MORPHING MODULE MATH 12 – Engineering Data Analysis

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Probability 7. In a hospital unit there are 8 nurses and 5
Numerical measure of the likelihood of an event to physicians; 7 nurses and 3 physicians are females.
occur. If a staff person is selected, find the
Expressed Mathematically as, probability that the subject is a nurse or a male.
S A. 12/13 B. 11/13
P=
S+f C. 10/13 D. 9/13
S = successfull number of outcome
f = number of failure 8. What is the probability of getting a diamond or
a queen from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards?
S + f = Sample Space
A. 4/21 B. 1/13
C. 1/5 D. 4/13
A sample space is the set of all possible outcomes

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of a probability experiment.
INDEPENDENT EVENTS
Two events A and B are independent events
if the fact that A occurs does not affect the

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probability of B occurring.
When two events are independent, the probability
of both occurring is
1. How many possible outcome if you draw 1 card 𝐏𝐏�𝐀𝐀 𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚 𝐁𝐁� = 𝐏𝐏(𝐀𝐀) ∙ 𝐏𝐏(𝐁𝐁)
from a standard deck of playing cards?

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A. 40 B. 50 C. 52 D. 54 9. A coin is flipped and a die is rolled. Find the

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probability of getting a head on the coin and a 4
2. Find the number in the sample space for the on the die.
gender of the children if a family has three A. 1/12 B. 2/3
children. C. 4/5 D. 1/6
A. 2 B. 4 C. 8 D. 16

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10. A card is drawn from a deck and replaced; then
3. If a family has three children, find the a second card is drawn. Find the probability of
probability that two of the three children are getting a queen and then an ace.
girls. A. 4/169 B. 3/169
A. 1/2 B. 1/3 C. 1/8
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D. 3/8 C. 2/169 D. 1/169

Complement of an event 11. An urn contains 3 red balls, 2 blue balls, and
3. If the probability that a person lives in an 5 white balls. A ball is selected and its color
industrialized country of the world is 1/5 , find
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noted. Then it is replaced. A second ball is
the probability that a person does not live in an selected and its color noted. Find the probability
industrialized country. of selecting 1 red ball and then 1 blue ball.
A. 4/5 B. 3/5 C. 2/5 D. ½ A. 1/50 B. 1/25
C. 3/50 D. 2/25
Empirical Probability ----------------------NOTES-----------------------
4. In the travel survey just described, find the
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probability that a person will travel by airplane

over the Thanksgiving holiday.
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A. 6/55 B. 41/50 C. 3/50 D. 3/25

Mutually Exclusive Events

When two events A and B are mutually exclusive,
the probability that A or B will occur is
𝐏𝐏�𝐀𝐀 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 𝐁𝐁� = 𝐏𝐏(𝐀𝐀) + 𝐏𝐏(𝐁𝐁)
Two or more events are mutually exclusive if they
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cannot occur simultaneously.

Example:
Turning left and turning right
Tossing a coin: Heads and Tails
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5. In a deck of 52 cards, what is the probability

of getting a card being a King or Ace?
A. 2/13 B. 1/169
C. 1/13 D. 1/26
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6. A city has 9 coffee shops: 3 Starbuck’s, 2

aribou Coffees, and 4 Crazy Mocho Coffees. If a
person selects one shop at random to buy a cup of
coffee, find the probability that it is either a
Starbuck’s or Crazy Mocho Coffees.
A. 5/9 B. 6/9
C. 7/9 D. 8/9

Non-Mutually Exclusive Events

( with common outcome)
If A and B are not mutually exclusive, then
𝐏𝐏�𝐀𝐀 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 𝐁𝐁� = 𝐏𝐏(𝐀𝐀) + 𝐏𝐏(𝐁𝐁) − 𝐏𝐏(𝐀𝐀 𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚 𝐁𝐁)
EXAMPLE:
• Turning left and scratching your head
• Kings and Hearts in playing cards,
• because we can have a King of
Hearts!

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 MORPHING MODULE MATH 12 – Engineering Data Analysis
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Dice Probability Normal Distribution
12. A pair if dice is rollled, what is the
probability of getting the sum of 7?
A. 1/6 B. 1/5
C. 1/4 D. 1/3

Dependent Events
When the outcome or occurrence of the first
event affects the outcome or occurrence of the
second event in such a way that the probability is TOOLS:
changed, the events are said to be dependent 1. z-score
events. x − x�

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z=
P�A and B� = P(A) ∙ P(B|A) σ
P(B|A) means probability of B happening after A already happened 2. Fx-570 es Calculator
Note:

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13. Three cards are drawn from an ordinary deck The total area under the Bell Curve is equal to 1
and not replaced. Find the probability of these or 100%.
events. Getting an ace, a king, and a queen in
order 19. A survey found that women spend on average
P146.21 on beauty products during the summer

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A. 7/16,575 B. 8/16,575
C. 9/16,575 D. 3/16,575 months. Assume the standard deviation is P29.44.

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Find the percentage of women who spend less than
14. A bag contains 5 white, 7 red and 8 black P160.00. Assume the variable is normally
balls. If four balls are drawn one by one without distributed.
replacement, what is the probability of getting A. 67.08% B. 68.08%
C. 69.08% D. 70.08%

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all white balls?
A. 1/256 B. 1/1024 ----------------------NOTES-----------------------
C. 1/969 D. 2/3

15. A bag contains 5 white, 7 red and 8 black

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balls. If four balls are drawn one by one without
replacement, what is the probability of getting 1
white, 1 red and 2 black ball.
A. 195/969 B. 196/969
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C. 197/969 D. 198/969

Conditional Probability
Conditional probability of an event B in
relationship to an event A was defined as the
probability that event B occurs after event A has
already occurred.
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𝐏𝐏�𝐀𝐀 𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚 𝐁𝐁�

𝐏𝐏(𝐁𝐁|𝐀𝐀) =
𝐏𝐏(𝐀𝐀)
16. A box contains black chips and white chips. A
person selects two chips without replacement. If
the probability of selecting a black chip and a
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white chip is 15/56 , and the probability of

selecting a black chip on the first draw is 3/8,
find the probability of selecting the white chip
on the second draw, given that the first chip
selected was a black chip.
A. 4/7 B. 5/7
C. 6/7 D. 3/7
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17. The probability that Sam parks in a no-parking

zone and gets a parking ticket is 0.06, and the
probability that Sam cannot find a legal parking
space and has to park in the noparking zone is
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0.20. On Tuesday, Sam arrives at school and has to

park in a no-parking zone. Find the probability
that he will get a parking ticket.
A. 0.1 B. 0.2
C. 0.3 D. 0.4
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18. A recent survey asked 100 people if they

thought women in the armed forces should be
permitted to participate in combat. The results of
the survey are shown. Find the probability that
the respondent was a male, given that the
respondent answered no.

A. 4/25 B. 3/10
C. 7/11 D. 6/13

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 MORPHING MODULE MATH 12 – Engineering Data Analysis
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20. Each month, a large company generates an 28. You are given a bag of balls. Inside the bag
average of 28 pounds of newspaper for garbage or are 5 red, 4 white and 3 blue balls. Calculate the
recycling. Assume the standard deviation is 2 probability that with 6 trials, you choose 3 that
pounds. If a company is selected at random, find are red, 1 that is white and 2 that are blue,
the probability of its generating more than 30.2 replacing each marble after it is chosen.
pounds per month. A. 9% B. 11%
A. 11.57% B. 12.57% C. 13% D. 15%
C. 13.57% D. 14.57%
Poisson’s Probability Distribution
21. Each month, a large company generates an λx e−λ
average of 28 pounds of newspaper for garbage or P=
x!
recycling. Assume the standard deviation is 2 λ is he average number of occurrences in the

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pounds. If a company is selected at random, find specified period
the probability of its generating between 27 and
31 pounds per month 29. In the manufacture of glassware, bubbles can

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A. 61.47% B. 62.47% occur in the glass which reduces the status of the
C. 63.47% D. 64.47% glassware. If, on average, one in every 1000 items
produced has a bubble, calculate the probability
Binomial Probability Distribution that exactly six items in a batch of three
The probability that the event can happen exactly

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thousand contains bubbles.
r times in n trials A. 3% B. 5%

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𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧 (𝐩𝐩)𝐫𝐫 (𝐪𝐪)𝐧𝐧−𝐫𝐫 C. 7% D. 9%
Where:
p is the probability of success 30. The number of injuries per working week in a
q is the probability of failure particular construction site is known to follow a
n is the number of trials Poisson distribution with mean 0.5. Find the

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probability that in a particular week there will
be less than 2 accidents.
A. 0.6098 B. 0.7098
22. Which fraction represents the probability of C. 0.8098 D. 0.9098

fair coin?
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obtaining exactly eight heads in ten tosses of a ----------------------NOTES-----------------------

A. 45/1024 B. 9/256
C. 52/1024 D. 180/1024
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23. A survey found that one out of five Americans
say he or she has visited a doctor in any given
month. If 10 people are selected at random, find
the probability that exactly 3 had visited a
doctor last month.
A. 10.1% B. 20.1%
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C. 30.1% D. 40.1%

24. A survey found that one out of five Americans

say he or she has visited a doctor in any given
month. If 10 people are selected at random, find
the probability that atlest 3 had visited a doctor
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last month.
A. 30.22% B. 31.22%
C. 32.22% D. 33.22%

25. A survey found that one out of five Americans

say he or she has visited a doctor in any given
month. If 10 people are selected at random, find
the probability that at most 3 had visited a
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doctor last month.

A. 84.91% B. 85.91%
C. 86.91% D. 87.91%
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26. A magazine reported that 6% of Pinoy drivers

read the newspaper while driving. If 300 drivers
are selected at random, find the probability that
exactly 25 say they read the newspaper while
driving.
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A. 1.27% B. 2.27%
C. 3.27% D. 4.27%

Multinomial Probability Distribution

n!
P= (P )a (Pb )b (Pc )c …
a! b! c! … a
27. Three tong-it players play a series of
matches. The probability that player A will win
any game is 20%, the probability that player B
will win is 30%, and the probability player C will
win is 50%. If they play 6 games, what is the
probability that player A will win 1 game, player
B will win 2 games, and player C will win 3?
A. 0.035 B. 0.135
C. 0.235 D. 0.335

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 MORPHING MODULE MATH 12 – Engineering Data Analysis
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31. The number of injuries per working week in a 35. A sample of students from an introductory
particular construction site is known to follow a psychology class were polled regarding the number
Poisson distribution with mean 0.5. Find the of hours they spent studying for the last exam.
probability that in a particular week there will There were 24 individuals in the one section of
be more than 2 accidents. the course polled. Solve for the margin of error
A. 0.0144 B. 0.0244 (EBM), with 95% confidence interval.
C. 0.0344 D. 0.0444
4.5 22 7 14.5 9 9 3.5 8 11 7.5 18 20
Confidence Interval, Margin of Error (EBM, 7.5 9 10.5 15 19 2.5 5 9 8.5 14 20 8
Sample Size

Confidence Interval A. 1.364 B. 2.364

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Z-Test C. 3.364 D. 4.364
NOTE:
𝐂𝐂𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐢𝐚𝐚 𝐭𝐭𝐨𝐨 𝐮𝐮𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐞 𝐙𝐙−𝐓𝐓𝐞𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐭𝐭 𝐟𝐟𝐨𝐨𝐫𝐫 𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐨𝐧𝐧𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐢𝐝𝐝𝐞𝐞𝐧𝐧c𝐞𝐞 𝐢𝐢𝐧𝐧𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐯𝐯𝐚𝐚𝐥𝐥 36. A sample of students from an introductory

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"𝐏𝐏𝐨𝐨𝐩𝐩𝐮𝐮𝐥𝐥𝐚𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐢𝐨𝐨𝐧𝐧 𝐬𝐬𝐭𝐭𝐚𝐚𝐧𝐧𝐝𝐝𝐚𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐝𝐝 𝐝𝐝𝐞𝐞𝐯𝐯𝐢𝐢𝐚𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐢𝐨𝐨𝐧𝐧 𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐮𝐬𝐬𝐭𝐭 𝐛𝐛𝐞𝐞 𝐤𝐤𝐧𝐧𝐨𝐨𝐰𝐰𝐧𝐧 psychology class were polled regarding the number
of hours they spent studying for the last exam.
𝐨𝐨𝐫𝐫 𝐭𝐭𝐡𝐡𝐞𝐞 𝐧𝐧𝐮𝐮𝐦𝐦𝐛𝐛𝐞𝐞𝐫𝐫 𝐨𝐨𝐟𝐟 𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐚𝐦𝐦𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐞 𝐢𝐢𝐬𝐬>𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟎"
There were 24 individuals in the one section of
σx σx
the course polled. Construct a confidence interval
of 95%.
�x� − z � � , x� + z � ��

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√n √n 4.5 22 7 14.5 9 9 3.5 8 11 7.5 18 20

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σx = Population Standard Deviation 7.5 9 10.5 15 19 2.5 5 9 8.5 14 20 8

𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢 A. (8.6,13.28) B. (8.2,13.33)

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C. (8.0,13.16) D. (8.4,13.36)

37. The mean of a sample is 128.5, margin of error

(EBM)=6.2, sample size 25. What is the 99%
confidence interval of the mean?
ie A. (101.15896,135.8414)
B. (111.15896,145.8414)
C. (121.15896,155.8414)
D. (131.15896,165.8414)
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----------------------NOTES-----------------------
32. A simple random sample of 50 adults is
obtained, and each person’s red blood cell count
is measured. The sample mean is 4.63. The
population standard deviation for red blood cell
count is 0.54. Construct the 95% interval estimate
for the mean red blood cell counts of adults.
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A. (4.3803, 4.6797) B. (4.4803, 4.7797)

C. (4.5803, 4.8797) D. (4.6803, 4.9797)

33. A simple random sample of 50 adults is

obtained, and each person’s red blood cell count
is measured. The sample mean is 4.63. The
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population standard deviation for red blood cell

count is 0.54. Using 95% interval solve for the
margin of error (EBM).
A. 0.1396 B. 0.1496
C. 0.1596 D. 0.1696

34. A researcher wishes to estimate the number of

days it takes an automobile dealer to sell a car.
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A random sample of 50 cars had a mean time on the

dealer’s lot of 54 days. Assume that the
population standard deviation to be 6 days. Find
the best point of estimate of the population mean
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with 95% confidence interval.

A. 50.3 < population mean < 53.66
B. 51.3 < population mean < 54.66
C. 52.3 < population mean < 55.66
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D. 53.3 < population mean < 56.66

Confidence Interval
T-Test

Sx Sx
�x� − (t) � � , x� + (t) � ��
√n √n
Sx = Sample Standard Deviation
T − test is used, when the population standard deviationis unknown.

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 MORPHING MODULE MATH 12 – Engineering Data Analysis
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Determining Sample Size T-TEST TABLE
N
n=
1 + N(α)2

n = sample size
N = population size
α = �1 − Confidence Level� or level of significance

Sx
EBM = t � �
√n

n
σx
EBM = z � �
√n

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38. We want to do a survey of to students, on how
they use cell phones at home. If the population is
3,500 and if you want to work with a 99%
confidence level, what will be the sample size?
A. 2,293 B. 2,393

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C. 2,493 D. 2,593

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39. A trader wants to estimate the average daily-
high price of a crypto currency. What sample size
is necessary to form 99% confidence interval to
estimate with EBM or margin of error of 0.25?

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Assume population standard deviation is 4.944.
A. 2396 B. 2496
C. 2596 D. 2696 ie
40. Which of the following expression represent
95% confidence interval?
σ σ
A. x ± 1.44 � x � B. x ± 1.96 � x �
√n √n
σx σx
C. x ± 1.645 � � D. x ± 2.576 � �
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√n √n
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