Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

Vol. 34, No. 1, April 2024, pp. 11~18

ISSN: 2502-4752, DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v34.i1.pp11-18  11

Comparison of power system flow analysis methods of

IEEE 5-bus system

Harpreet Kaur Channi1, Ramandeep Sandhu2, Nimay Chandra Giri3, Parminder Singh1,
Fathy Abdelaziz Syam4
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Chandigarh University, Chandigarh, India
2
School of Computer Science and Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
3
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India
4
Department of Power Electronics and Energy Conversion, Electronics Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: Load flow analysis is a crucial tool used by electrical engineers for
simulating the power system. It is aimed at examining the most possible way
Received Oct 15, 2023 of operating and controlling a power system and the exchange of power flow
Revised Jan 21, 2024 within the power system. For the economic and optimal operation of power
Accepted Jan 25, 2024 systems, the most essential task is to find the most feasible solution
technique suitable and efficient for the study of power generation,
transmission, and distribution. There are various power flow study solution
Keywords: techniques, and for some solution techniques, the simulation of the system
can take a long time, which prevents the simulator from attaining a higher
Fast decoupled accuracy result for the power flow simulation due to the interrupting rise and
Gauss-Seidel technique fall in power demand from the consumer, which also affects the power
IEEE 5 bus generation as well. This paper discusses the comparison of various
Newton-Raphson technique techniques used in load flow studies with the assistance of a small power
Power flow techniques system with five buses. The numerical solution techniques used are the fast
Power system decoupled load flow solution technique, the Gauss-Seidel solution technique,
and the Newton-Raphson solution technique for a power flow study solution
on an IEEE 5-bus using MATLAB/Simulink.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Fathy Abdelaziz Syam
Department of Power Electronics and Energy Conversion, Electronics Research Institute
Cairo, Egypt
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Power flow is the elementary steady-state examination of the power system which focuses on
maintaining the balance between the total power generated by the generation system and the total number of
loads connected to the system along with the losses occurring in the system. Due to the commercial evolution
within the society, the facility system's unbroken increment conjointly causes the increment in the number of
power flow equations to many thousands [1]. Due to this exponential increment in the number of equations,
any numerical solution technique is insufficient to converge to an accurate solution. These equality
restrictions are responsible for the modeling of nonlinear algebraic solutions which are solved using
numerous numerical techniques. The efficiency of numerical solution techniques depends upon the accuracy
of the simulation and the time required to carry out the simulation. Out of all the distinct solution techniques
used for load flow solutions [2]. Fast decoupled load flow solution technique, Gauss-Seidel load flow
solution technique, and Newton Raphson load flow solution technique are the most commonly used power
flow solving techniques and each of these numerical techniques differs from each other based on the solution

Journal homepage: http://ijeecs.iaescore.com

12  ISSN: 2502-4752

technique used to solve these nonlinear equations [3], [4]. The first and foremost step for executing the power
flow study is the creation of Y bus admittance from the accessible data regarding transmission lines and
transformers. The equations for any node in a power system with loads, generators, and buses with the help
of the Y bus admittance matrix can be generally expressed as shown in (1) to (5).

𝐼 = 𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆 𝑉 (1)

The equation for the node can be expressed as shown in (2).

𝐼𝑖 = ∑𝑛𝑗=1 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖 = 1,2,3, … . 𝑛 (2)

The sum of both real and reactive power delivered to the Ith bus can be expressed as:

𝑃𝑖 + 𝑗𝑄𝑖 = 𝑉𝐼 ∗ (3)

𝑃𝑖 +𝑗𝑄𝑖
𝐼𝑖 = (4)
𝑉𝑖∗

now substituting the value of 𝐼𝑖 .

𝑃𝑖 +𝑗𝑄𝑖
= 𝑉𝑖 ∑𝑛𝑗=1 𝑌𝑖𝑗 − ∑𝑛𝑗=1 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗 , 𝑗 ≠ 1 (5)
𝑉𝑖∗

The mentioned (1) makes use of iterative strategies that are used to solve the power flow equations
and the solution is then examined to extract all the necessary information and this information is further used
in setting up the system in real-time [5]−[7]. Therefore, it is essential to check the overall styles used in the
available solution techniques; Gauss-Seidel solution technique, Newton-Raphson solution technique, and fast
decoupled load flow solution technique [8], [9].
The study offers a more comprehensive understanding of system behavior and performance under
varying environmental conditions. Leveraging advanced optimization algorithms and intelligent control
strategies, the model optimizes the power generation mix while ensuring grid stability and minimizing
operational costs. By presenting a holistic framework that combines renewable integration, dynamic
constraints handling, advanced optimization techniques, and resilience analysis, this study contributes
significantly to the advancement of renewable energy integration in power system operation [10]. The major
contributions of the proposed method are given:
- Evaluate the impact of energy integration on the IEEE 5-bus system's power flow and stability.
- Optimize power distribution to minimize transmission losses.
- Assess the economic viability and potential environmental impacts of the system.

2. METHOD
Load flow study is carried out using four different programs which are used in the program of fast
decoupled, Gauss-Seidel, and Newton-Raphson solution techniques. The five different programs used to
carry out the desired operations are Busout, Lineflow, Lfgauss, Lfnewton, Fdlf, and Lfybus. The functions
carried out by these programs are:
- Busout: prints the solution of power flow carried out by the load flow analysis techniques on the screen.
- Lineflow: analyses and prints the results of the losses occurring at each transmission line.
- Lfybus: forms a bus admittance matrix from data provided by the user.
- Lfnewton: performs the power flow study using the Newton-Raphson solution technique.
- Lfgauss: performs the power flow study using the Gauss-Seidel solution technique.
- Fdlf: performs the power flow study using the fast decoupled solution technique.
The model designed for the simulation of the IEEE 5 bus in Simulink is shown in Figure 1.

3. MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS
3.1. Gauss-Seidel solution technique
Gauss-Seidel numerical solution algorithm is an iterative numerical method that aims to solve a
system of linear equations [11]−[14]. The Gauss-Seidel numerical solution technique solves these equations
by repeatedly executing the equations again and again until the iteration answer is within a predefined
acceptable range and is accurate enough to be accepted. It is a dependable load flow mechanism that can

Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci, Vol. 34, No. 1, April 2024: 11-18
Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci ISSN: 2502-4752  13

handle even the most complicated power systems [15]−[17]. The equation used for the repeated and
regressive solution technique in this method is shown in (6).

(𝑖+1) 1 𝑃𝑘 −𝑗𝑄𝑘 (𝑖)

𝑉𝑘 = ( − ∑𝑁
𝑛=1 𝑌𝑘𝑛 𝑉𝑛 ) (6)
𝑦𝑘𝑘 (𝑉𝑘𝑖 )∗

The equation represents the updated value of the ith component in the (k+1)th iteration, aij. Here Vk (i+1) denotes
the elements of matrix A, and n is the dimension of the system. The method continues iterating until
convergence is achieved, typically determined by a predefined tolerance or a maximum number of iterations.
The Gauss-Seidel technique is known for its simplicity and suitability for solving sparse linear systems.
Despite its advantages, convergence may not be guaranteed for all matrices, and careful consideration of the
system's characteristics is necessary for successful application.

Figure 1. IEEE model in MATLAB/Simulink

3.2. IEEE 5 bus

The power system under study consists of five buses. Bus 1 is considered a reference bus while bus
2 is a generator, bus 3, 4, and 5 are all load buses. The type of bus, the rated of voltage, and the rated of
power are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. IEEE data (source: IEEE 5 bus standard data)

Bus no. Bus voltage Generation Load
(pu) MW MVar MW MVar
1 1.06 0 0 0 0
2 1.0 40 30 20 10
3 1.0 0 0 45 15
4 1.0 0 0 40 5
5 1.0 0 0 60 10

3.3. Newton-Raphson solution technique

Newton-Raphson's solution is a widely accepted and applied algorithm for determining the solution
of nonlinear equations on workstations or any computational system. Besides this, the application of the
Newton-Raphson solution technique in real arithmetic operations requires at least two times larger memory
storage references to perform the exact same amount of complex arithmetic calculations in the same amount

Comparison of power system flow analysis methods of IEEE 5-bus system (Harpreet Kaur Channi)
14  ISSN: 2502-4752

of time [18], [19]. This algorithm is limited by the increased memory cycle time, as the computational system
in which the simulation is taking place must repeatedly refer to the same memory references again and again
until the solution is obtained, an algorithm that uses complex arithmetic rather than Newton-Raphson
algorithm will be more efficient for the same number of operations [20].

3.4. Fast decoupled solution technique

The fast decoupled power flow approach is a very rapid as well as very efficient approach for
solving the power flow scenarios. The speeds of the solution as well as the rarity of the solution are exploited
in this approach. It is an evolved technique of the approach used in the Newton-Raphson formulated in polar
coordinates with positive approximations which end up in a quick set of rules to remedy the energy flow [21].
This approach takes benefit of the belongings of the energy system in which, in MW, the flux voltage attitude
and the flux voltage amplitude multivariate autoregressive (MVAR) are weakly combined. It can also be
interpreted as, a small alternate in the amplitude of the bus voltage no longer having an effect on the real
energy glide at the bus and in addition a small alternate in the section attitude of the bus voltage does.
Sincerely no impacts on reactive power flow [22], [23]. This decoupling offers a totally simple, rapid, and
dependable set of rules. As we know, the parsimony characteristic of the admittance matrix minimizes the
reminiscence necessities of the computer and permits quicker calculations. The precision is similar to that of
the Newton-Raphson approach.

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

In this study, we utilized three distinct solution techniques, namely Gauss-Seidel, Newton-Raphson,
and fast decoupled, to analyze a power system. From the analysis, we determine the real and reactive power
generation, load, line losses, and maximum power mismatch. The result for the power flow solution, line
parameters, and line losses using the Newton-Raphson solution technique is shown in Figures 2 and 3. The
result and program written for power flow solution, line parameters and line losses using fast decoupled
solution technique are shown in Figures 4 and 5.
The presented Table 2 outlines the results obtained from three distinct power system solution
techniques: Gauss-Seidel, Newton-Raphson, and fast decoupled. In terms of real power generation, the
methods yielded slightly varying values, with Gauss-Seidel producing 169,496 MW, Newton-Raphson
169,575 MW, and fast decoupled 169,559 MW. The real load, representing the power consumed by the
system, remained consistent across all three techniques at 165,000 MW. Real line losses, indicative of power
dissipated during transmission, also exhibited minimal differences, with Gauss-Seidel, Newton-Raphson, and
fast decoupled reporting 4,588 MW, 4,587 MW, and 4,587 MW, respectively. For reactive power aspects,
there were nuanced distinctions. Reactive power generation values were 22,677 MVar, 22,430 MVar, and
22,567 MVar for Gauss-Seidel, Newton-Raphson, and fast decoupled, respectively. Reactive loads,
representing the reactive power consumed by the system, were consistent at 40,000 MVar for all techniques.
Reactive line losses, denoting the difference between reactive power generation and consumption in
transmission, displayed marginal differences, with Gauss-Seidel reporting -17.417 MVar, Newton-Raphson
-17.421 MVar, and fast decoupled -17.420 MVar. Furthermore, the analysis included a measure of
convergence, Max. power mismatch, which gauges the effectiveness of each technique in reaching a
balanced state. Gauss-Seidel recorded a value of 0.00095095, Newton-Raphson 0.000965758, and fast
decoupled 0.000435626. Smaller values signify better convergence. In summary, the results underscore the
subtle divergences among the three solution techniques in determining the operational parameters of the
power system, with each approach presenting its unique strengths and precision in achieving a balanced and
stable state. Figure 6 shows the comparison of Gauss-Seidel method, Newton-Raphson method, and fast
decoupled methods.

Table 2. Comparison in Gauss-Seidel, Newton-Raphson, and fast decoupled for various parameters of load
flow study
Parameter Gauss-Seidel Newton-Raphson Fast decoupled
solution technique solution technique solution technique
Real power generation 169,496 MW 169,575 MW 169,559 MW
Real load 165,000 MW 165,000 MW 165,000 MW
Real line loss 4,588 MW 4,587 MW 4,587 MW
Reactive power generation 22,677 MVar 22,430 MVar 22,567 MVar
Reactive load 40,000 MVar 40,000 MVar 40,000 MVar
Reactive line loss -17.417 MVar -17.421 MVar -17.420 MVar
Max. power mismatch 0.00095095 0.000965758 0.000435626

Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci, Vol. 34, No. 1, April 2024: 11-18
Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci ISSN: 2502-4752  15

Figure 2. Results of load flow study using Newton- Figure 3. Results showing line flow and losses
Raphson solution technique using Newton-Raphson solution technique

Figure 4. Results of load flow study using fast Figure 5. Results showing line flow and losses
decoupled solution technique using a fast decoupled solution technique

200
Gauss-Seidel Newton-Raphson Fast decoupled
solution solution solution
150

100
Power

50

0
Solution techniques

-50
Real power Real load Real line loss Reactive Reactive load Reactive line Max. power
generation (MW) (MW) power (MVar) loss (MVar) mismatch
(MW) generation
(MVar)

Figure 6. Results showing a comparison between solution techniques

Comparison of power system flow analysis methods of IEEE 5-bus system (Harpreet Kaur Channi)
16  ISSN: 2502-4752

Real power generation closely matching the real load is a key objective for power system stability
and efficiency. The differences in real power generation among the three methods are minimal, indicating the
effectiveness of all techniques in maintaining power balance. Accurate estimation and minimization of line
losses are crucial for efficient power transmission [24], [25]. The slight differences in line losses among the
techniques highlight their efficacy in managing power losses within the system. Maintaining a balance
between reactive power generation and load is essential for ensuring voltage stability and system reliability.
The results show minor variations in reactive power generation, demonstrating the robustness of the utilized
techniques in achieving this balance. The maximum power mismatch represents the degree of convergence
achieved by each solution technique. A smaller mismatch indicates better convergence, highlighting the
computational efficiency and accuracy of the respective method. This comparative analysis provides valuable
insights into the performance of Gauss-Seidel, Newton-Raphson, and fast decoupled solution techniques in
power system analysis. These findings can guide power system engineers and researchers in selecting the
most suitable approach for their specific applications, ultimately contributing to an optimized and reliable
power infrastructure.

5. CONCLUSION
All the simulations of the load flow study were executed using MATLAB R2021b for a system of
IEEE 5 buses. The tolerance value for all the solution techniques is 0.001, which conveys that all three
iterative solution techniques have very high accuracy. The time taken by the Gauss-Seidel solution technique
to complete the iterations is much larger than the time taken by both the Newton-Raphson solution technique
and the fast-decoupled solution technique. The computation time for the Gauss-Seidel solution technique is
much greater than that of the Newton-Raphson solution technique and the fast-decoupled solution technique
due to the vast difference in the number of iterations taken by the Gauss-Seidel solution technique. The
number of iterations taken by Gauss-Seidel is 38, while the number of iterations taken by Newton-Raphson is
only 3, and the number of iterations taken by the fast decoupled solution technique is 9, which makes it faster
than Gauss-Seidel but slower than Newton-Raphson. The Newton-Raphson and fast decoupled solution
techniques take more time for computation and operation as a result of the high complexity of the Jacobian
matrix used for every single iteration, but even after the high complexity of the Jacobian matrix. The
convergence in the fast decoupled solution technique is faster due to the reduced number of iterations as
compared to other numerical solution techniques. The maximum power mismatch in the Gauss-Seidel
solution technique is less than the power mismatch in the Newton-Raphson solution technique. Hence, it is
conclusive that the Newton-Raphson solution technique and the fast decoupled solution technique are reliable
for large systems as they converge fast and have high accuracy with a very small computation time, whereas
the Gauss-Seidel solution technique has a slow computation rate but is very accurate for load flow studies of
small systems.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Harpreet Kaur Channi is an Assistant Professor at Chandigarh University

Mohali, Punjab. She received a B.Tech. in Electrical Engineering from BCET, Ludhiana, and
M.Tech. in Electrical Engineering from Guru Nanak Dev Engineering (GNE) College
Ludhiana, Punjab, India and a Ph.D. from Chandigarh University Mohali, Punjab. She is an
author of more than 26 books. Editorial board member of various national and international
bodies. More than 140 papers were indexed in Elsveir, Scopus, IEEE, WoS, and UGC. She
has 15 years of rich experience in teaching and research. Her research and skill areas are solar
PV systems, energy conversion, smart grid, electric vehicles, and renewable energy sources
integration. She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Ramandeep Sandhu is an Associate Professor at the School of Computer

Science and Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India. She received
B.Tech., M.Tech. in Computer Science Engineering from Guru Nanak Dev Engineering
(GNE) College Ludhiana, Punjab, India, and Ph.D. in Computer Science Engineering from
Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India. She has 14 years of teaching experience of
reputed institutes. Her general research areas are cloud computing, AI/ML, and opinion
mining/sentiment analysis. In addition to various journal, conference, book chapter
publications, she has also published 2 books. The first one is named “OOPs awareness with
C++", ISBN: 978-93-5300-939-7. Another one is “A start to C++ programming with object
oriented concepts”, ISBN: 978-93-955819-3-6. She can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Comparison of power system flow analysis methods of IEEE 5-bus system (Harpreet Kaur Channi)
18  ISSN: 2502-4752

Nimay Chandra Giri received B.Tech. in Electronics and Communication

Engineering (ECE) at Biju Patnaik University of Technology (BPUT), Odisha, India, in 2010
and M.Tech. in Communication Systems Engineering from Centurion University of
Technology and Management (CUTM), Odisha, India in 2014. He is currently serving as an
Assistant Professor, at the Department of ECE and Center for Renewable Energy and
Environment at CUTM, Odisha, India. He has 11.10 years of teaching, training, and skill
experience. His research and skill areas are solar PV systems, energy conversion, protected
cultivation, AVS, and Aquavoltaic systems. He can be contacted by email:
[email protected].

Parminder Singh has completed his B.Tech. in Electrical and Electronics

Engineering from Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University (GGSIPU), New Delhi, India.
He has received his M.Tech. in Electrical Engineering from Chandigarh University, Mohali,
Punjab, India. His research and skill areas are solar PV system, energy conversion, renewable
energy sources integration, and blockchain technology. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Fathy Abdelaziz Syam is an Assistant Professor at Electronics Research

Institute, Power Electronics and Energy Conversion Department, Egypt. He holds a Ph.D.
degree in Electrical Power and Machines with specialization in renewable energy systems
from Cairo University in 2004. His research areas are solar energy, wind energy, microgrid,
electrical machines, and power system. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci, Vol. 34, No. 1, April 2024: 11-18