Zagazig University
Faculty of Engineering
Electrical Power & Machines Department
Electric Drive Systems
LECTURE NO. 1
By
Assoc. Prof .Dr. Mohamed A. Enany
http://www.marefaee.faculty.zu.edu.eg/
http://www.marefaee.faculty.zu.edu.eg/
http://www.marefaee.faculty.zu.edu.eg/
Course References
M. Rashid, “ Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices, and Applications” ,
Prentice Hall, 3rd edition 2004.
M. Rashid, ” Power Electronics: Handbook ” , ACADEMIC PRESS, 2001.
Bimal K. Bose ,” Power Electronics and Motor Drives Advances and
Trends ”, Elsevier Inc, 2006.
Mohamed A. El-sharkawi,” Fundamentals of Electric Drives”,
Brooks/cole publisher , 2000.
Ned Mohan,” first course on power electronic and drives ”, MNPERE
2003.
Austin Hughes ,” Electric Motors and Drives Fundamentals, Types and
Applications ”, Elsevier Inc, Third edition 2006
Course Outlines
Chapter (1) Electric Drive Systems Introduction
Chapter (2) DC Motor Drives
Chapter (3) AC Induction Motor Drives
Chapter (4) AC Synchronous Motor Drives
Chapter (1)
Electric Drive Systems
Introduction
Chapter (1) Electric Drive Systems Introduction
Drive Systems
Motion control is required in large number of industrial
and domestic applications like transportation systems,
machine tools, fans, pumps, robots, washing machines etc.
Systems employed for motion control are called DRIVES
Motion control may be translational, rotational or
combination of both. Generally, a drive system is basically
has a mechanical load, a transmission system and a prime
mover.
Chapter (1) Electric Drive Systems Introduction
Drive Systems
Drive may employ any of prime movers such as diesel or
petrol engines, gas or steam turbines, steam engines,
hydraulic motors and electric motors, for supplying
mechanical energy for motion control.
So there are three basic types of drive systems: electrical
drives, hydraulic drives and mechanical drives
according to prime mover type
Chapter (1) Electric Drive Systems Introduction
Electric Drive Systems
Drive:
can be defined as a combination of prime mover,
transmission equipment and mechanical Working load .
Electric drive:
can be defined as an electromechanical device using power
electronics device for the conversion and control of electrical
energy to mechanical energy for running and controlling
various processes.
Chapter (1) Electric Drive Systems Introduction
Basic Elements of Electric Drive
System
1. Power Sources 2. Power Converter 3. Control unit
4. Sensing unit 5. Electrical Motor 6. Mechanical load
Chapter (1) Electric Drive Systems Introduction
Basic Elements of Electric Drive
System
1- Power Sources:
Provide the energy requirement for the system operation
Very low power drives are generally fed from single phase
sources. Rest of the drives is powered from a 3 phase
source.
Low and medium power motors are fed from a 400v supply.
For higher ratings, motors may be rated at 3.3KV, 6.6KV
and 11 KV.
Some drives are powered from battery
Chapter (1) Electric Drive Systems Introduction
Basic Elements of Electric Drive
System
2- Power Converters:
Power converters regulate the power flow from source to the
motor to enable the motor to develop the torque speed
characteristics required by the load.
Types:
1- AC/DC Converter : Controlled Rectifier, Uncontrolled Rectifier.
2- DC/DC Converter : DC Choppers.
3- DC/AC Converter : Inverters.
4- AC/AC Converter : AC voltage controllers.
Chapter (1) Electric Drive Systems Introduction
Basic Elements of Electric Drive
System
2- Power Converters:
Chapter (1) Electric Drive Systems Introduction
Basic Elements of Electric Drive
System
3- Control unit:
Control unit for a power converter matches the motor and
power converter to meet the load requirements.
Types:
1- -Analog : (PID) using OP-AMPs.
2- Digital : PLC , Microprocessor , Microcontroller , DSP.
4- Sensing unit:
Speed. ( Tachometer – shaft encoders )
Position. ( Tachometer – shaft encoders )
Current ( Hall Effect C Transducer )
Voltage. ( Hall Effect V. Transducer
Chapter (1) Electric Drive Systems Introduction
Basic Elements of Electric Drive
System
5- Electrical motor:
Energy converting machine (electrical to mechanical)
commonly used for speed control applications such as;
DC Motors
Shunt, series, compound, and separately excited DC motors
AC Motors
Induction, and synchronous motors.
Special Motors
Brushless DC motors, stepper motors, switched reluctance
motors and synchronous reluctance motors.
Chapter (1) Electric Drive Systems Introduction
Basic Elements of Electric Drive
System
6- Mechanical load:
Knowing the mechanical load profile (speed range, torque,
power and time) is essential when selecting electrical
motor and power converter for the application.
Most of the industrial loads can be classified into the
following two categories :
(i) Load torques varying with time
(ii) Load torques varying with speed
Chapter (1) Electric Drive Systems Introduction
Basic Elements of Electric Drive
System
6-1 Mechanical load –time profile:
1-Constant continuous loads:
Same torque for a long time. (Pumps, Compressors, Fans)
2-Continuous variable loads :
Loads varying and having duty cycle. (lathes, hoisting winches, conveyors)
3-Pulsating loads :
Crankshafts. (Reciprocating pumps, compressors, frame saws, textile looms)
4-Impact loads :
Regular repetitive load peaks (rolling mills, presses, shearing machines)
5-Short time intermittent loads :
Load appears periodically with identical duty cycle (cranes, excavators)
6-Short time loads :
Constant torque for a short time (Battery charging, Home appliances)
Chapter (1) Electric Drive Systems Introduction
Basic Elements of Electric Drive
System
6-2 Mechanical load – speed profile:
1-Constant Torque loads:
Torque is constant and Power is linearly proportional to the speed
(hoists, pistons pumps, printing continuous machines, Piston compressors)
Chapter (1) Electric Drive Systems Introduction
Basic Elements of Electric Drive
System
6-2 Mechanical load – speed profile:
2- Linear Torque loads :
Torque is linearly, and Power is quadratically proportional to the speed
(Eddy current brakes, Mixers)
Chapter (1) Electric Drive Systems Introduction
Basic Elements of Electric Drive
System
6-2 Mechanical load – speed profile:
3- Quadratic Torque loads :
Torque is quadratically, and Power is cubically proportional to the speed
(Fans, rotary pumps, compressors, ventilator, and ship propellers)
Chapter (1) Electric Drive Systems Introduction
Basic Elements of Electric Drive
System
6-2 Mechanical load – speed profile:
4- Constant Power loads :
Power is constant and Torque is inversely proportional to the speed
(lathes, boring machines, milling machines, winders, and electric traction )
Chapter (1) Electric Drive Systems Introduction
Basic Elements of Electric Drive
System
6-2 Mechanical load – speed profile:
5- Constant Power/Torque loads :
It is a combination of constant power and constant torque load types
(This load type is common in the paper industry, and electric traction )
Chapter (1) Electric Drive Systems Introduction
Basic Elements of Electric Drive
System
6-2 Mechanical load – speed profile:
6- Starting/breakaway torque loads :
In some applications high torque at low frequencies is needed
(this load type are for example extruders and screw pumps.)
Chapter (1) Electric Drive Systems Introduction
Basic Elements of Electric Drive
System
6-2 Mechanical load – speed profile:
7- Torque polinomially related to the speed :
For the particular characteristics of shown figure each example may be
approximated to a polynomial form :
Chapter (1) Electric Drive Systems Introduction
Classification of Electrical Drives
According to Supply type
DC drives AC drives
According to Running speed
Constant Speed drives Variable Speed drives
According to Number of motors
Single-motor drive Multi-motor drive
According to Control parameter
Stable torque drives Stable power drives
According to Operation modes
Continuous duty drives Short time duty drives
Intermittent duty drives
Chapter (1) Electric Drive Systems Introduction
Forms of Electrical Drives
There are three forms;
1- Group drive 2- Individual drive
single motor multiple loads drive single motor single load drive
3- Multi-motor drive
multiple motors single load drive
Chapter (1) Electric Drive Systems Introduction
Forms of Electrical Drives
1- Group drive
One motor is used as a drive for more than machine. All
machines are connected to motor shaft through belt & pulleys.
Advantages:
Initial cost is low (one high rating motor- installation cost)
Disadvantages:
1- No installation flexibility & not suitable for heavy duty drive
2- Lower continuity , reliability , power factor, safety.
3- High noise & power losses
So it is rarely used
Chapter (1) Electric Drive Systems Introduction
Forms of Electrical Drives
2- Individual drive
In this drive, there will be a separate driving motor for each
process equipment.
Advantages:
1- High installation flexibility
2- higher continuity , reliability ,safety.
3- lower noise
Disadvantages:
1- Initial cost is very high
2- High power losses
Chapter (1) Electric Drive Systems Introduction
Forms of Electric Drives
3- Multi-motor drive
In this type of drive, separate motors are provided for
actuating different parts of the driven mechanism.
Advantages:
1- High installation flexibility
2- higher continuity , reliability ,safety.
3- lower noise & power losses
Disadvantages:
1- Initial cost is very high
Chapter (1) Electric Drive Systems Introduction
Advantages of Electrical Drives
1- flexible control characteristics.
2- Do not pollute the environment.
3- Energy saving.
4- High performance and quick response.
5- Basic operation is simple and reliable.
6- Saving in space and capital cost.
7- Higher efficiency.
8- Better speed response.
9- Low maintenance cost and long life.
10- Braking power can be transformed into electrical power
and feedback to the main supply.
Chapter (1) Electric Drive Systems Introduction
Disadvantages of Electrical Drives
1- Electric drives system is tied only up to the electrified
area.
2- The condition arising under the short circuits, leakage
from conductors and breakdown of overhead conductor
may lead to fatal accidents.
3- Failure in supply for a few minutes may paralyses the
whole system
4- Cause supply harmonics.
5- Cause noise pollution.
6- Cause motor heating.
Chapter (1) Electric Drive Systems Introduction
Applications of Electrical Drives
It is used in a large number of industrial and domestic
applications like Electric traction, rolling mills, paper
machines, textile mills, machine tools, fans, pumps, robots,
Cement Mills, Sugar Mills, Steel Mills, sewage stations
,Water Treatment stations, and Petrochemical Industries.
Chapter (1) Electric Drive Systems Introduction
Selection of Electrical Drives
Factors to be considered for selection of Electrical Drives:
(i) Nature of electric supply
(ii) Nature of the drive
(iii) Capital and running cost
(iv) Maintenance requirement
(v) Space ad weight restrictions
(vi) Environment and location
(vii) Nature of load
(viii) Electrical characteristics of motor
(ix) Size, rating and duty cycle of motors
(x) Mechanical considerations
