Section A

[8 * 3 = 24]

1. Differentiate Hardware and Software

 Hardware: The physical components of a computer system, such as the motherboard,

CPU, RAM, and peripherals. Hardware is tangible and can be touched.
 Software: The programs and applications that run on a computer, providing
instructions for the hardware to perform tasks. Software is intangible and exists as
code.

2. Explain Different Generations of Computers

 First Generation (1940-1956): Vacuum tubes; large and inefficient (e.g., ENIAC).
 Second Generation (1956-1963): Transistors; smaller, faster, and more reliable (e.g.,
IBM 7094).
 Third Generation (1964-1971): Integrated circuits; increased power and efficiency
(e.g., IBM System/360).
 Fourth Generation (1971-Present): Microprocessors; personal computers and
mobile devices (e.g., Intel 4004).
 Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond): Artificial intelligence and advanced
computing; focuses on machine learning and parallel processing.

3. Explain Gray Code with Example

Gray Code is a binary numeral system where two successive values differ in only one bit. It
is used in applications such as digital encoders and error correction.

Example:

 Binary: 00, 01, 10, 11

 Gray Code: 00, 01, 11, 10

4. Differentiate Diode and Transistors

 Diode: A two-terminal electronic component that allows current to flow in one

direction only. Used for rectification.
 Transistor: A three-terminal device that can amplify or switch electronic signals. It is
used in various applications, including amplification and digital switching.

5. What Are the Different Types of Passive Components

 Resistors: Limit current flow.

 Capacitors: Store and release electrical energy.
 Inductors: Store energy in a magnetic field when electrical current flows through
them.
 Transformers: Transfer electrical energy between circuits through electromagnetic
induction.

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6. What Is a Motherboard?

A motherboard is the main printed circuit board (PCB) in a computer that connects all
components, including the CPU, RAM, storage devices, and peripherals. It facilitates
communication between these components.

7. Explain SMPS

SMPS (Switched-Mode Power Supply) is a power supply unit that converts electrical power
efficiently by switching it on and off rapidly. It is commonly used in computers to provide
stable and regulated power to the motherboard and other components.

8. What Are the Different Types of Software?

 System Software: Operating systems (e.g., Windows, Linux) and utilities that
manage hardware and software resources.
 Application Software: Programs designed for end-users (e.g., word processors,
spreadsheets).
 Development Software: Tools for programming and software development (e.g.,
IDEs, compilers).
 Firmware: Specialized software embedded in hardware (e.g., BIOS).

9. Define Operating System with Examples

An Operating System (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and
software resources. Examples include Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, and iOS.

10. What Is a Device Driver?

A device driver is software that allows the operating system to communicate with hardware
devices. It translates OS commands into device-specific actions and vice versa.

11. Define BOOTMGR

BOOTMGR (Boot Manager) is a Windows component that manages the boot process,
loading the operating system from the boot device and allowing users to choose between
multiple installed operating systems.

12. Define GRUB

GRUB (Grand Unified Bootloader) is a bootloader for Unix-like operating systems that
allows users to select from multiple installed operating systems and load them at startup.

13. Define BIOS

BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is firmware on a computer's motherboard that initializes

hardware during booting and provides runtime services for operating systems.

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14. What Do You Mean by Disk Partitioning?

Disk partitioning is the process of dividing a hard drive into separate sections (partitions),
each functioning independently, allowing different operating systems or file systems to
coexist on a single disk.

15. Define Hardware Software Compatibility

Hardware software compatibility refers to the ability of software applications to function

correctly with specific hardware components, ensuring that the OS and applications can
effectively utilize the hardware's features.

16. What Do You Mean by Booting a System?

Booting a system is the process of starting up a computer, which involves initializing

hardware components, running firmware checks (like POST), loading the bootloader, and
finally loading the operating system into memory.

17. Explain HDMI

HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) is a digital interface for transmitting high-

definition audio and video signals between devices, widely used in TVs, monitors, and
gaming consoles.

18. Explain VGA

VGA (Video Graphics Array) is an analog video display interface that was commonly used
for computer monitors, characterized by its 15-pin D-sub connector and support for lower
resolutions compared to modern standards.

19. What Is the Purpose of a Cooling Fan?

The cooling fan is used to dissipate heat generated by computer components (like the CPU
and GPU) to maintain optimal operating temperatures, preventing overheating and ensuring
stable performance.

Section B
[6*6=36]

20. Different Parts of the Von Neumann Model

The Von Neumann architecture is a foundational model for computer organization and
comprises the following parts:

 Central Processing Unit (CPU): Executes instructions and performs calculations.

o Control Unit (CU): Directs operations of the CPU.
o Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logical operations.
 Memory: Stores data and instructions temporarily (RAM) and permanently (ROM).
 Input Devices: Allow users to enter data (e.g., keyboard, mouse).

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  Output Devices: Display or produce results (e.g., monitor, printer).
 Storage: Long-term data storage devices (e.g., HDD, SSD).

Diagram:

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21. Different Number Systems

 Binary (Base 2): Uses digits 0 and 1.

o Example: 10112=11101011_2 = 11_{10}10112=1110
 Decimal (Base 10): Uses digits 0-9.
o Example: 271027_{10}2710
 Octal (Base 8): Uses digits 0-7.
o Example: 348=281034_8 = 28_{10}348=2810
 Hexadecimal (Base 16): Uses digits 0-9 and A-F.
o Example: 1A16=26101A_{16} = 26_{10}1A16=2610

22. Different Motherboard Components

 CPU Socket: Connects the CPU.

 Chipset: Controls data flow between the CPU, memory, and peripherals.
 RAM Slots: Where RAM modules are installed.
 Expansion Slots: For additional cards (e.g., graphics cards).
 Power Connectors: Supply power to the motherboard.
 I/O Ports: For connecting external devices (USB, audio).

23. RAM and Different Types of RAM

RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary storage for data currently in use.

 Types:
o DRAM (Dynamic RAM): Needs constant refreshing; used as main memory.
o SRAM (Static RAM): Faster and used for cache memory.
o SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM): Synchronized with the CPU clock; faster
than DRAM.
o DDR (Double Data Rate): Transfers data on both clock edges; includes
DDR2, DDR3, DDR4, and DDR5.

24. Active Components and Their Differentiation

Active Components: Require external power to operate and can amplify signals (e.g.,
transistors, ICs). Passive Components: Do not require power to operate and cannot amplify
signals (e.g., resistors, capacitors).

25. Different Input/Output Ports

 USB Ports: For data transfer and peripheral connections.

 HDMI Ports: For audio and video output.

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  Ethernet Ports: For network connectivity.
 Audio Jacks: For connecting microphones and speakers.
 VGA/DVI Ports: For connecting monitors.

26. Different Types of Operating Systems

 Batch OS: Processes jobs in batches without user interaction.

 Time-Sharing OS: Allows multiple users to access the system simultaneously (e.g.,
UNIX).
 Distributed OS: Manages a network of independent computers.
 Embedded OS: Designed for specific functions in embedded systems (e.g., smart
appliances).
 Network OS: Supports networking functionalities (e.g., Windows Server).

27. POST (Power-On Self-Test)

POST is a diagnostic process that occurs when the computer is powered on. It checks the
hardware components and ensures they are functioning correctly. Significance:

 Detects hardware malfunctions early.

 Provides error messages or beeps for troubleshooting.

28. Different File Systems in Operating Systems

 FAT32: Commonly used in USB drives and older Windows systems.

 NTFS: Modern Windows file system; supports large files and security features.
 exFAT: Extended FAT; used for flash drives and external storage.
 ext4: Common in Linux systems; supports large volumes and files.
 HFS+: Used by macOS for file storage.

29. Need for Device Drivers

Device Drivers are essential software that allows the operating system to communicate with
hardware devices. They translate OS commands into device-specific instructions, ensuring
compatibility.

30. Dual-Core Processor

A Dual-Core Processor contains two cores on a single chip, enabling it to process multiple
instructions simultaneously, improving performance and multitasking capabilities.

31. Single-Core vs. Multi-Core Processors

 Single-Core Processor: Has one core and can process one instruction at a time.
 Multi-Core Processor: Has multiple cores (e.g., dual-core, quad-core) and can
execute multiple instructions simultaneously, enhancing performance and
multitasking.

32. Functions of an Operating System

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  Process Management: Manages processes and scheduling.
 Memory Management: Allocates and deallocates memory to processes.
 File System Management: Manages files and directories.
 Device Management: Controls and manages hardware devices.
 User Interface: Provides a user interface for interaction (GUI or CLI).

33. Hardware-Software Compatibility

Hardware-Software Compatibility refers to the ability of software to operate on specific

hardware. Compatibility is crucial for ensuring that applications run smoothly on various
systems without conflicts.

34. Functions of a Device Driver

 Interface: Acts as an intermediary between the operating system and hardware.

 Control: Sends commands from the OS to the device.
 Data Transfer: Manages data communication between the device and the OS.
 Error Handling: Detects and reports errors related to device operation.

35. Different Types of Device Drivers

 Kernel-mode Drivers: Operate within the OS kernel; provide high-performance

access.
 User-mode Drivers: Operate in user space; easier to develop and maintain.
 Print Drivers: Manage communication between the OS and printers.
 Network Drivers: Facilitate network communication.

36. How Device Drivers Work

Device drivers translate high-level commands from the operating system into low-level
commands that the hardware can understand, ensuring proper communication between
software and hardware.

37. Troubleshooting Device Driver Issues

 Check Device Manager: Look for warning signs (yellow exclamation marks).
 Update Drivers: Install the latest driver version from the manufacturer's website.
 Rollback Drivers: If an update causes issues, revert to a previous version.
 Reinstall Drivers: Uninstall and then reinstall the driver to fix corruption.

38. Different Motherboard Storage Devices

 Hard Disk Drives (HDD): Magnetic storage devices for large capacity.
 Solid State Drives (SSD): Faster flash storage devices.
 Optical Drives: CD, DVD, and Blu-ray drives for reading/writing media.
 NVMe Drives: High-speed storage connected via the PCIe bus.

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 Section C
[10*1=10]

39. Different Hardware Components in Detail

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU):

o Role: Acts as the brain, executing instructions and performing calculations.
o Key Parts:
 ALU: Handles arithmetic and logical operations.
 Control Unit: Directs the operation of the CPU and coordinates activities.
2. Motherboard:
o Role: The main circuit board that connects all components.
o Key Features:
 CPU Socket: Where the CPU is installed.
 RAM Slots: For installing memory modules.
 Chipset: Manages data between CPU, memory, and peripherals.
 Expansion Slots: For additional hardware like graphics cards.
 I/O Ports: Connects external devices (USB, HDMI, etc.).
3. Memory:
o Types:
 RAM: Temporary storage for active data.
 ROM: Permanent storage for firmware.
o Function: Provides quick access for the CPU.
4. Storage Devices:
o HDD: Magnetic storage with larger capacity but slower speeds.
o SSD: Faster flash memory storage with higher durability.
o Optical Drives: Read/write data on CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray.
5. Power Supply Unit (PSU):
o Role: Converts AC power to DC for computer components.
o Components: Transformers, voltage regulators.
6. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU):
o Role: Renders images and video; essential for gaming and graphics.
o Types: Integrated (on motherboard) and dedicated (separate card).
7. Cooling Systems:
o Types:
 Air Cooling: Uses fans and heat sinks.
 Liquid Cooling: Uses liquid coolant to dissipate heat.
o Function: Keeps components at optimal temperatures.
8. Input Devices:
o Examples: Keyboard, mouse, scanner.
o Function: Allow user interaction and data entry.
9. Output Devices:
o Examples: Monitor, printer, speakers.
o Function: Present data and results to users.
10. Network Interface Card (NIC):
o Role: Connects a computer to a network.
o Types: Wired (Ethernet) and wireless (Wi-Fi).

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40. Different Steps and Procedures During an Operating System Installation

1. Preparation:
o Backup Data: Ensure important files are saved externally.
o Check Requirements: Confirm system meets the OS's minimum specifications.
2. Create Installation Media:
o Download OS Image: Obtain the ISO file from a trusted source.
o Make Bootable Media: Use software (e.g., Rufus) to create a USB/DVD.
3. Boot from Installation Media:
o Insert the bootable USB/DVD and restart the computer.
o Enter BIOS/UEFI to adjust the boot order.
4. Start Installation:
o Select the installation media.
o Choose language, time, and keyboard preferences.
5. Partitioning the Hard Drive:
o Select the installation drive and configure partitions as needed.
6. Installation Process:
o Follow on-screen prompts; the system will copy files and install components.
7. Configuration:
o Set up user accounts and passwords.
o Configure network settings and privacy options.
8. Finalization:
o Remove the installation media when prompted.
o Restart the computer to complete the setup.
9. Post-Installation Tasks:
o Install necessary drivers and updates.
o Restore any backed-up data.

41. Different Number System Conversions

1. Binary to Decimal:
o Method: Each binary digit (bit) is a power of 2.
o Example: 101121011_210112 to decimal: 1×23+0×22+1×21+1×20=8+0+2+1=11101
\times 2^3 + 0 \times 2^2 + 1 \times 2^1 + 1 \times 2^0 = 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 =
11_{10}1×23+0×22+1×21+1×20=8+0+2+1=1110
2. Decimal to Binary:
o Method: Divide by 2 and track remainders.
o Example: 131013_{10}1310 to binary:
 13÷2=613 \div 2 = 613÷2=6 (remainder 1), 6÷2=36 \div 2 = 36÷2=3 (0),
3÷2=13 \div 2 = 13÷2=1 (1), 1÷2=01 \div 2 = 01÷2=0 (1).
 Result: 110121101_211012.
3. Binary to Hexadecimal:
o Method: Group into sets of four and convert.
o Example: 11010101211010101_2110101012 to hexadecimal:
 Group: 110101011101 010111010101 → D516D5_{16}D516.
4. Hexadecimal to Binary:
o Method: Convert each hex digit to 4-bit binary.
o Example: A316A3_{16}A316:

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  A=1010A = 1010A=1010, 3=00113 = 00113=0011 → Result:
10100011210100011_2101000112.
5. Decimal to Hexadecimal:
o Method: Divide by 16 and track remainders.
o Example: 25510255_{10}25510:
 255÷16=15255 \div 16 = 15255÷16=15 (15), 15÷16=015 \div 16 = 015÷16=0
(15) → Result: FF16FF_{16}FF16.
6. Hexadecimal to Decimal:
o Method: Each hex digit is a power of 16.
o Example: 1F161F_{16}1F16: 1×161+15×160=16+15=31101 \times 16^1 + 15 \times
16^0 = 16 + 15 = 31_{10}1×161+15×160=16+15=3110

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