FACULTY OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND AGRICULTURE.
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
GEOGRAPHIC THOUGHT & METHODOLOGY
GEO 5121
Ms. Maponya M.G
[email protected] WEEK SIX: PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
6.1 Introduction
Physical geography studies the Earth's natural features and processes, including
landforms, water bodies, atmosphere, and climate. It is a subfield of geography that
seeks to understand the physical environment and its interactions with living
organisms, including humans. Physical geography focuses on the physical
characteristics of the Earth. These are the formation and evolution of landforms,
atmospheric and oceanic behaviours, and the distribution of flora and fauna. The
study of physical geography is critical because it helps us understand how the Earth's
natural systems work and how they change over time. For example, physical
geography provides insights into how natural disasters, such as floods and
earthquakes, occur and how they can be mitigated or prevented. It also helps us
understand how climate change affects the Earth's systems and how we can adapt.
Physical geography is an interdisciplinary field that draws upon various scientific
disciplines, including geology, meteorology, biology, and physics. It also incorporates
many different research methods, such as fieldwork, laboratory experiments, and
computer modelling. Physical geography is crucial in understanding the natural world
and our ability to live sustainably on Earth. It is an exciting and constantly evolving field
essential for addressing many challenges facing our planet today.
6.1.1 Sub-fields of geography
Physical geography is a broad and diverse field encompassing many topics and
approaches. Some of the major subfields of physical geography include:
1. Geomorphology: This is the study of the Earth's landforms, including mountains,
valleys, coastlines, and glaciers. Geomorphologists seek to understand the
processes that shape these landforms, such as erosion, weathering, and
tectonic activity.
2. Hydrology: Hydrologists study the movement and distribution of water on Earth,
including rivers, lakes, groundwater, and the ocean. They also investigate how
water interacts with the Earth's surface, including the effects of precipitation,
evaporation, and human activities such as agriculture and urbanisation.
3. Climatology: Climatologists study the Earth's climate, including temperature
patterns, precipitation, wind, and atmospheric pressure. They investigate the
factors that influence the climate, such as greenhouse gases, solar radiation,
and ocean currents.
4. Biogeography: The study of the distribution of plants and animals on Earth and
the factors determining their range and abundance. They investigate the
effects of climate, geology, and human activities on ecosystems and
biodiversity patterns across different regions.
5. Oceanography: Oceanographers study the physical, chemical, and biological
properties of the ocean, including ocean currents, waves, tides, and marine
life. They also investigate atmospheric-ocean interactions and the effects of
human activities on the marine environment.
In addition to these subfields, physical geography incorporates many different
research methods and tools, such as remote sensing, GIS (geographic information
systems), computer modelling, and fieldwork. Physical geography is a dynamic and
evolving field constantly exploring new questions and approaches to understand the
Earth's natural systems better.
6.2 Philosophical concepts in Physical Geography
Philosophical concepts play an essential role in geography by helping to shape our
understanding of the relationship between humans and the environment. Here are a
few key philosophical ideas that are relevant to geography:
Environmental Ethics: This is the branch of philosophy that deals with how humans
should behave towards the environment. Environmental ethics considers issues such
as the value of nature, the ethical implications of human actions on the environment,
and the responsibility of humans to protect the environment.
1. Phenomenology: This is a philosophical approach that emphasises the
subjective experience of the world. In geography, phenomenology can help
us to understand how people perceive and interact with their environment and
how these perceptions shape our understanding of the world.
2. Postmodernism: Postmodernism is a philosophical approach that challenges
the idea of objective truth and emphasises the importance of context and
perspective. In geography, postmodernism can help us to recognise the social
and cultural factors that shape our understanding of the environment and to
question dominant narratives about the natural world.
3. Marxism: Marxism is a philosophical and political ideology that emphasises the
role of economic and social structures in shaping human society. In geography,
Marxism can help us to understand how economic and political systems shape
the environment and how environmental problems are often rooted in social
and economic inequalities.
4. Feminism: Feminism is a philosophical and political movement that seeks to
promote gender equality and challenge patriarchal structures. In geography,
feminism can help us to understand how gender shapes our interactions with
the environment and how women's perspectives on the environment are often
overlooked.
These are just a few examples of the many philosophical concepts relevant to
geography. By considering these concepts, geographers can deepen their
understanding of the relationship between humans and the environment and work
towards more sustainable and equitable approaches to environmental issues.
6.3 Observing and recording in geography
Observing and recording are essential skills in geography as they allow geographers
to collect data and gather information about the natural and human systems that
make up the environment. Here are some fundamental principles and techniques for
observing and recording in geography:
1. Objectivity: Geographers strive to be objective in their observations and
recordings, avoiding personal biases and interpretations that may distort or
influence the data. To maintain objectivity, geographers often use
standardised methods and tools to gather data and strive to replicate their
observations in different contexts.
2. Accuracy: Accuracy is critical in geography, as even minor errors or
discrepancies can significantly impact the data's validity. Geographers use
precise tools and methods and record their observations and measurements
as accurately as possible.
3. Systematic: Observing and recording in geography is a systematic process that
follows a set of protocols and procedures. Geographers use standardised
methods and tools, often collecting data over an extended period to ensure
consistency and accuracy.
4. Qualitative and quantitative: Observing and recording geography can involve
both qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative data includes
descriptive and non-numerical information, while quantitative data involves
numerical measurements and statistical analysis.
5. Technology: Technology plays an increasingly important role in observing and
recording geography. Geographers use various tools and technologies, such
as GPS, remote sensing, and GIS, to gather and analyse data.
6. Fieldwork: Fieldwork is a critical aspect of observing and recording in
geography, as it involves directly observing the environment and its systems.
Fieldwork can involve various techniques, such as mapping, surveys, and
sampling.
Overall, observing and recording are essential geography skills that require a
combination of objectivity, accuracy, systematisation, and technology. By effectively
observing and recording data, geographers can better understand the environment
and its systems and use this knowledge to address complex environmental
challenges.
6.4 Extracting reality- Introduction to modelling
Modelling the real world is essential in geography studies because geographers can
simulate and analyse complex environmental processes and relationships. Here are a
few reasons why modelling the real world is vital in geography:
1. Provides a predictive tool: Modelling the real world provides a predictive tool
that allows geographers to simulate and forecast the behaviour of complex
environmental systems. Geographers can predict future changes and impacts
by developing models that represent real-world conditions and processes that
impact the environment.
2. Enables scenario planning: Modelling the real world allows geographers to
develop scenarios that explore the potential outcomes of different
management or policy decisions. By modelling the impacts of various
scenarios, geographers can identify the most effective strategies for achieving
environmental sustainability and resilience.
3. Facilitates spatial analysis: Modelling the real world allows geographers to
analyse the spatial patterns and distributions of environmental phenomena
more comprehensively than direct observation alone. By incorporating spatial
data into models, geographers can analyse the interactions between different
environmental variables and identify patterns that may not be immediately
apparent through direct observation.
4. Provides a platform for experimentation: Modelling the real world allows
geographers to conduct experiments and test hypotheses in a controlled
environment. By manipulating the variables within a model, geographers can
explore how changes in one variable impact other aspects of the environment.
5. Improves decision-making: Modelling the real world gives decision-makers the
information needed to make informed decisions about environmental
management, policy, and planning. By simulating the impacts of different
management or policy decisions, decision-makers can identify the most
effective strategies for achieving desired outcomes.
Overall, modelling the real world is vital in geography studies because it provides a
powerful tool for simulating and analysing complex environmental processes and
relationships. By developing models that accurately represent the real-world
conditions and processes that impact the environment, geographers can make
predictions, test hypotheses, and inform decision-making in a way that is impossible
through direct observation alone.
6.4.1 Introduction to modelling
Modelling generally refers to creating simplified representations of complex systems
or processes. In geography, modelling is essential to understand, analyse, and predict
environmental processes and phenomena. A model is a simplified representation of
a real-world system or phenomenon used to make predictions or test hypotheses.
Models can take many forms, from mathematical equations to physical simulations,
and represent various environmental processes and relationships. Many different
types of models are used in geography, including physical, mathematical, and
computer models. Physical models are three-dimensional representations of real-
world systems, while mathematical models use equations and statistical methods to
represent complex relationships. Computer models use digital algorithms and
software to simulate complex processes and analyse large datasets.
Modelling can be used to explore a variety of environmental phenomena, such as
climate change, land use change, and ecosystem dynamics. For example, climate
models use mathematical equations to simulate the complex interactions between
the atmosphere, oceans, land surfaces, and ice caps. Land use change models use
spatial data to predict the impacts of different land use decisions on ecological and
economic systems. Modelling is crucial in geography because it allows researchers to
test hypotheses, predict future outcomes, and explore the impacts of different
management or policy decisions. By developing models that accurately represent
the real-world conditions and processes that impact the environment, geographers
can make predictions and inform decision-making in a way that is impossible through
direct observation alone.
6.4.2 Land Use Land Cover Change
Land use land cover change (LULCC) refers to the conversion or alteration of natural
landscapes, such as forests, grasslands, and wetlands, into human-dominated land
uses, such as urban areas, croplands, and pastures. LULCC is a crucial driver of
environmental change and can significantly impact ecosystems, biodiversity, and the
global carbon cycle. LULCC occurs for various reasons, including population growth,
urbanisation, agricultural expansion, and industrialisation. As human populations grow
and economies develop, natural landscapes are often converted to meet the
growing demands for food, water, energy, and shelter. LULCC is typically measured
by analysing changes in land cover and land use over time. Remote sensing
technologies, such as satellite imagery and aerial photography, are commonly used
to monitor LULCC at regional and global scales. These technologies provide a way to
quantify changes in land cover, identify hotspots of LULCC, and track the impacts of
policy and management decisions on land use patterns.
LULCC has essential environmental and social impacts. For example, deforestation
and agricultural expansion can lead to soil erosion, biodiversity loss, and carbon
emissions. In contrast, urbanisation and industrialisation can lead to air and water
pollution, habitat fragmentation, and changes in local climate patterns. Therefore,
understanding the drivers and impacts of LULCC is critical for informing land use
planning and management strategies that balance human needs with
environmental conservation and sustainability.
6.4.2.1 GIS and Remote Sensing
GIS (Geographic Information System) and remote sensing are essential for collecting,
managing, analysing, and visualising spatial data in geography and environmental
sciences. GIS is a software system that allows users to collect, store, manage, and
analyse spatial data. GIS can integrate various types of spatial data, such as satellite
imagery, maps, and terrain models, and analyse and display the relationships
between these data layers. GIS can create maps, perform spatial analyses, and
generate models to help understand and manage natural resources, environmental
systems, and human populations. Remote sensing, on the other hand, refers to
collecting information about the environment using sensors not directly in contact with
the Earth's surface.
Remote sensing can be done using a variety of sensors, such as satellites, aeroplanes,
and drones. It can provide environmental information, such as land cover, vegetation
health, and atmospheric conditions. Remote sensing data can study and monitor
environmental changes, assess natural resources, and support disaster response and
management. GIS and remote sensing are often used to provide a more
comprehensive understanding of environmental systems. Remote sensing data can
be imported into GIS software and combined with other spatial data to create maps,
perform spatial analyses, and generate models. For example, remote sensing data on
land cover can be combined with GIS data on soils and terrain to map potential
erosion risk. Overall, GIS and remote sensing are powerful tools for collecting,
managing, and analysing spatial data and are essential for understanding and
managing environmental systems.
6.4.3 Environmental assessments
Environmental assessments (EA) are processes used to evaluate the potential
environmental impacts of proposed projects or activities. An EA aims to identify,
predict, and evaluate the potential environmental effects of a proposed project and
identify ways to avoid, minimise, or mitigate those effects. Environmental assessments
are typically conducted before a proposed project or activity is approved. The
assessment process may include collecting environmental data, consultation with
stakeholders, and developing various reports and documents that evaluate the
project's potential impacts. Environmental assessments may also include public
participation and input.
The level of detail and rigour required in an environmental assessment can vary
depending on the scope and scale of the proposed project and the applicable laws
and regulations. For example, small-scale projects may only require a basic
assessment, while larger projects with significant potential impacts may require a more
detailed and extensive evaluation. Environmental assessments can also include
different levels of analysis, such as screening, scoping, impact assessment, and
mitigation planning. These steps help to identify and evaluate potential environmental
impacts, determine the significance of those impacts, and identify ways to avoid or
mitigate any negative impacts. Overall, environmental assessments are essential for
ensuring that proposed projects or activities are evaluated for their potential
environmental impacts and for identifying ways to avoid or minimise those impacts.
The process is critical for promoting sustainable development and protecting the
environment for future generations.
6.4.3.1 Techniques and approaches to environmental assessments
Several techniques and approaches are used in environmental assessments (EA),
depending on the scope and complexity of the proposed project or activity. Here are
some standard methods and approaches used in environmental assessments:
1. Baseline studies: Baseline studies involve the collection of data on the current
environmental conditions of the project area. These studies may include air
and water quality assessments, wildlife populations, and vegetation.
2. Impact assessments: Impact assessments are used to evaluate the potential
environmental impacts of a proposed project or activity. These assessments
may include studies on the potential impacts on soil, water, air quality, wildlife,
and other natural resources.
3. Risk assessments: Risk assessments are used to evaluate the potential risks to
human health and the environment associated with a proposed project or
activity. These assessments may include studies on the potential exposure
pathways, the toxicity of the pollutants, and the likelihood of harm.
4. Life cycle assessments: Life cycle assessments (LCA) are used to evaluate the
environmental impacts of a product or service over its entire life cycle, from
raw material extraction to disposal. LCA can help identify the environmental
impacts of a proposed project or activity at each stage of its life cycle.
5. Stakeholder engagement: Stakeholder engagement involves consulting with
individuals or groups who may be impacted by the proposed project or
activity. This approach can help identify potential concerns and help find
solutions to address these concerns.
6. Environmental Management Plans (EMP): Environmental Management Plans
(EMP) are developed to provide a framework for managing and mitigating the
potential environmental impacts of a proposed project or activity. EMPs may
include measures to prevent or minimise adverse effects and provide a plan
for monitoring and reporting environmental impacts.
Overall, these techniques and approaches help to ensure that the potential
environmental impacts of a proposed project or activity are thoroughly assessed and
that appropriate measures are taken to avoid, minimise, or mitigate any adverse
effects.
6.5 Technological advancements in physical geography studies
Technological advances have significantly impacted physical geography studies in
recent years, enabling researchers to gather more accurate and detailed data and
to analyse and model complex physical processes more effectively. Here are some
examples of technological advances that have had an impact on physical
geography studies:
1. Remote sensing: Remote sensing involves using sensors to collect data from a
distance. Satellite imagery and aerial photography are typical examples of
remote sensing technology in physical geography studies. Remote sensing
data can provide information on land cover, vegetation, topography, and
other physical characteristics of the Earth's surface.
2. Geographic Information Systems (GIS): GIS technology is used to store, analyse,
and display geographic data. GIS allows researchers to integrate various
spatial data types, such as satellite imagery and maps, to create detailed
spatial models and analyse physical processes such as erosion, land use
changes, and weather patterns.
3. Global Positioning System (GPS): GPS technology is used to determine the
precise location of objects on the Earth's surface. GPS is used in physical
geography studies for mapping and tracking purposes and to gather data on
moving objects such as glaciers, sea ice, and wildlife.
4. LiDAR: LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology measures the distance
between objects on the Earth's surface and the sensor. LiDAR can create highly
detailed, 3D models of the Earth's surface and is used in physical geography
studies to create high-resolution maps of landforms, vegetation, and urban
areas.
5. Modeling software: Advanced modelling software is used in physical
geography studies to simulate complex physical processes such as weather
patterns, hydrological cycles, and land surface changes. These models can
help researchers to understand how physical systems operate and how future
changes, such as climate change, may impact them.
Overall, technological advances have greatly expanded the capabilities of physical
geography studies. This has allowed researchers to gather more detailed and
accurate data and to model and analyse complex physical processes more
effectively.
