....................................................................................................................... 6-20

6-5.2 Apparatus: ............................................................................................................... 6-20

6-5.3 Procedure: ............................................................................................................... 6-20

6-5.4 Attachment:.............................................................................................................. 6-20

6-6 Standard Method of Test for Organic Impurities in Fine Aggregate for Concrete ....... 6-22

6-6.1 Scope....................................................................................................................... 6-22

6-6.2 Apparatus and Materials:......................................................................................... 6-22

6-6.3 Procedure: ............................................................................................................... 6-22

6-6.4 Attachment: None .................................................................................................... 6-22

6-7 Standard Method of Test for the Effect of Organic Impurities in Fine Aggregate on the
Strength of Mortar Aggregates by Washing .............................................................................. 6-23

6-7.1 Scope....................................................................................................................... 6-23

6-7.2 Apparatus and Materials:......................................................................................... 6-23

6-7.3 Procedure: ............................................................................................................... 6-23

6-7.4 Attachments: None .................................................................................................. 6-23

6-8 Standard Method of Test for Material Finer Than 75 µm (No.200) Sieve in Mineral
Aggregates by Washing............................................................................................................. 6-24

6-8.1 Scope....................................................................................................................... 6-24

6-8.2 Apparatus and Materials:......................................................................................... 6-24

6-8.3 Procedure: ............................................................................................................... 6-24

6-8.4 Attachment: None .................................................................................................... 6-24

6-9 Standard Method of Test for Unit Weight and Voids in Aggregate.............................. 6-25

6-9.1 Scope....................................................................................................................... 6-25

6-9.2 Apparatus and Materials:......................................................................................... 6-25

6-9.3 Procedure: ............................................................................................................... 6-25

6-9.4 Attachment:.............................................................................................................. 6-25

6-10 Standard Method of Test for Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregate....... 6-27

6-10.1 Scope: ................................................................................................................. 6-27

6-10.2 Apparatus: ........................................................................................................... 6-27

6-10.3 Procedure:........................................................................................................... 6-27

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6-10.4 Attachment: ......................................................................................................... 6-27

6-11 Standard Method of Test for Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate .. 6-29

6-11.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................6-29

6-11.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 6-29

6-11.3 Procedure ............................................................................................................ 6-29

6-11.4 4. Attachment ...................................................................................................... 6-29

6-12 Standard Method of Test for Surface Moisture in Fine Aggregate Scope ................... 6-31

6-12.1 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 6-31

6-12.2 Procedure ............................................................................................................ 6-31

6-12.3 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 6-31

6-13 Standard Method of Test for Reducing Field Samples of Aggregate to Testing Size . 6-32

6-13.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................6-32

6-13.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 6-32

6-13.3 Procedure ............................................................................................................ 6-32

6-13.4 Attachment: None................................................................................................ 6-32

6-14 Standard Method of Test for Total Moisture Content of Aggregate by Drying............. 6-33

6-14.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................6-33

6-14.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 6-33

6-14.3 Procedure ............................................................................................................ 6-33

6-14.4 Attachment: None................................................................................................ 6-33

6-15 Standard Method of Test for Sampling Aggregates..................................................... 6-34

6-15.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................6-34

6-15.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 6-34

6-15.3 Procedure ............................................................................................................ 6-34

6-15.4 Attachment: None................................................................................................ 6-34

6-16 Standard Method of Test for Plastic Fines in Graded Aggregates and Soils by Use of
Sand Equivalent Test................................................................................................................. 6-35

6-16.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................6-35

6-16.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 6-35

6-16.3 Procedure ............................................................................................................ 6-35

6-16.4 Attachment ..........................................................................................................6-35

6-17 Standard Method of Test for Effect of Water on Cohesion of Compacted Bituminous
Mixtures ..................................................................................................................................... 6-37

6-17.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................6-37

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6-17.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 6-37

6-17.3 Procedure............................................................................................................ 6-37

6-17.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 6-37

6-18 Standard Method of Test for Resistance of Compacted Bituminous Mixture to Moisture
Induced Damage ....................................................................................................................... 6-38

6-18.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 6-38

6-18.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 6-38

6-18.3 Procedure............................................................................................................ 6-38

6-18.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 6-38

6-19 Standard Method of Test for Coarse Aggregate for Portland Cement Concrete......... 6-39

6-19.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 6-39

6-19.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 6-39

6-19.3 Procedure............................................................................................................ 6-39

6-19.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 6-39

6-20 Standard Method for the Determination of Length Change of Hardened Cement Paste,
Mortar, and Cement................................................................................................................... 6-40

6-20.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 6-40

6-20.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 6-40

6-20.3 Procedure............................................................................................................ 6-40

6-20.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 6-40

6-21 Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregate for Structural Concrete ................. 6-41

6-21.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 6-41

6-21.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 6-41

6-21.3 Procedure............................................................................................................ 6-41

6-21.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 6-41

6-22 Standard Method of Test for Uncompacted Void Content of Fine Aggregate ............. 6-42

6-22.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 6-42

6-22.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 6-42

6-22.3 Procedure............................................................................................................ 6-42

6-22.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 6-42

6-23 Standard Specification for Fine Aggregate for Portland Cement Concrete................. 6-43

6-23.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 6-43

6-23.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 6-43

6-23.3 Procedure............................................................................................................ 6-43

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6-23.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 6-43

7 test methods for bituminous materials ..................................................................................... 7-3

7-1 Asphalt and Asphalt Concrete ....................................................................................... 7-3

7-1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 7-3

7-1.2 Properties:.................................................................................................................. 7-3

7-1.3 Recommendation:...................................................................................................... 7-3

7-1.4 Terms Related to Asphalt and its uses:..................................................................... 7-4

7-2 Tests of Asphalts.......................................................................................................... 7-10

7-2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 7-10

7-2.2 Penetration............................................................................................................... 7-10

7-2.3 Viscosity:.................................................................................................................. 7-11

7-2.4 Flash Point: .............................................................................................................. 7-11

7-2.5 Thin Film Oven Test: ............................................................................................... 7-11

7-2.6 Ductility: ................................................................................................................... 7-12

7-2.7 Solubility:.................................................................................................................. 7-12

7-2.8 Specific Gravity: ....................................................................................................... 7-12

7-2.9 Softening Point:........................................................................................................ 7-12

7-2.10 Rapid-Curing and Medium Curing Liquid Asphalt: .............................................. 7-13

7-2.11 Slow-Curing (SC) Liquid Asphalt:........................................................................ 7-13

7-2.12 Emulsified Asphalt: .............................................................................................. 7-14

7-1 Standard Method of Test for Sampling of Bituminous Material ................................... 7-16

7-1.1 Scope:...................................................................................................................... 7-16

7-1.2 Apparatus:................................................................................................................7-16

7-1.3 Procedure: ............................................................................................................... 7-16

7-1.4 Attachment: None .................................................................................................... 7-16

7-2 Standard Method of Test for Solubility of Bituminous Materials .................................. 7-17

7-2.1 Scope....................................................................................................................... 7-17

7-2.2 Apparatus................................................................................................................. 7-17

7-2.3 Procedure ................................................................................................................ 7-17

7-2.4 Attachment...............................................................................................................7-17

7-3 Standard Method of Test for Loss on Heating of Oil and Asphaltic Compounds ........ 7-19

7-3.1 Scope....................................................................................................................... 7-19

7-3.2 Apparatus................................................................................................................. 7-19

7-3.3 Procedure ................................................................................................................ 7-19

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7-3.4 Attachment............................................................................................................... 7-19

7-4 Standard Method of Test for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup ............. 7-21

7-4.1 Scope....................................................................................................................... 7-21

7-4.2 Apparatus ................................................................................................................ 7-21

7-4.3 Procedures .............................................................................................................. 7-21

7-4.4 Attachment............................................................................................................... 7-21

7-5 Standard Method of Test for Penetration of Bituminous Material................................ 7-23

7-5.1 Scope:...................................................................................................................... 7-23

7-5.2 Apparatus: ............................................................................................................... 7-23

7-5.3 Procedure: ............................................................................................................... 7-23

7-5.4 Attachment:.............................................................................................................. 7-23

7-6 Standard Method of Test for Float Test of Bituminous Materials ................................ 7-25

7-6.1 Scope:...................................................................................................................... 7-25

7-6.2 Apparatus: ............................................................................................................... 7-25

7-6.3 Procedure: ............................................................................................................... 7-25

7-6.4 Attachments: None .................................................................................................. 7-25

7-7 Standard Method of Test for Ductility of Bituminous Materials.................................... 7-26

7-7.1 Scope....................................................................................................................... 7-26

7-7.2 Apparatus ................................................................................................................ 7-26

7-7.3 Procedure ................................................................................................................ 7-26

7-7.4 Attachment............................................................................................................... 7-26

7-8 Standard Method of Test for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring and Ball Apparatus).. 7-28

7-8.1 Scope....................................................................................................................... 7-28

7-8.2 Apparatus: ............................................................................................................... 7-28

7-8.3 Procedure: ............................................................................................................... 7-28

7-8.4 Attachments: None .................................................................................................. 7-28

7-9 Standard Method of Test for Water in Petroleum Products and Bituminous Materials by
Distillation................................................................................................................................... 7-29

7-9.1 Scope....................................................................................................................... 7-29

7-9.2 Apparatus: ............................................................................................................... 7-29

7-9.3 Procedure: ............................................................................................................... 7-29

7-9.4 Attachments: None .................................................................................................. 7-29

7-10 Standard Method of Testing Emulsified Asphalts ........................................................ 7-30

7-10.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 7-30

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7-10.2 Apparatus: ........................................................................................................... 7-30

7-10.3 Procedure: ........................................................................................................... 7-30

7-10.4 Attachment: None................................................................................................ 7-30

7-11 Standard Method of Test for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalt ....................................... 7-31

7-11.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................7-31

7-11.2 Apparatus: ........................................................................................................... 7-31

7-11.3 Procedure: ........................................................................................................... 7-31

7-11.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 7-31

7-12 Standard Method of Test for Specific Gravity of Semi-Solid Bituminous Materials ..... 7-32

7-12.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................7-32

7-12.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 7-32

7-12.3 Procedure ............................................................................................................ 7-32

7-12.4 Attachment ..........................................................................................................7-32

7-13 Standard Method of Test for Effect of Heat and Air on Asphalt Materials [Thin Film Oven
Test] ..................................................................................................................................... 7-34

7-13.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................7-34

7-13.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 7-34

7-13.3 Procedure ............................................................................................................ 7-34

7-13.4 Attachment: None................................................................................................ 7-34

7-14 Standard Method of Test for Determining the Specific Gravity of Liquid Asphalts by
Hydrometer Method ................................................................................................................... 7-35

7-14.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................7-35

7-14.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 7-35

7-14.3 Procedure ............................................................................................................ 7-35

7-14.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 7-35

7-15 Standard Method of Test for Determining Degree of Pavement Compaction of

Bituminous Aggregate Mixtures................................................................................................. 7-36

7-15.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................7-36

7-15.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 7-36

7-15.3 Procedure ............................................................................................................ 7-36

7-15.4 Attachment ..........................................................................................................7-36

7-16 Standard Method of Test for Resistance to Plastic Flow of Bituminous Mixtures Using
Marshall Apparatus .................................................................................................................... 7-39

7-16.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................7-39

7-16.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 7-39

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7-16.3 Procedure............................................................................................................ 7-39

7-16.4 Attachment .......................................................................................................... 7-39

7-17 Standard Method of Test for Resistance of Compacted Asphalt Mixtures to Moisture-
Induced Damage ....................................................................................................................... 7-41

7-17.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 7-41

7-17.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 7-41

7-17.3 Procedure............................................................................................................ 7-41

7-17.4 Attachment: None................................................................................................ 7-41

7-18 Standard Method of Test for Coating and Stripping of Bituminous Aggregate Mixtures ....
..................................................................................................................................... 7-42

7-18.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 7-42

7-18.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 7-42

7-18.3 Procedure............................................................................................................ 7-42

7-18.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 7-42

7-19 Standard Method of Test for Mechanical Analysis of Extracted Aggregate ................ 7-43

7-19.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 7-43

7-19.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 7-43

7-19.3 Procedure............................................................................................................ 7-43

7-19.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 7-43

7-20 Standard Method of Test for Bulk Specific Gravity of Compacted Bituminous Mixtures
Using Saturated Surface-Dry Specimen.................................................................................... 7-44

7-20.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 7-44

7-20.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 7-44

7-20.3 Procedure............................................................................................................ 7-44

7-20.4 Attachment: None................................................................................................ 7-44

7-21 Standard Method of Test for Percent Air Voids in Compacted Dense and Open Graded
Paving Mixtures ......................................................................................................................... 7-45

7-21.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 7-45

7-21.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 7-45

7-21.3 Procedure............................................................................................................ 7-45

7-21.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 7-45

7-22 Standard Method of Test for Compressive Strength of Bituminous Mixtures.............. 7-46

7-22.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 7-46

7-22.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 7-46

7-22.3 Procedure............................................................................................................ 7-46

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7-22.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 7-46

7-23 Standard Method of Test for Sampling Bituminous Paving Mixtures .......................... 7-47

7-23.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................7-47

7-23.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 7-47

7-23.3 Procedure ............................................................................................................ 7-47

7-23.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 7-47

7-24 Standard Method of Test for Quantitative Extraction of Bitumen from Bituminous Paving
Mixtures ..................................................................................................................................... 7-48

7-24.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................7-48

7-24.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 7-48

7-24.3 Procedure ............................................................................................................ 7-48

7-24.4 Attachment: None................................................................................................ 7-48

7-25 Standard Method of Test for Maximum Specific Gravity of Bituminous Mixture.......... 7-50

7-25.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................7-50

7-25.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 7-50

7-25.3 Procedure ............................................................................................................ 7-50

7-25.4 Attachment ..........................................................................................................7-50

7-26 Standard Specification for Penetration Graded Bitumen (Ashpalt Cement)................ 7-53

7-26.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................7-53

7-26.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 7-53

7-26.3 Procedure ............................................................................................................ 7-53

7-26.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 7-53

7-27 Standard Method of Test for Maximum Specific Gravity of Bituminous Mixture.......... 7-54

7-27.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................7-54

7-27.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 7-54

7-27.3 Procedure ............................................................................................................ 7-54

7-27.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 7-54

7-28 Standard Specification for Cutback Bitumen (Asphalt) (Medium-Curing Type)........... 7-55

7-28.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................7-55

7-28.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 7-55

7-28.3 Procedure ............................................................................................................ 7-55

7-28.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 7-55

7-29 Standard Specification for Viscosity-Graded Bitumen (Asphalt Cement).................... 7-56

7-29.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................7-56

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7-29.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 7-56

7-29.3 Procedure............................................................................................................ 7-56

7-29.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 7-56

7-30 Standard Specification for Cutback Bitumen (Asphalt) (Rapid-Curing Type).............. 7-57

7-30.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 7-57

7-30.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 7-57

7-30.3 Procedure............................................................................................................ 7-57

7-30.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 7-57

7-31 Standard Specification for Emulsified Bitumen (Asphalt) ............................................ 7-58

7-31.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 7-58

7-31.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 7-58

7-31.3 Procedure............................................................................................................ 7-58

7-31.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 7-58

7-32 Standard Specification for Cationic Emulsified Bitumen.............................................. 7-59

7-32.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 7-59

7-32.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 7-59

7-32.3 Procedure............................................................................................................ 7-59

7-32.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 7-59

7-33 Standard Specification for Mineral Filler for Bituminous Paving Mixtures ................... 7-60

7-33.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 7-60

7-33.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 7-60

7-33.3 Procedure............................................................................................................ 7-60

7-33.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 7-60

8 Test Methods for Cement and Concrete.................................................................................. 8-3

8-1 Types of Portland Cement ............................................................................................. 8-3

8-1.1 Type I cement: ........................................................................................................... 8-3

8-1.2 Type II cement: .......................................................................................................... 8-3

8-1.3 Type III cement: ......................................................................................................... 8-3

8-1.4 Type IV cement:......................................................................................................... 8-3

8-1.5 Type V cement:.......................................................................................................... 8-3

8-2 Properties of Portland Cement:...................................................................................... 8-4

8-2.1 Fineness: ................................................................................................................... 8-4

8-2.2 Soundness:................................................................................................................ 8-4

8-2.3 Consistency: .............................................................................................................. 8-4

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8-2.4 Setting Time:.............................................................................................................. 8-4

8-2.5 False Set:................................................................................................................... 8-5

8-2.6 Compressive Strength: .............................................................................................. 8-5

8-2.7 Heat of Hydration:...................................................................................................... 8-5

8-2.8 Loss on Ignition:......................................................................................................... 8-5

8-2.9 Specific Gravity: ......................................................................................................... 8-5

8-2.10 Weight of Cement:................................................................................................. 8-6

8-2.11 Storage of Cement: ............................................................................................... 8-6

8-3 Introduction: ................................................................................................................... 8-6

8-3.1 Water Cement Ratio: ................................................................................................. 8-6

8-3.2 Workability of Concrete:............................................................................................. 8-7

8-3.3 Consolidation of Concrete: ........................................................................................ 8-7

8-3.4 Hydration, Setting time, Hardening of Concrete: ....................................................... 8-7

8-4 Hardening of Concrete: .................................................................................................. 8-8

8-5 Strength of Concrete: ..................................................................................................... 8-8

8-6 Unit Weight:.................................................................................................................... 8-9

8-7 Alkali Carbonate and Bi-carbonate: ............................................................................... 8-9

8-8 Chloride and Sulphate:................................................................................................... 8-9

8-9 Admixtures for Concrete: ............................................................................................. 8-10

8-9.1 Introduction: .............................................................................................................8-10

8-9.2 Air-entraining Admixtures: ....................................................................................... 8-11

8-9.3 Water-reducing Admixtures: .................................................................................... 8-11

8-9.4 Retarding Admixture: ............................................................................................... 8-11

8-9.5 Accelerating Admixtures: ......................................................................................... 8-11

8-9.6 Pozzolans: ............................................................................................................... 8-12

8-9.7 Workability Agents: ..................................................................................................8-12

8-9.8 Super plasticizers: ................................................................................................... 8-12

8-1 Standard Method of Test for Sampling Hydraulic Cement .......................................... 8-13

8-1.1 Scope....................................................................................................................... 8-13

8-1.1 Apparatus:................................................................................................................8-13

8-1.2 Procedure: ............................................................................................................... 8-13

8-1.3 Attachments: None .................................................................................................. 8-13

8-2 Standard Method of Test for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by the 45 µm (No. 325)
Sieve ..................................................................................................................................... 8-14

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8-2.1 Scope....................................................................................................................... 8-14

8-2.2 Apparatus: ............................................................................................................... 8-14

8-2.3 Procedure: ............................................................................................................... 8-14

8-2.4 Attachment:.............................................................................................................. 8-14

8-3 Standard Method of Test for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic Cement........................ 8-16

8-3.1 Scope....................................................................................................................... 8-16

8-3.2 Apparatus: ............................................................................................................... 8-16

8-3.3 Procedure: ............................................................................................................... 8-16

8-3.4 Attachments: None .................................................................................................. 8-16

8-4 Determination of Standard Consistency of Cement Paste .......................................... 8-17

8-4.1 Apparatus ................................................................................................................ 8-17

8-4.2 Procedure (Note 2) .................................................................................................. 8-17

8-4.3 Determination of Initial and Final Setting Time........................................................ 8-18

8-4.4 Determination of Soundness (Le Chatelier Method) ............................................... 8-19

8-4.5 Standard Sand......................................................................................................... 8-20

8-4.6 Preparation of Mortar............................................................................................... 8-20

8-4.7 Mixing ...................................................................................................................... 8-20

8-4.8 Molding .................................................................................................................... 8-20

8-4.9 Treatment of Specimens ......................................................................................... 8-21

8-4.10 Bending Strength................................................................................................. 8-21

8-4.11 The Compressive Strength ................................................................................. 8-21

8-5 Standard Method of Test for False Set of Portland Cement (Paste Method).............. 8-27

8-5.1 Scope....................................................................................................................... 8-27

8-5.2 Definitions ................................................................................................................ 8-27

8-5.3 Apparatus: ............................................................................................................... 8-27

8-5.4 Procedure: ............................................................................................................... 8-27

8-5.5 Attachments: None .................................................................................................. 8-27

8-6 Standard Method of Test for Air Content of Hydraulic Cement Mortar........................ 8-28

8-6.1 Scope....................................................................................................................... 8-28

8-6.2 Apparatus ................................................................................................................ 8-28

8-6.3 Procedure: ............................................................................................................... 8-28

8-6.4 Attachments: None .................................................................................................. 8-28

8-7 Standard Method of Test for Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement by Gillmore Needles ..
..................................................................................................................................... 8-29

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8-7.1 Scope....................................................................................................................... 8-29

8-7.2 Apparatus:................................................................................................................8-29

8-7.3 Procedure: ............................................................................................................... 8-29

8-7.4 Attachment:.............................................................................................................. 8-29

8-8 Standard Method of Test for Quality of Water to be Used in Concrete ....................... 8-32

8-8.1 Scope:...................................................................................................................... 8-32

8-8.2 Apparatus:................................................................................................................8-32

8-8.3 Procedure: ............................................................................................................... 8-32

8-8.4 Attachments: None .................................................................................................. 8-32

8-9 Standard Method of Test for Sampling Fresh Concrete .............................................. 8-33

8-9.1 Scope....................................................................................................................... 8-33

8-9.2 Apparatus:................................................................................................................8-33

8-9.3 Procedures:.............................................................................................................. 8-33

8-9.4 Attachments: None .................................................................................................. 8-33

8-10 Standard Method of Test for Slump of Portland Cement Concrete ............................. 8-34

8-10.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................8-34

8-10.2 Apparatus: ........................................................................................................... 8-34

8-10.3 Procedure: ........................................................................................................... 8-34

8-10.4 Attachment: ......................................................................................................... 8-34

8-11 Standard Method of Test for Mass per Cubic Metre, Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric)
of Concrete ................................................................................................................................ 8-36

8-11.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................8-36

8-11.2 Apparatus: ........................................................................................................... 8-36

8-11.3 Procedure: ........................................................................................................... 8-36

8-11.4 Attachment: ......................................................................................................... 8-36

8-12 Standard Method of Test for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure
Method ..................................................................................................................................... 8-38

8-12.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................8-38

8-12.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 8-38

8-12.3 Procedure: ........................................................................................................... 8-38

8-12.4 Attachments:........................................................................................................ 8-38

8-13 Standard Method of Test for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Chace
Indicator ..................................................................................................................................... 8-39

8-13.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................8-39

8-13.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 8-39

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8-13.3 Procedure............................................................................................................ 8-39

8-13.4 Attachments: ....................................................................................................... 8-39

8-14 Standard Method of Test for Making and Curing Concrete Compressive Test Specimens
in the Field ................................................................................................................................. 8-41

8-14.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 8-41

8-14.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 8-41

8-14.3 Procedure:........................................................................................................... 8-41

8-14.4 Attachments: ....................................................................................................... 8-41

8-15 Standard Method of Test for Most Cabinets, Moist Rooms, and Water Storage Tanks
Used in the Testing of Hydraulic Cements and Concretes........................................................ 8-42

8-15.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 8-42

8-15.2 Definitions............................................................................................................ 8-42

8-15.3 Procedure:........................................................................................................... 8-42

8-15.4 Attachments: ....................................................................................................... 8-42

8-16 Standard Method of Test for Obtaining and Testing Drilled Cores of Concrete .......... 8-43

8-16.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 8-43

8-16.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 8-43

8-16.3 Procedure:........................................................................................................... 8-43

8-16.4 Attachments: ....................................................................................................... 8-43

8-17 Standard Method of Test for Capping Cylindrical Concrete Specimens ..................... 8-44

8-17.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 8-44

8-17.2 Apparatus: ........................................................................................................... 8-44

8-17.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 8-44

8-17.4 Attachment: ......................................................................................................... 8-44

8-18 Standard Method of Test for Compressive Strength Cylindrical Concrete Specimens8-45

8-18.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 8-45

8-18.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 8-45

8-18.3 Procedure:........................................................................................................... 8-45

8-18.4 Attachment: ......................................................................................................... 8-45

8-19 Standard Method of Test for Sampling Hydrated Lime................................................ 8-47

8-19.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 8-47

8-19.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 8-47

8-19.3 Procedure............................................................................................................ 8-47

8-19.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 8-47

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8-20 Standard Method of Test for Specific Gravity of Hydraulic Cement ............................ 8-48

8-20.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................8-48

8-20.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 8-48

8-20.3 Procedure ............................................................................................................ 8-48

8-20.4 Attachment: ......................................................................................................... 8-48

8-21 Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete.................................... 8-50

8-21.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................8-50

8-21.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 8-50

8-21.3 Procedure ............................................................................................................ 8-50

8-21.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 8-50

8-22 Standard Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete ............................. 8-51

8-22.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................8-51

8-22.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 8-51

8-22.3 Procedure ............................................................................................................ 8-51

8-22.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 8-51

8-23 Standard Specification for Portland Cement................................................................ 8-52

8-23.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................8-52

8-23.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 8-52

8-23.3 Procedure ............................................................................................................ 8-52

8-23.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 8-52

8-24 Standard Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cement................................................ 8-53

8-24.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................8-53

8-24.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 8-53

8-24.3 Procedure ............................................................................................................ 8-53

8-24.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 8-53

8-25 Standard Method of Test for Flexural Strength of Concrete (using Simple Beam with
Third-Point Loading) .................................................................................................................. 8-54

8-25.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................8-54

8-25.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 8-54

8-25.3 Procedure ............................................................................................................ 8-54

8-25.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 8-54

8-26 Standard Method of Test for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by Air Permeability
Apparatus................................................................................................................................... 8-55

8-26.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................8-55

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8-26.2 Fineness Test...................................................................................................... 8-55

8-26.3 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 8-55

8-26.4 Preparation of Test Sample ................................................................................ 8-55

8-26.5 Determination of bulk volume (V) of cement bed in the cell................................ 8-56

8-26.6 Procedure............................................................................................................ 8-57

8-26.7 Calculations......................................................................................................... 8-57

8-26.8 Determination of the Constant (K)....................................................................... 8-57

8-27 Standard Specification for Ready-Mixed Concrete...................................................... 8-59

8-27.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 8-59

8-27.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 8-59

8-27.3 Procedure............................................................................................................ 8-59

8-27.4 Attachments: None:............................................................................................ 8-59

8-28 Standard Specification for Concrete Made by Volumetric Batching and Continuous
Mixing ..................................................................................................................................... 8-60

8-28.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 8-60

8-28.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 8-60

8-28.3 Procedure............................................................................................................ 8-60

8-28.4 Attachments: None:............................................................................................ 8-60

8-29 Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use
as a Mineral Aggregate in Concrete .......................................................................................... 8-61

8-29.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 8-61

8-29.2 Apparatus ............................................................................................................ 8-61

8-29.3 Procedure............................................................................................................ 8-61

8-29.4 Attachments: None:............................................................................................ 8-61

8-30 References................................................................................................................... 8-62

8-30.1 Main references................................................................................................... 8-62

8-30.2 Other References ................................................................................................ 8-62

Table of Contents ...............................................................................................................................i

9 Test Methods for Miscellaneous Items .................................................................................... 9-4
9-1 Standard Methods of Tension Testing of Metallic Materials.......................................... 9-4

9-1.1 Scope:........................................................................................................................ 9-4

9-1.2 Apparatus: ................................................................................................................. 9-4

9-1.3 Procedure: ................................................................................................................. 9-4

9-1.4 Attachment:................................................................................................................ 9-4

9-2 Standard Method of Test for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Material ............................. 9-10
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9-2.1 Scope:...................................................................................................................... 9-10

9-2.2 Apparatus:................................................................................................................9-10

9-2.3 Procedure: ............................................................................................................... 9-10

9-2.4 Attachments: None. ................................................................................................. 9-10

9-3 Standard Test Method for Rockwell Hardness and Superficial Hardness of Metallic
Materials .................................................................................................................................... 9-11

9-3.1 Scope:...................................................................................................................... 9-11

9-3.2 Apparatus:................................................................................................................9-11

9-3.3 Procedure: ............................................................................................................... 9-11

9-3.4 Attachment:.............................................................................................................. 9-11

9-4 Standard Method of Test for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Materials ......... 9-15

9-4.1 Scope:...................................................................................................................... 9-15

9-4.2 Selection of Test Piece and Apparatus: .................................................................. 9-15

9-4.3 Procedure: ............................................................................................................... 9-15

9-4.4 Attachment:.............................................................................................................. 9-15

9-5 Standard Method of Test for Mass of Coating on Zinc-Coated Iron or Steel Articles.. 9-19

9-5.1 Scope....................................................................................................................... 9-19

9-5.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:....................................................................... 9-19

9-5.3 Procedures:.............................................................................................................. 9-19

9-5.4 Attachments: None .................................................................................................. 9-19

9-6 Standard Method of Test for Thermoplastic Traffic Line Material................................ 9-20

9-6.1 Scope....................................................................................................................... 9-20

9-6.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:....................................................................... 9-20

9-6.3 Procedures:.............................................................................................................. 9-20

9-6.4 Attachments: None .................................................................................................. 9-20

9-7 Standard Method of Test for Testing Epoxy Resin Adhesive ...................................... 9-21

9-7.1 Scope....................................................................................................................... 9-21

9-7.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:....................................................................... 9-21

9-7.3 Procedures:.............................................................................................................. 9-21

9-7.4 Attachments: None .................................................................................................. 9-21

9-8 Standard Specification for Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanised) Coatings on Iron and Steel
Products..................................................................................................................................... 9-22

9-8.1 Scope....................................................................................................................... 9-22

9-8.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:....................................................................... 9-22

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9-8.3 Procedures: ............................................................................................................. 9-22

9-8.4 Attachments: None .................................................................................................. 9-22

9-9 Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Billet-Steel for Concrete Reinforcement ..
..................................................................................................................................... 9-23

9-9.1 Scope....................................................................................................................... 9-23

9-9.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:....................................................................... 9-23

9-9.3 Procedures: ............................................................................................................. 9-23

9-9.4 Attachments: None .................................................................................................. 9-23

9-10 Standard Specification for Corrosion Resistant Coated Dowel Bars........................... 9-24

9-10.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 9-24

9-10.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus: .................................................................. 9-24

9-10.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-24

9-10.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 9-24

9-11 Standard Specification for Preformed Sponge Rubber and Cork Expansion Joint Fillers
for Concrete Paving and Structural Construction ...................................................................... 9-25

9-11.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 9-25

9-11.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus: .................................................................. 9-25

9-11.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-25

9-11.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 9-25

9-12 Standard Specification for Preformed Expansion Joint Fillers for Concrete Paving and
Structural Construction (Non-extruding and Resilient Bituminous Types) ................................ 9-26

9-12.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 9-26

9-12.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus: .................................................................. 9-26

9-12.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-26

9-12.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 9-26

9-13 Standard Specification for Burlap Cloth Made from Jute or Kenaf .............................. 9-27

9-13.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 9-27

9-13.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus: .................................................................. 9-27

9-13.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-27

9-13.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 9-27

9-14 Standard Specification for Sheet Materials for Curing Concrete ................................. 9-28

9-14.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 9-28

9-14.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus: .................................................................. 9-28

9-14.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-28

9-14.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 9-28

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9-15 Standard Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Compounds for Curing Concrete ..
..................................................................................................................................... 9-29

9-15.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................9-29

9-15.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:................................................................... 9-29

9-15.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-29

9-15.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 9-29

9-16 Standard Method of Test for Steel Wire, Plain, for Concrete Reinforcement .............. 9-30

9-16.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................9-30

9-16.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:................................................................... 9-30

9-16.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-30

9-16.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 9-30

9-17 Standard Method of Test for Steel Welded Wire Fabric, Plain, for Concrete
Reinforcement............................................................................................................................ 9-31

9-17.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................9-31

9-17.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:................................................................... 9-31

9-17.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-31

9-17.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 9-31

9-18 Standard Specification for Steel Welded Wire Fabric, Deformed, for Concrete
Reinforcement............................................................................................................................ 9-32

9-18.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................9-32

9-18.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:................................................................... 9-32

9-18.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-32

9-18.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 9-32

9-19 Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Deformed, for Concrete Reinforcement.......... 9-33

9-19.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................9-33

9-19.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:................................................................... 9-33

9-19.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-33

9-19.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 9-33

9-20 Standard Specification for Steel Strand, Uncoated Seven-Wire for Concrete
Reinforcement............................................................................................................................ 9-34

9-20.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................9-34

9-20.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:................................................................... 9-34

9-20.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-34

9-20.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 9-34

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9-21 Standard Specification for Uncoated Stress-Relieved Steel Wire for Prestressed
Concrete .................................................................................................................................... 9-35

9-21.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 9-35

9-21.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus: .................................................................. 9-35

9-21.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-35

9-21.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 9-35

9-22 Standard Specification for Uncoated High-Strength Steel Bar for Prestressing Concrete .
..................................................................................................................................... 9-36

9-22.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 9-36

9-22.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus: .................................................................. 9-36

9-22.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-36

9-22.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 9-36

9-23 Standard Specification for Concrete Joint-Sealer, Hot-Poured ................................... 9-37

9-23.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 9-37

9-23.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus: .................................................................. 9-37

9-23.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-37

9-23.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 9-37

9-24 Standard Specification for Carbon and High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel Shapes,
Plates, Bars and Quenched-and-Tempered Alloy Structural Steel Plates for Bridges.............. 9-38

9-24.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 9-38

9-24.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus: .................................................................. 9-38

9-24.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-38

9-24.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 9-38

9-25 Standard Specification for High-Strength Steel Structural Bolts.................................. 9-39

9-25.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 9-39

9-25.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus: .................................................................. 9-39

9-25.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-39

9-25.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 9-39

9-26 Standard Specification for High-Strength Bolts for Structural Steel Joints.................. 9-40

9-26.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 9-40

9-26.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus: .................................................................. 9-40

9-26.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-40

9-26.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 9-40

9-27 Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts ............................................. 9-41

9-27.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 9-41

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9-27.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:................................................................... 9-41

9-27.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-41

9-27.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 9-41

9-28 Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High-pressure and
High-Temperature Service......................................................................................................... 9-42

9-28.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................9-42

9-28.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:................................................................... 9-42

9-28.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-42

9-28.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 9-42

9-29 Standard Specification for Hardened Steel Washers .................................................. 9-43

9-29.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................9-43

9-29.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:................................................................... 9-43

9-29.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-43

9-29.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 9-43

9-30 Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, for General Application............... 9-44

9-30.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................9-44

9-30.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:................................................................... 9-44

9-30.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-44

9-30.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 9-44

9-31 Standard Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for

General Application.................................................................................................................... 9-45

9-31.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................9-45

9-31.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:................................................................... 9-45

9-31.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-45

9-31.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 9-45

9-32 Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings............................................................. 9-46

9-32.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................9-46

9-32.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:................................................................... 9-46

9-32.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-46

9-32.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 9-46

9-33 Standard Specification for Wood Products .................................................................. 9-47

9-33.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................9-47

9-33.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:................................................................... 9-47

9-33.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-47

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9-33.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 9-47

9-34 Standard Specification for Preservatives and Pressure Treatment Processes for Timber
9-48

9-34.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 9-48

9-34.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus: .................................................................. 9-48

9-34.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-48

9-34.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 9-48

9-35 Standard Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Ironand Steel hardware ........... 9-49

9-35.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 9-49

9-35.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus: .................................................................. 9-49

9-35.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-49

9-35.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 9-49

9-36 Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe ...
..................................................................................................................................... 9-50

9-36.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 9-50

9-36.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus: .................................................................. 9-50

9-36.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-50

9-36.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 9-50

9-37 Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete D-Load Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer
Pipe ..................................................................................................................................... 9-51

9-37.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 9-51

9-37.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus: .................................................................. 9-51

9-37.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-51

9-37.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 9-51

9-38 Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete Box Sections for Culverts, Storm Drains
and Sewers ................................................................................................................................ 9-52

9-38.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 9-52

9-38.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus: .................................................................. 9-52

9-38.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-52

9-38.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 9-52

9-39 Standard Specification for Precast Reinforced Concrete Box Sections for Culverts,
Storm Drains, and Sewers with Less Than 0.6 m of Cover....................................................... 9-53

9-39.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 9-53

9-39.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus: .................................................................. 9-53

9-39.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-53

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9-39.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 9-53

9-40 Standard Specification for Corrugated Steel Pipe, Metallic-Coated, for Sewers and
Drains ..................................................................................................................................... 9-54

9-40.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................9-54

9-40.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:................................................................... 9-54

9-40.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-54

9-40.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 9-54

9-41 Standard Specification for Corrugated Steel Structural Plate, Zinc-Coated, For Field
Bolted Pipe, Pipe-Arches, and Arches....................................................................................... 9-55

9-41.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................9-55

9-41.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:................................................................... 9-55

9-41.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-55

9-41.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 9-55

9-42 Standard Specification for Bituminous-Coated Corrugated Metal Culvert Pipe and Pipe
Arches ..................................................................................................................................... 9-56

9-42.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................9-56

9-42.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:................................................................... 9-56

9-42.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-56

9-42.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 9-56

9-43 Standard Specification for Class PS46 Poly(Vinyl chloride) (PVC) Pipe..................... 9-57

9-43.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................9-57

9-43.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:................................................................... 9-57

9-43.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-57

9-43.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 9-57

9-44 Standard Specification for Corrugated Polyethylene Drainage Pipe ........................... 9-58

9-44.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................9-58

9-44.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:................................................................... 9-58

9-44.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-58

9-44.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 9-58

9-45 Standard Specification for Circular Concrete Sewer and Culvert Pipe Using Watertight
Gaskets ..................................................................................................................................... 9-59

9-45.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................9-59

9-45.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:................................................................... 9-59

9-45.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-59

9-45.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 9-59

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9-46 Standard Specification for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) and Poly(Vinyl

Chloride) (PVC) Composite Sewer Pipe.................................................................................... 9-60

9-46.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 9-60

9-46.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus: .................................................................. 9-60

9-46.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-60

9-46.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 9-60

9-47 Standard Method of Test for Frictional Properties of Paved Surfaces Using a Full-Scale
Tyre ..................................................................................................................................... 9-61

9-47.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 9-61

9-47.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus: .................................................................. 9-61

9-47.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-61

9-47.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 9-61

9-48 Standard Specification for Sewer and Manhole Brick (Made from Clay or Shale) ...... 9-62

9-48.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 9-62

9-48.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus: .................................................................. 9-62

9-48.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-62

9-48.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 9-62

9-49 Standard Specification for Building Brick (Solid Masonry Units Made from Clay or Shale)
..................................................................................................................................... 9-63

9-49.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 9-63

9-49.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus: .................................................................. 9-63

9-49.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-63

9-49.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 9-63

9-50 Standard Specification for Preformed Expansion Joint Filler for Concrete (Bituminous
Type) ..................................................................................................................................... 9-64

9-50.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 9-64

9-50.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus: .................................................................. 9-64

9-50.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-64

9-50.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 9-64

9-51 Standard Specification for Preformed Polychloroprene Elastomeric Joint Seals for
Concrete Pavements ................................................................................................................. 9-65

9-51.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 9-65

9-51.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus: .................................................................. 9-65

9-51.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-65

9-51.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 9-65

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9-52 Standard Specification for Requirements for Steel, Plates, Shapes, Sheet Piling, and
Bars for Structural Use............................................................................................................... 9-66

9-52.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................9-66

9-52.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:................................................................... 9-66

9-52.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-66

9-52.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 9-66

9-53 Standard Specification for Corrugated Sheet Steel Beams for Highway Guardrail..... 9-67

9-53.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................9-67

9-53.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:................................................................... 9-67

9-53.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-67

9-53.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 9-67

9-54 Standard Specification for Zinc .................................................................................... 9-68

9-54.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................9-68

9-54.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:................................................................... 9-68

9-54.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-68

9-54.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 9-68

9-55 Standard Specification for Retro-reflective Sheeting for Traffic Control ...................... 9-69

9-55.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................9-69

9-55.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:................................................................... 9-69

9-55.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-69

9-55.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 9-69

9-56 Standard Specification for Aluminum Paint.................................................................. 9-70

9-56.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................9-70

9-56.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:................................................................... 9-70

9-56.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-70

9-56.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 9-70

9-57 Standard Specification for Ready-Mixed White and Yellow Traffic Paints .................. 9-71

9-57.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................9-71

9-57.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:................................................................... 9-71

9-57.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-71

9-57.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 9-71

9-58 Standard Specification for Steel Fence Post and Assemblies, Hot-Wrought .............. 9-72

9-58.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................9-72

9-58.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:................................................................... 9-72

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9-58.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-72

9-58.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 9-72

9-59 Standard Specification for Aluminum-Coated Steel Barbed Wire ............................... 9-73

9-59.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 9-73

9-59.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus: .................................................................. 9-73

9-59.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-73

9-59.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 9-73

9-60 Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanised) Steel Wire Fence Fabric.......... 9-74

9-60.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 9-74

9-60.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus: .................................................................. 9-74

9-60.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-74

9-60.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 9-74

9-61 Standard Specification for Chain-Link Fence .............................................................. 9-75

9-61.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 9-75

9-61.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus: .................................................................. 9-75

9-61.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-75

9-61.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 9-75

9-62 Standard Specification for Metallic-Coated Carbon Steel Barbed Wire ...................... 9-76

9-62.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 9-76

9-62.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus: .................................................................. 9-76

9-62.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-76

9-62.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 9-76

9-63 Standard Method of Test for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products ........................... 9-77

9-63.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 9-77

9-63.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus: .................................................................. 9-77

9-63.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-77

9-63.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 9-77

9-64 Standard Specification for Glass Beads Used in Traffic Paints................................... 9-78

9-64.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 9-78

9-64.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus: .................................................................. 9-78

9-64.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-78

9-64.4 Attachments: None.............................................................................................. 9-78

9-65 Standard Specification for White and Yellow Thermoplastic Striping Material (Solid
Form) ..................................................................................................................................... 9-79

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9-65.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................9-79

9-65.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:................................................................... 9-79

9-65.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-79

9-65.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 9-79

9-66 Standard Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Profile Wall Drain Pipe and
Fittings Based of Controlled Inside Diameter ............................................................................ 9-80

9-66.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................9-80

9-66.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:................................................................... 9-80

9-66.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-80

9-66.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 9-80

9-67 Standard Specification for Epoxy Resin Adhesive....................................................... 9-81

9-67.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................9-81

9-67.2 Sampling, Reagents and Apparatus:................................................................... 9-81

9-67.3 Procedures: ......................................................................................................... 9-81

9-67.4 Attachments: None .............................................................................................. 9-81

Table of Conversion Factors .......................................................................................................... xlvii

LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1: General Testing Equipment............................................................................................ 2-6

Table 2-2: Soil Testing Equipment .................................................................................................. 2-8

Table 2-3: Aggregate Testing Equipment........................................................................................ 2-9

Table 2-4: Bituminous Test Equipment ........................................................................................... 2-9

Table 2-5: Portland Cement Concrete Test Equipment ................................................................ 2-11

Table 2-6: Minimum Sampling and Test schedule ........................................................................ 2-12

Table 2-7: Minimum Sampling and Test schedule ........................................................................ 2-13

Table 2-8: Minimum Sampling and Test schedule ........................................................................ 2-14

Table 2-9: Minimum Sampling and Test schedule ........................................................................ 2-15

Table 2-10: Minimum Sampling and Test schedule ...................................................................... 2-17

Table 2-11: Minimum Sampling and Test schedule ...................................................................... 2-19

Table 2-12: Minimum Sampling and Test schedule ...................................................................... 2-22

Table 3-1: List of Test Method for General Test ............................................................................. 3-1

Table 3-2: Materials for wire cloth ................................................................................................... 3-5

Table 3-3: Frame Dimensions ......................................................................................................... 3-6

Table 3-4: Standard Test Sieves..................................................................................................... 3-8

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Table 3-5: Sieves Designation and Their Sizes ............................................................................ 3-12

Table 3-6: Tolerances of Analytical Weights................................................................................. 3-14

Table 3-7: Tolerances of General Purpose Weights ..................................................................... 3-14

Table 3-8: Requirements for Balances.......................................................................................... 3-15

Table 4.1: Regional Factors ............................................................................................................ 4-7

Table 4.2........................................................................................................................................ 4-14

Table 4.3: Rock Classification Table............................................................................................. 4-15

Table 4.4: Classification of soils and soil-aggregate mixtures ...................................................... 4-17

Table 4.5: Unified Classification of Soil......................................................................................... 4-21

Table 4.6: The corresponding equivalence of the Unified and AASHTO soil classifications ........ 4-22

Table 4.7: Definitions for the abbreviations are described as follows ........................................... 4-22

Table 4.8........................................................................................................................................ 4-24

Table 4.9: Cement requirements AASHTO soil Group ................................................................. 4-29

Table 5-1: Density Correction Chart for Coarse Particles............................................................. 5-40

Table 6-1 ......................................................................................................................................... 6-4

Table 6-2: Sieve sizes of Aggregates ............................................................................................. 6-5

Table 6-3: Harmful Materials ........................................................................................................... 6-7

Table 7-1: Specification for Asphalt Cement:.................................................................................. 7-7

Table 7-2: Specification for Rapid Curing Asphalt: ......................................................................... 7-7

Table 7-3: Specification for Medium Curing (MC) Liquid Asphalts ................................................. 7-8

Table 7-4: Specification for Slow- Curing (SC) Liquid Asphalts...................................................... 7-8

Table 7-5: Specifications For Anionic Emulsified Asphalts: ............................................................ 7-9

Table 7-6: Specification For Cationic Emulsified Asphalt: ............................................................ 7-10

Table 8-1: Chemical Limits for Mixing Water ............................................................................... 8-10

Table 8-2 ....................................................................................................................................... 8-17

Table 8-3 ....................................................................................................................................... 8-20

Table 8-4: Conversion Factors for the Air Indicator to Correct the Indicated Air Content When the
Concrete Contains Other than 0.56 m3 of Mortar Per m3 ...................................................... 8-40

Table 8-5: Mortar Corrections Factors .......................................................................................... 8-40

Table 8-6 ....................................................................................................................................... 8-56

TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 3-1 Graduated Scale for Checking of Wire Cloth Test Sieve............................................... 3-4

Figure 3-2 Graduated Scale for Checking of Perforated Plate Test Sieves ................................... 3-4

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Figure 3-3: Plain Weave ................................................................................................................ 3-11

Figure 3-4: Twilled Weave............................................................................................................. 3-11

Figure 3-5: Measurement of Woven Wire Aperture Size .............................................................. 3-11

Figure 3-6:Verification of a Tensile Testing machine Using a Proving Levers and Proving Ring. 3-23

Figure 3-7: Standardizing box ....................................................................................................... 3-24

Figure 4-1: Recommended location of test holes in cut section...................................................... 4-3

Figure 4-2 Recommended location of test holes in fill section. ....................................................... 4-4

Figure 4-3: Recommended depths of test holes in Cut Sections.................................................... 4-5

Figure 4-4: Recommended Depth of Test Holes in Fill ................................................................... 4-6

Figure 4-5: The Soil Boundary Area of the City of Addis Ababa ..................................................... 4-9

Figure 4-6: Group index charts...................................................................................................... 4-19

Figure 4-7: Liquid Limit and Plasticity Index Ranges for the A-4, A-5, A-6 and A-7 Subgrade
Groups.................................................................................................................................... 4-20

Figure 4-8: Chart to determine the Group Index ........................................................................... 4-30

Figure 4-9: Circular Failure Chart Number 2 ................................................................................. 4-47

Figure 4-10: Circular Failure Chart Number 3 ............................................................................... 4-48

Figure 4-11: Circular Failure Chart Number 4 ............................................................................... 4-49

Figure 4-12: Circular Failure Chart Number 5 ............................................................................... 4-50

Figure 5-1: Correction Coefficient, KL, for Elevation of Hydrometer in the Suspension ............... 5-11

Figure 5-2: Grain Diameter Accumulation Curve .......................................................................... 5-12

Figure 5-4: ..................................................................................................................................... 5-22

Figure 5-5: ..................................................................................................................................... 5-23

Figure 5-6: Cylindrical Mould and Base Plate ............................................................................... 5-28

Figure 5-7: Correction of Stress-Strain Curve ............................................................................... 5-31

Figure 5-8: Dry Density versus CBR Curve................................................................................... 5-32

Figure 5-9: Density Apparatus....................................................................................................... 5-37

Figure 5-10: Conversion Curve for Moisture Tester Reading ....................................................... 5-43

Figure 6-1: Gradation Curve of an Aggregate Blend for an Asphalt Concrete Surface Course ... 6-10

Figure 7-1: Liquid Asphaltic Product ............................................................................................... 7-3

Figure 8-1: Spray Nozzle with Seventeen 0.5 mm (0.02 in.) Holes .............................................. 8-15

Figure 8-2 ...................................................................................................................................... 8-22

Figure 8-3 ...................................................................................................................................... 8-23

Figure 8-4 ...................................................................................................................................... 8-24

Figure 8-5 ...................................................................................................................................... 8-25

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Figure 8-6 ...................................................................................................................................... 8-26

Figure 8-7 ...................................................................................................................................... 8-30

Figure 8-8 ...................................................................................................................................... 8-35

Figure 8-9: Le Chatelier Flask for Specific Gravity Test ............................................................... 8-49

Figure 9-1: Machined Test Pieces................................................................................................... 9-5

Figure 9-2: Load – Extension Diagram ........................................................................................... 9-6

Figure 9-3: Illustrating Yield Zone on Load-Extension Diagrams.................................................... 9-6

Figure 9-4 ........................................................................................................................................ 9-7

Figure 9-5: Marking of Gauge Length (Lengths) on Un-machined Test pieces.............................. 9-8

Figure 9-6 ........................................................................................................................................ 9-8

Figure 9-7 ........................................................................................................................................ 9-9

Figure 9-8: Symbols Used in Testing With cone Indenter (Scales A & C) .................................... 9-12

Figure 9-9: Symbols Used in Testing with Ball Indenter ............................................................... 9-13

Figure 9-10 .................................................................................................................................... 9-14

Figure 9-11: Standard V-Notch Test Piece (Dimensions in mm) .................................................. 9-16

Figure 9-12: Dimensions of Hammer, Anvil and Support.............................................................. 9-17

Figure 9-13: Square-ness of Top Surface of Support with Anvil Face.......................................... 9-17

Figure 9-14: Diagrammatic Sketch for Pendulum Swing .............................................................. 9-18

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TABLE OF CONVERSION FACTORS

Length
Metre Centimetre Inches Foot
m cm in ft
1 metre 1 100 39.3701 3.28084
1 inch 0.0254 25.4 1 0.0833333
1 foot 0.3048 30.48 12 1
1 yard 0.9144 91.44 36 3

Area
Square Metre Square Foot Square Yard
(m2) (ft2) (yd2)
1 square Metre 1 10.7639 1.19599
1 hectare (ha) 10000 107639 11959.9
1 square foot (ft2) 0.0929903 1 0.111111
1 Square Yard (Yd2) 0.836127 9 1
1 acre 4046.86 43560 4840
1 square mile (mile 2) 2.589999 2.7884 x 107 3.0976 x 106

Volume
Cubic Metre Cubic foot Cubic yard
(m3) (ft3) (yd3)
1 cubic metre (m3) 1 35.3147 1.30795
1 cubic inch (in3) 1.63871 x 10-5 5.78704 x 10-4 2.14335 x 10-5
1 cubic foot (ft3) 0.0283168 1 0.370370
1 cubic yard (yd3) 0.764555 27 1

Litre UK gallon US gallon

1 cubic metre (m3) 999.972 219.969 264.172
1 litre 1.000028 x 10-3 0.219975 0.264179
1 UK gallon 4.54609 x 10-3 1 1.20095
1 US gallon 3.78541 x 10-3 0.832674 1

Velocity
Metre Kilometre Foot Miles
per second per hour per second per hour
1 metre per second 1 3.6 3.28084 2.23694
1 kilometre per
0.277778 1 0.911344 0.621371
hour
1 foot per second 0.3048 1.09728 1 0.681818
1 mile per hour 0.44704 1.609344 1.46667 1

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Mass
Gram Kilogram Pound
Slug
gm kg lb
1 kilogram, kg 1000 1 2.20462 0.0685218
1 pound, lb 453.59237 0.45359237 1 0.0319810
1 slug 14593.90 14.5939 32.1740 1

Mass
Tonne Pound UK Short
(1000kg) lb Ton Ton
1 tonne (1000kg) 1 2204.62 0.984207 1.10231
1 Pound 4,535 x 10-4 1 4.46429 x 10-4 0.0005
1 UK ton 1.01605 2240 1 1.12
1 Short ton 0.907185 2000 0.892857 1

Density (mass/volume)
Kilogram Gram Gram per Pound per
Per cubic Per cubic Millilitre Cubic foot
metre Centimetreg/cm3 g/ml lb/ft3
1 kg per cu. Metre 1 0.001 1.000028 x 10-3 6.24280 x 10-2
1 gram per cu.
1000 1 1.000028 62.428
Cm.
1 gm. Per millilitre 999.972 0.999972 1 62.4262
1 1b per cu. Foot 16.0185 0.160185 0.0160189 1
1 UK ton per cu.
1328.94 1.32894 1.32898 82.963
yd

Force
Newton Kilogram-force Pound-force UK Ton-force
N kg f lb f Ton f
1 Newton N 1 0.101972 0.224809 1.00361 x 10-4
1 Kilogram-force 9.80665 1 2.20462 9.84207 x 10-4
1 pound force lb f 4.44822 0.453592 1 4.46429 x 10-4
1 UK ton-force 9964.02 1016.05 2240 1
1 Ounce-force 0.278014 0.0283495 0.0625 2.79018 x 10-3

Pressure
Pascal ,Pa Newton Kilogram-force Pound-force
or Newton/m2 Per m2 Per cm2 Per in2
1 Pascal, N/m2 1 1 x 10-6 1.01972 x 10-5 1.45038 x 10-4
1 N/mm2 1 x 106 1 10.1972 145.038
1 Kgf/cm2 9.80665 9.80665 x 10-2 1 14.2233
1 1bf/in2 6.89476 x 103 6.89476 x 10-3 0.0703070 1
1 1bf/ft2 47.8803 4.78803 x 10-3 4.88243 x 10-4 6.94444 x 10-3

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GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Abrasion Wearing away by friction

Abrasive Sharp granular material used to reduce or prevent slippery road surfaces

Abscissa The distance measured in the “x” or horizontal direction of a curve.

Absorption The process by which a liquid is drawn into and tends to fill
permeable pores in a porous solid body.

Accuracy The degree of agreement between a measured value and a true

value.

Acidity The degree of strength of an acid. A liquid is said to be acid if it has a

pH factor less than seven

Active Pressure on Walls The horizontal pressure exerted on the back of a retaining wall by
earth loads and water, if present

Adhesion Molecular attraction exerted between the surfaces of two bodies; the
force by which different substances cling to one another

Admixture (Additive) A substance added to a mixture to impart a specific characteristic,

such as pozzalith in concrete, anti-stripping agents in bituminous
mixes, calcium chloride or sodium chloride to clay, etc.

Aeolian Deposits Wind deposited material such as dune sands and loess deposits.

Aggregates An aggregation of sand, gravel, crushed stone, or other material of mineral

composition, used either alone or in combination with a binding medium to
form bituminous and Portland cement concrete, mortar, plaster, etc.

Aggregate (Coarse) Aggregates predominantly retained on the 4.75 mm (No.4) sieve.

Aggregates (Fine) Aggregates passing the 9.5 mm sieve and almost entirely passing the
4.75 mm (no.4) sieve, and predominantly retained on the 75 µm
(No.200) sieve.

Air-Dry Material Materials dried by a natural method such as exposure under ambient
atmospheric conditions or by an artificial method which simulates
exposure to the atmosphere.

Air Entraining Agent An admixture used in Portland cement to entrain air in the mixture.

Air-voids The space in a compacted mixture not filled with solids or liquids

Anhydrous Free from water

ASTM Abbreviation for American Society for Testing and Materials.

AASHTO Abbreviation for American Association of State Highway and

Transportation Officials

Aromatic Solvent A chemical group of organic solvents which includes benzene,

naphtha, and xylene

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Asphalt Concrete See Bituminous Concrete.

Alkalinity The degree of strength of an alkali. A liquid is said to be alkaline if it

has a pH factor greater than seven.

Angle of Response The angle between the horizontal and the maximum slope that a soil
assumes through natural processes. For dry granular soils the effect
of the height of slope is negligible; for cohesive soils the effect of
height of slope is so great that the angle of response is meaningless.

Asphalt Emulsion See Emulsified Asphalt

Angle of internal friction The angle whose tangent is the ratio between the resistance offered
to sliding along any plane in the soil and the component of the
applied force acting normal to that plane. Values are given in
degrees.

Asphaltic Material See bituminous Material.

Asphalt A dark brown to black cementicious material; solid, semi-solid, or

liquid in consistency; in which the predominating constituents are
bitumen’s which occur in nature as such or which are obtained as
residue in refining petroleum.

Asphalt Overlay A bituminous Paving course placed over an existing surface to

provide smoothness and increase strength.

Aspirator A device, which uses flowing water to create a suction or vacuum.

Back fill Material used to replace, or the act of replacing, material removed during
construction; also denotes material placed, or the act of placing, material
adjacent to structures.

Balance An instrument used for weighing.

Ballast Gravel, broken stone, granular materials, etc, used to provide added
stability.

Base course The layer or layers of specified or selected material of designed

thickness placed on a sub base or sub grade to support a surface
course

Beaker A flat bottomed, cylindrical vessel usually with a pouring lip used especially
for testing purposes.

Bedrock Rock of relatively great thickness and extent in its native location.

Binder Material used to stabilise or bind together loose soil or aggregates.

Binder Course A plant mix of graded aggregate and bituminous material which is placed
between the base and a bituminous surface course

Biodegradable A substance, which will rot or decay under the action of weather,
bacteria etc.

Bitumen (1) A hydrocarbon material, obtained from natural asphalt or refined

petroleum, which is completely soluble in carbon disulfide. (2) Bitumen is a

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common synonym for asphalt cement.

Bitumen Concrete A combination of mineral aggregates and asphalt cement, mixed in a central
plant which is usually mixed, laid, and compacted while hot.

Bituminous Material (1) Material containing bitumen. (2) A general term encompassing asphalt
cements, cutbacks, and emulsified asphalts.

Bituminous Pavement A pavement composed of crushed rock or other aggregate cemented

together with bitumen.

Bituminous Surface The application of liquefied bituminous material and aggregate to an existing
Treatment road surface.

Bond (Tack Coat) The application of liquid bitumen to cause a new surface to adhere to an
existing hard surface.

Borrow That material necessary to construct the embankment which is not available
from the design excavation

Boulder A rock fragment, usually rounded by weathering or abrasion, with an average

diameter of 75 mm or more

Bulking (1) The increase in volume of a material due to manipulation. Rock bulks
upon being excavated; damp sand bulks if loosely deposited, as by dumping,
because the apparent cohesion prevents movement of the soil particles to
form a reduced volume. (2) The act of fine material solidifying in a plant bin
so as not to discharge freely when the gates are open.

Bleeding (Asphalt) The flushing to the surface of excess bitumen in bituminous pavement,
caused by heat or the use of excessive quantities of bituminous material in
construction, patching, or resurfacing.

Bleeding (Concrete) The flow of water toward the surface of freshly placed concrete or mortar.

Calibrate (1) To determine setting of the plant which will provide correction
proportions of the components of plant-mixed materials. (2) To
compare with a standard or check the graduations of a gauge or
other measuring devices

California Bearing ratio The ratio of the force required to penetrate a soil mass with a circular
(CBR) piston of 50 mm diameter to the force required to penetrate a mass of
high quality crushed stone with the same piston. The rate of
penetration in both cases is 1.27 mm per minute

Capillary Moisture Moisture which clings to soil particles by surface tension and reaches
the particles by surface tension either when free water passes
through the soil or by capillary attraction from a water stratum.

Cationic Emulsion An asphalt emulsion which contains positively charged particles

which are attracted to negative electrode (cathode)

Centipoise A unit of absolute viscosity.

Centistoke A unit of Kinematic viscosity.

Certificate of Guarantee A signed statement by a person having legal authority to bind a company or
supplier to its product. Such certificate shall state that the material
specifications and test results are in compliance with the specified
requirements of the pertinent AACRA, AASHTO, ASTM or other

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designations.

Chips Small angular fragments of aggregate containing no dust.

Classification The grouping of highways, materials, soils, etc, according to similar traffic or
physical characteristics.

Clay A fine-textured soil, usually plastic and sticky when wet, which usually
breaks into hard lumps when dry. When the moist soil is pinched
between the thumb and finger, it will form a long, flexible ribbon

Clay Sized That portion of the soil finer than 0.002mm

Coagulate To unite into a coherent mass

Cohesion That property of material that tends to make its particles stick
together

Cohesion less Soil A soil that, when unconfined, has little or no strength when air dried,
and little or no cohesion when submerged. Sand is an example of
cohesion less soil.

Cohesive Soil A soil that when unconfined has considerable strength when air dried
and that has significant cohesion when submerged.

Cold Patch A mixture of bituminous material and aggregate used for general
maintenance pavement patching and applied at ambient temperatures.

Compaction The artificial densification of a mass by rolling, tamping, vibrating or

other means.

Compressibility The property of a material which enables it to remain compressed

after compaction

Compressive Stress The stress produced in a member when the forces acting on it tend to
push the particle together.

Concrete (Bituminous) See Bituminous Concrete.

Concrete (Portland A mixture of Portland cement, water, fine aggregate, and coarse
Cement) aggregate with or without an admixture.

Consistency The degree of cohesiveness or resistance to movement of constituent

particles in a mass of material. Some of the terms used to express
consistency are: Firm, hard, friable, sticky or soft.

Consolidation Test A test in which a saturated soil specimen is laterally porous plates.

Constraint Any restriction to the deformation of a body

Contract and Contract The written Agreement between AACRA and the contractor setting
Documents forth the obligations of the parties there under, including, but not
limited to, the performance to work, the furnishing of labour and
materials, and the basis of payment. The contract documents include
the invitation of tenders, instructions to tenderers, the tender, notice
of award, form of contract, contract bond, general conditions and
special conditions, general specifications, supplemental
specifications, plans, addenda, directives, change orders and

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supplemental agreements that are required to complete work, all of

which constitute one instrument

Correlation A comparison of the relationship between two properties.

Corrugated Metal A sheet of metal that has been formed into a series of small regular
parallel undulations.

Course (1) A layer of road material separately compacted, used as a wearing

surface or as base for a wearing surface. (2) One element of the
pavement structure of finite depth, e.g. bituminous wearing course.

Crack Filler Asphalt material used to fill and seal cracks.

Creep The slow movement of a material under stress usually imperceptible

except to observations of long duration.

Crushed Gravel The product resulting from the crushing of ordinary gravel with
substantially all fragments having one or more faces resulting from
fracture.

Crushed Stone The product resulting from the crushing of fragments of bedrock for
large stones with all fragments having all faces resulting from
fracture.

Curing Material A material, such as saturated burlap, polyethylene sheets, or a spray

able compound, that prevents the evaporation of mixing water from
Portland cement concrete.

Cutback Asphalt A mixture of asphalt cement and a diluent blended to provide

viscosities suitable for spraying at relatively low temperatures. The
diluent vary from naptha and gasoline for rapid curing cutbacks, to
kerosene for medium cutbacks to low volatile oils for slow curing
mixtures.

Cut Section That part of Roadway which, when constructed, is lower in elevation
than the original ground.

Decant To pour liquid from one vessel to another without disturbing the
sediment or lower level.

Degree of Saturation The ratio of the volume of water to the volume of voids. It is usually
expressed as a percentage.

Dehydration To remove water from a solid

Deleterious Harmful

Delineator A visual device for defining the alignment of a roadway.

Dense Graded A well graded aggregate with sufficient fine material to nearly fill all
voids.

Density (1)The mass per unit volume of a material, usually expressed in kg

per cubic m or g per cubic cm. (2) The number of vehicles per
kilometre on the travelled way at a given instant.

Design Sub grade Value The sub grade strength value that is equal to or less than

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approximately 90% of all test values in the section

Design Thickness The total thickness of asphalt concrete determined from the thickness
design chart as adequate for a given Design Traffic Number and sub
grade strength value.

Desiccator A glass jar fitted with an airtight cover and containing a drying agent
(desiccant)

Direct Shear Test A shear test in which soil under an applied normal load is stressed to
failure by moving one section of the soil container relative to the other
section

Dry Masonry Stone laid without mortar

Ductility (Bitumen) The measured distance, which a bituminous Briquet of standard

dimensions will elongate before breaking when, pulled apart at
specified conditions of temperature and speed.

Ductility (Steel) The ability of a material to deform plastically under tensile forces
before fracturing.

Durability That property which enables a material to resist disruptive forces of

nature and those applied in service over an extended period of time.

Dust Palliative Any material used to control dust.

Elasticity That property of a material which permits it to return approximately to

its original dimensions upon the removal of an applied load

Elastic Limit The greatest stress which a material is capable of sustaining without
any permanent deformation remaining upon complete release of the
stress.

Elongation The increase in gauge length of a tension test specimen, usually

expressed as a percentage of the original gauge length.

Embankment A raised earth structure on which the roadway pavement structure is

placed

Embankment Foundation The material below the original ground surface, the physical
characteristics of which affect the support of the embankment.

Empirical Developed from experience or observations without regard to science

and theory.

Emulsified Asphalt A mixture of asphalt cement and water mixed with an emulsifying
agent.

Emulsified Asphalt A base consisting of a mixture of mineral aggregate and emulsified

Treated Base asphalt spread on a prepared surface to support a surface course.

Emulsion A suspension of small droplets of one liquid material in another, the

two liquids being mutually insoluble, in the presence of an emulsifying
agent.

Encroachment Unauthorized use of the right of way or easements as for signs,

fences, buildings, etc.

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Engineer The duly authorized representative of AACRA at the project site,

acting directly or through his duly authorized representatives, who is
responsible for engineering supervision of the work

Erosion A slow wearing away of the surface by natural action of wind or

water.
Entrained Air Air bubbles of extremely small size in diameter ranging from about 0.02
to 0.08 mm, which are usually incorporated into a Portland cement
concrete, mix through the use of an air-entraining agent.

Excavation (1) The act of taking out material. (2) The materials taken out. (3) The
cavity remaining after materials have been removed.

Expansion The increase in volume of a material due to increase in temperature.

Expansion joint A narrow space left between two parts of a concrete structure to allow for
expansion and contraction of the concrete with change in temperature
and loading.

Extensometer A device for measuring linear strain.

Factor of Safety ( Safety That factor by which the shear strength may be reduced in order to bring
Factor, Cut and Fill the slope into a state of limiting equilibrium along a given slip surface
Slopes)

Fabricating Plant A plant where component parts are formed, welded, or bolted together to
form assembled units, such as beams, trusses, or other parts of metal
structures.

False Set The rapid development of rigidity in a mixed Portland cement paste,
mortar, or concrete which can be dispelled by further mixing without the
addition of water.

Filtrate Liquid which has passed through a filter.

Fill Slope In fills, the slope from the top of the sub grade to the toe of fill

Fineness Modulus An index of the fineness or coarseness of an aggregate; the summation

of the cumulative percentage of the material retained on a specified
series of sieves divided by 100. It is not an indication of grading, Sizes
range from 0.15 mm (No 100) to 37.5mm, and larger, increasing in the
ratio of 2 to 1.

Fines- (1) Aggregates-Portion finer than the 4.75 mm ( No.4) sieve. (2) Soils-
Portion of a soil finer than a 0.075 mm (No.200) sieve.

Flash Point That temperature at which a material gives off a flammable vapour in
sufficient quantity to cause fire immediately when a flame or spark comes
near

Flexible A base with low resistance to bending enabling it to stay in contact with
the underlying structure. This type of base distributes loads to the sub
Base
base. Examples are dense graded aggregate bases and asphalt treated
bases

Flexible Pavement A pavement structure which maintains intimate contact with and

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distributes loads to the sub-grade and depends on aggregate

intergranular particle friction, and cohesion for stability.

Fog Seal A thin application of bituminous material without cover aggregate.

Footing Portion of the foundation of a structure that transmits loads directly to the
soil

Foundation Lower part of a structure that transmit loads directly to the soil.

Friable Soil A soil that can be easily broken and crushed by moderate finger
pressure.

Fuel Oil A light oil, similar to kerosene, used as a solvent for asphalt cutbacks of
type MC.

Gap-Graded An aggregate gradation of predominately two types with little or no in-

between sizes.

Gasoline An inflammable liquid produced from petroleum, which is used as a

motor fuel and as a solvent for asphalt cutbacks of type RC.

Gauge Length The original length of that portion of a test specimen over which strain or
change of length is determined.

Geo-technical Engineering The application of specific methods and engineering principles to the
acquisition, interpretation, and evaluation of subsurface data to predict
the behaviour of the materials of the earth’s crust. It encompasses the
fields of soil mechanics, rock mechanics, geological Engineering,
geophysics, and related fields, such as pavement design.

Gradation A general term used to describe the composition of an aggregate, soil, or

other granular materials. Gradation is usually expressed as the
proportions (percent) of the aggregate that will pass each of several
sieves of different sizes.

Grade (1) The profile of the centre of the roadway, or its rate of ascent or
descent. (2) To shape or reshape an earth road by means of cutting or
filling. (3) To arrange according to size (4) Elevation.

Grading (1) Construction of the earthwork portion of the highway. (2) Planing or
smoothing the surface of various parts of the road by means of a motor-
driven adjustable steel blade.

Gravel Aggregate composed of hard, durable stones or pebbles, crushed or

uncrushed, often intermixed with sand.

Ground Water Free water contained in the zone below the water table.

Grout Mortar, composed of sand, cement and water, of such consistency that it
can be easily worked.

Gunite (Shotcrete) A type of Portland cement mortar blown into place by compressed air.
The materials are mixed while being forced through a nozzle.

Hardpan Layer of extremely dense soil

Heterogeneous Composed of parts of different kinds; having widely dissimilar elements

or constituents.

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Homogeneous Having a uniform composition throughout.

Horizon (Soils) One of the layers of the soil profile, distinguished principally by its
texture, colour, structure, and chemical contents.

Hot Mix A general term used for hot plant-mixed bituminous concrete and sheet
asphalt mixtures which are manufactured and laid at temperatures
ranging from 120 to 190 Celsius.

Humidity (Relative) The amount of moisture in the air compared with the amount that the air
could hold if saturated at that temperature.

Humus A brown or black material formed by the partial decomposition of

vegetable or animal matter, the organic portion of soil.

Hydrated Lime A dry powder obtained by treating quick-lime with enough water to satisfy
its chemical affinity for water under the conditions of its hydration.

Hydrometer A floating instrument used for determining the specific gravity of liquids
and solutions

Hydrophilic Tending to attract water

Hydrophobic Tending to repel water

Hydrostatic pressure The pressure in a liquid under static conditions; the product of the unit weight
of the liquid and the difference in elevation between the given point and the
free water elevation.

Hygroscopic Moisture Water retained by soil after gravitational and capillary moisture are removed.
(Water) It is held by each soil grain in the form of a very thin film and has both a
physical and chemical affinity for the soil grain. Also, it is spoken of as the air
dry moisture content. This film is in equilibrium with the moisture content of
the air and increases or decreases as the moisture content (humidity) of the
air increases or decreases. The hygroscopic moisture content of a soil also
varies with grain size. As the grain size decreases, the hygroscopic moisture
content increases.

Igneous Rock Those rocks formed by the cooling and consolidation of complex silicious
solutions (magmas) newly risen from some deeper level.

Impervious Resistant to the penetration of a liquid gas.

Improved Material A material whose engineering properties have been enhanced by

processing, blending, or additives.

Infiltration The ability of the soil of a drainage area to absorb water, expressed in
centimetres per hour.

Insoluble Incapable of being dissolved.

Inspector The Engineer’s authorized representative assigned to make detailed

inspections of the work.

Internal Friction The resistance to sliding within the soil mass.

Job Mix The exact proportions of all components of a bituminous or other type mix,
determined by laboratory tests.

Kinematic Viscosity A measure of the time for a fixed volume of liquid to flow through a calibrated
capillary tube at a specified temperature.

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Laboratory The field testing laboratories or any other testing laboratories which may be
designated by the Engineer

Levelling course The layer of material placed on an existing surface to eliminate irregularities
prior to placing an overlay course.

Lime A general term, which includes the various chemical and physical forms of
quicklime, hydrated lime, and hydraulic lime, used for any purpose.

Liquid Asphalt Cutbacks or emulsified asphalts

Loam A mixture of sand, silt or clay, or a combination of any of these, with organic
matter. It is sometimes called topsoil in contrast to the subsoils that contain
little or no organic matter.

Log, drilling A record of underground conditions discovered by drilling test holes. A drilling
log documents the thickness and composition of underground geological
formations

Longitudinal Running or placed lengthwise.

Longitudinal Joint A joint which extends lengthwise of a roadway.

Lot A finite quantity of material produced more or less continuously from a single
production process.

Mandrel A tool used in making bend tests by applying the bending force to the inside
surface of the bend
0
Marshall Stability The maximum load sustained by a Marshall briquette when tested at 60 C

Materials Any substance specified for use in the construction of the project and its
appurtenance.

Mechanical Analysis (soil) Finding the gradation of a soil by the use of specified sieves and a
hydrometer.

Mesh The square opening of a soil

Miscible Capable of being mixed.

Mineral Filler A fine inert mineral matter such as limestone dust or Portland
cement, used in bituminous concrete mixtures.

Modulus of Elasticity The ratio of stress to strain for a material under given loading
conditions.

Modulus of Rupture A measure of the strength of concrete when it is broken by bending.

Moisture content The percentage by mass of water contained in soil or other material,
usually based on the dry weight.

Muck An organic soil of very soft consistency.

Naphtha An inflammable liquid produced from petroleum. Solvent Naphtha is

used in the production of RC cutback asphalts.

Oiling Application of a cutback asphalt material to a surface.

Open-Graded Aggregate A graded aggregate, containing little or no fines, with a high

percentage of aggregate voids.

Optimum The best quality, number, or condition

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Ordinate The distance measured in the “y” or vertical direction of a graph

Overburden The mass of soil which overlies a source of rock, gravel, or other road
material. This material is removed before the materials are quarried
to avoid contamination.

Overlaying Course A bituminous surface course, either plant mixed or road mixed.
(Overlay)

Patching Mending; repairing; especially to repair a road surface.

Pavement design The arrangement of material in depth to best accommodate the

anticipated loading

Pavement Structure The combination of sub-base, base course, and surface course
placed on sub-grade to support the traffic load and distribute it to the
roadbed.

Penetration (1) The consistency of a bituminous material expressed as the

distance that a standard needle vertically penetrates a sample of the
material under known conditions of loading, time, and temperature.
(2) A method of applying bituminous binder to gravel or crushed
stone road beds by spreading liquid Bitumen over the surface and
allowing it to seep into or penetrate, the surface.

Permeability The property of soils which permits the passage of any fluid and
depends on grain size, void ratio, shape, and arrangement of pores.

pH A scale of numbers from 0-14 which, indicate the acidity or alkalinity

of a solution. Numbers below 7 indicate acidity and numbers above 7
is alkalinity.

Pipet A small calibrated glass tube used to measure and transfer an exact
volume of liquid.

Plant Mix A term describing the mixing of mineral aggregate and asphaltic
products in a mechanical mixer, after which the finished mix is
transported and laid on the road. The proportioning of aggregate
constituents and asphalt is closely controlled, and the aggregate is
usually dried and heated before mixing.

Plant Mixed Bituminous A base consisting of mineral aggregate and bituminous material,
Base mixed in a central plant, laid and compacted while hot, on sub-base
or sub-grade, to support a surface course
Plant Mixed Bituminous A combination of mineral aggregate and bituminous material mixed in a
Surface Course central plant, laid, and compacted while hot, on a previously prepared base.

Plating The covering or confining of unstable fills with a suitable, stable material.

Plumb Vertical

Porous Having many small openings, through which liquids may pass.

Portland cement A hydraulic cement consisting of compounds of silica, lime, and alumina; so
called from its resemblance in colour, when set, to the Portland stone of
England.

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Portland-Pozzolan Cement An intimate and uniform blend of Portland cement and fine pozzolan,
produced by either intergrinding Portland cement clinker and pozzolan or by
blending Portland cement and finely divided pozzolan.

Precipitate Material that drops out of solution as a solid.

Precision The variance of repeated measurements of a characteristic from their

average.

Premix (1) To mix in a central mixing plant, or elsewhere, previous to placing. (2) Any
prepared bituminous or surfacing material that can be applied either hot or
cold.

Prestressed Concrete (Pre- Reinforced concrete in which bars, wires or cables are held in a stretched
Tensioned) condition during placing of the plastic concrete until the concrete has
hardened. Then as the tension on the reinforcing steel is released, it
compress the concrete.

Prestressed Concrete (Post- Reinforced concrete in which the pre-stressing wires or tendons are placed in
Tensioned) tubes before the concrete is cast. After the concrete has hardened the wires
or tendons are stretched to a pre-determined tension by jacking and are
wedged in this position. The tubes may also be pressure-grouted.

Prime Coat The application of a low viscosity liquid bituminous material to an absorbent
surface, preparatory to any subsequent treatment, for the purpose of
hardening or toughening the surface and promoting adhesion between it and
the superimposed construction.

Pugmill A type of paddle mixer used for mixing bituminous paving materials.

Quality Standard A formally established criterion for a specific activity which: (a) describes a
deficiency, condition, or schedule that establishes the need for work; (b)
outlines the work involved; (c) tells how to achieve good workmanship; and
(d) lists expected end results.

Quarry A place from which stone is extracted, as by blasting, for construction

purposes.

Quartering Dividing into four equal parts so that each part is truly representative of the
whole. Applied generally to obtain representative samples.

Quicklime A calcined material, the major part of which is calcium oxide or calcium oxide
in natural association with a lesser amount of magnesium oxide, capable of
slaking with water.

Random Without bias or regularity.

Ravelling The progressive loosening of the aggregate in the surface course of a road.

Rebars or Reinforcing Bars Steel bars used as reinforcement concrete.

Recycling The reuse, usually after some processing, of a material that has already
served its first intended purpose.

Reduction of Area The difference between the original cross sectional area of a tension test
specimen and the area of the smallest cross section after testing

Reflection Crack A crack appearing in a resurface or overlay caused by movement at joints or

cracks in underlying base or surface.

Reflux To boil under a condenser so that the condensed vapours return to the
original container.

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Reinforced Concrete Concrete in which steel reinforcement is embedded so that the steel and
concrete act together in resisting stress.

Repeatability The degree to which the same operator can duplicate the results of a test or
measurement in a laboratory.

Representative Typical of a larger number of items or quantity.

Reprocessing The working of an existing surface or shoulder material by scarifying and/or

remixing with additional materials, then reshaping to proper contour.

Resilient Modulus A measure of the resilient character of an untreated fine-grained soil when
tested for conditions that represent stress in pavements subjected to moving
wheel loads

Resurfacing The placing of one or more new courses on an existing surface.

Riprap A protective covering of graded stones, with or without mortar, to prevent

erosion.

Roadbed The graded portion of a road or highway, usually considered as the area
between the intersection of top and side slopes, upon which the base course,
surface course, shoulders, and median are constructed. The top of sub-
grade.

Road Mix A method of combining surfacing materials, such as mineral aggregate

combined with liquid bituminous material, in which the materials are mixed on
the road by means of dics, harrows, blades, or other approved means.

Rockwell Hardness Test An indentation hardness test using a calibrated machine to force a diamond
penetrator or a hard steel ball, under specified conditions, into the surface of
the material under test in two operations, and to measure the difference in
depth of the impression under the specified conditions of minor or major
loads.

Safety Factor (Soils) That factor by which the shear strength may be reduced in order to bring the
slope into a state of limiting equilibrium along a given surface.

Sand A fine granular material, that results from the natural disintegration of rock.

Sand Seal An application of asphaltic material covered with fine aggregate.

Sample A portion of material or a group of units taken in such a way as to represent a

material.

Sample splitter A device used to reduce a sample proportionally to an amount suitable for
testing.

Seal Coat A bituminous coating with aggregate applied to the surface of a pavement for
the purpose of waterproofing and preserving the surface, relieving a previous
bituminous surface, altering the surface texture of the pavement, or providing
resistance to traffic abrasion.

Sedimentation The action or process of depositing particles of waterborne soil, rock, or other
materials.

Segregation Separation of portions of a mixture from the mass. The localisation of sizes or
portions within a mixture or mass.

Selected Material Native material obtained from a specified source such as a particular road
way cut or borrow area, and having specified characteristics.

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(1) The strain remaining after complete release of the load producing
Set the deformation.
(2) The initial hardening of Portland Cement Concrete
Sieve In laboratory work an apparatus, with definite openings for separating sizes
of soils or aggregates.

Significant Digit That digit in a calculated number which represents the highest acceptable
level of accuracy obtained from the numbers used in calculation.

Silt Material passing the 0.075 mm (No.200) sieve that is non-plastic or very
slightly plastic, and exhibits little or no strength when air dried.

Silt Size That portion of the soil finer than the 0.075 mm ( No.200) sieve and larger
than 0.0005mm

Skip-Graded Aggregate An aggregate which lacks one or more sizes of material.

Slaking The treatment of calcium oxide (lime) with water to make calcium hydroxide.

Slump The measure of the consistency of Portland cement concrete by

consolidating in a slump cone and allowing the concrete to settle under its
own mass.
Slurry A suspension of solids in water

Slurry Seal A seal coat consisting of semi fluid mixture of asphaltic emulsion and fine
aggregate.

Soil Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulation of solid particles produced

by the natural physical and chemical disintegration of rocks, and which may
or may not contain organic matter.

Soil Classification The arrangement of soils into classes according to their physical properties.
There are several systems of soil classifications.

Soil Stabilisation Measures taken to eliminate or minimize the erosion of soil, or to improve its
supporting capacity.

Soil Strength The ability of a soil to resist displacement during cyclic or repetitive loading
as compared to static loading

Soil Support Value A number which expresses the relative ability of a soil aggregate mixture to
support traffic loads through the pavement structure.

Solids The portion of a liquid sample remaining after evaporation of the liquid,
usually expressed as percent of the original sample.

Solubility The amount of a substance which will dissolve in a liquid, usually expressed
as a percent.

Solute A dissolved substance

Spalling Chipping along the edges, as at joints in concrete pavement and structures.

Solvent A liquid used for dissolving another substance.

Specific Gravity The ratio of the mass of a solid to the mass of an equal volume of water at a
standard temperature. (1) (Apparent) The specific gravity in which only those
voids or pores which cannot be penetrated by water are included in the
volume. (2) (Bulk) The specific gravity in which the voids or pores in the
material that can be penetrated by water are included in the volume.

Specifications The formal directions, provisions, and requirements which outline the work to
be done, the way in which it is to be done, the character of materials and

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mixtures to be used, or the results to be obtained.

Stability That property of a material which determines its resistance to deformation

when subjected to external loading.

Stability (Marshall) The maximum load sustain by a Marshall briquette when tested at 600C.

Stabilisation Modification of soils or aggregates by incorporating materials that will

increase load-bearing capacity, firmness, and resistance to weathering or
displacement.

Standard Something having recognized and usually permanent values and established
as a model criteria.

Standard Sand A sand used in making a standard mortar for testing cement

Stockpiles Piles of materials stored for later use.

Stone Rock material produced from a quarry, i.e., non-gravel material

Strain The change in length per unit of length in a given direction

Stratigraphy The study of Rock strata, generally by analysing rock outcrops or drill cores.

Strength Coefficient A factor used for expressing the relative strength or substitution value, of
layers, one to the other, for conversion purposes in a pavement structure.

Stress The force per unit area acting within a mass.

Stress-Strain Diagram A diagram in which corresponding values of the stress and strain are plotted

Stripped Peeled off, as asphalt from aggregate or form concrete.

Structural Section The Planned layers of specified materials, normally consisting of sub-base,
base, and surface course placed over the sub-grade.

Sub-base The layer or layers of specified or selected material of designed thickness

placed on a sub-grade to support the base course

Sub-grade (1) The top layer of specified thickness of embankment or excavated areas
on which the pavement structure including shoulders is constructed. (2) The
top of a roadbed upon which the pavement structure and shoulders are
constructed.

Surface Course One or more layers of a pavement structure designed to accommodate the
traffic load, the top layer of which resists skidding, traffic abrasion, and the
disintegrating effects of climate. The top layer is . The top layer is sometimes
called Wearing Course.

Surface Treatment An application of bituminous material and cover aggregate

Tack Coat An application of bituminous material to an existing surface to provide bond

with superimposed course.

Tamp To compact material by a succession of light or medium blows

Texture Surface appearance of a material such as smooth, rough, etc.

Titration The volumetric addition of a solution to another solution to determine the

endpoint of a reaction

Topsoil Surface soil, usually containing organic matter.

Toxic Poisonous

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Triaxial Shear Test A test in which a cylindrical specimen of soil, encased in an impervious
membrane, is subjected to a confining pressure and then loaded axially to
failure.

Undisturbed Sample A sample that has been obtained by methods in which every precaution has
been taken to minimize disturbances to the sample.

Uniformly Graded Material with a uniform gradation from coarse to fine

Unstable Natural or processed materials which readily yield to relatively small loads.

Untreated base Course The layer or layers of base course without mineral filler or asphalt binder.

Viscosity The property of a fluid to resist flow

Visual Inspection Inspection of defects which can be seen

Vitrified Clay Clay that has been fired to produce a glassy or glasslike surface, usually
used in pipe and tile.

Voids The empty spaces between particles in a substance or mixture

Warehouse stock Materials stored by a producer or supplier for anticipated use on highway
projects

Waste Excess earth, rock, vegetation, or other materials resulting from highway
construction.

Water bound Bonded with the aid of water.

Water Cement Ratio The ratio of the amount of water, exclusive only of that absorbed by the
aggregates, to the amount of cement in a concrete or mortar mixture;
preferably stated as a decimal by mass.

Wearing Course The top layer of a pavement

Weathering The decomposition of rock, shale, etc., because of the action of the weather.

Well Graded Aggregate material of varying particle sizes which produce maximum density
when mixed.

Windrow Material deposited or manipulated into a continuous uniform row.

Wire Mesh A network of wires used as distributed reinforcement in concrete.

Yield (Concrete) The ratio of the volume of a mixture produced to that which theoretically /sho
0uld be produced

Yield Strength The stress at which a material exhibits a specified limiting deviation from the
proportionality of stress to strain.

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