Network Programming and Security Lab Record -2020

DATA STRUCTURES AND ITS APPLICATIONS

SUB CODE: 18IS33

V SEMESTER B.E

LAB INSTRUCTORS MANUAL

2020-2021

Prepared by: Prof. Sneha M Verified by: HOD, CSE

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 Network Programming and Security Lab Record -2020

Vision

To achieve leadership in the field of Computer Science & Engineering by strengthening

fundamentals and facilitating interdisciplinary sustainable research to meet the ever growing
needs of the society.

Mission

• To evolve continually as a centre of excellence in quality education in Computers and allied

fields.
• To develop state of the art infrastructure and create environment capable for interdisciplinary
research and skill enhancement.
• To collaborate with industries and institutions at national and international levels to enhance
research in emerging areas.
• To develop professionals having social concern to become leaders in top-notch industries
and/or become entrepreneurs with good ethics.

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PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEO’s):

PEO1: Develop Graduates capable of applying the principles of mathematics, science, core
engineering and Computer Science to solve real-world problems in interdisciplinary
domains.
PEO2: To develop the ability among graduates to analyze and understand current
pedagogical techniques, industry accepted computing practices and state-of-art
technology.
PEO3: To develop graduates who will exhibit cultural awareness, teamwork with
professional ethics, effective communication skills and appropriately apply
knowledge of societal impacts of computing technology.
PEO4: To prepare graduates with a capability to successfully get employed in the right
role/become entrepreneurs to achieve higher career goals or takeup higher education
in pursuit of lifelong learning.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES:

Engineering Graduates will be able to:

PO1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration
for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
PO4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex engineering activities with
an understanding of the limitations.
PO6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.
PO7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.
PO8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
PO9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader
in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

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PO10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear
instructions.
PO11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader
in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

Course Outcomes: After completing the course, the students will be able to
1. Explore the functionalities of Socket APIs and a variety of network concepts.

2. Analyze network Protocols interoperability and application.

3. Design and demonstrate client/server programs on Unix platforms to create robust real-
world sockets-based applications.
4. Apply appropriate cryptographic algorithms to ensure security of information through
wired and wireless medium.

CO-PO Mapping
CO/PO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO1 M M - - L L - M L L - -
CO2 M M - - M L L M L L - -
CO3 M M H H H M M H H M - L
CO4 M M H H H H H H H M - L

Course - PO Mapping
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
Course M M M M M M M M M M - L

CO –PSO Mapping
CO/PSO PSO1 PSO2
CO1 - M
CO2 L M
CO3 M H
CO4 M H

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Course – PSO Mapping

PSO1 PSO2
Course M M

Course Content
Course Code: 16CS63
Course Code: 18CS35
Hrs/WeekL-T-P: 4-0-1 CIE: 100+50 marks
Teaching Hours:39L + 35P SEE: 100+50 marks
UNIT-I Hours
1 Network layer - 1 07 Hrs
Network layer design issues, Store and Forward packet Switching,
ServicesProvided to the Transport Layer, Implementation of Connectionless
Service, Implementation of Connection-Oriented Service, Comparison of
Virtual Circuit and Datagram Subnets;
Routing algorithms:Shortest Path Routing, Flooding, Distance Vector
Routing,Link state Routing, Hierarchical Routing, Broadcast Routing,
Multicast Routing;
Congestion Control Algorithms: General Principles of Congestion
Control,Congestion Prevention Policies, Congestion Control in Virtual-
Circuit Subnets,Congestion Control in Datagram Subnets, Load Shedding,
Jitter Control;Quality Of Service: Requirements, Techniques for Achieving
Good Quality ofService; Integrated Services, Differentiated Services, RSVP
UNIT-II
2 Network layer - 2 : Internetworking: How networks differ, How networks 07Hrs
can be connected, Connectionless Internetworking, Tunnelling, Internetwork
Routing, Fragmentation,The Network Layer in the Internet : The IP Protocol,
IP Addresses, Internet Control Protocols, IPv6.
UNIT-III
3 Transport Layer :The Transport Service: Services provided to the Upper 08 Hrs
Layers, Transport Service Primitives; Elements of Transport Protocols:
Addressing, Connection Establishment, Connection Release, Flow Control
and Buffering;
The Internet Transport Protocols(UDP): Introduction to UDP; The Internet
Transport Protocols(TCP): Introduction to TCP, The TCP Service Model,
The TCP Protocol, The TCP Segment Header, TCP Connection
Establishment, TCP Connection Release, TCP Transmission Policy, TCP
Congestion Control.

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UNIT-IV
4 Application Layer – 1: Principles of Network Applications, The Web and 07 Hrs
HTTP, File Transfer: FTP, Electronic Mail in Internet, DNS- The Internet’s
Directory Service, Socket Programming: Creating Network Applications,
Network Management: SNMP
UNIT-V
5 Security in Network: What Is Network Security? Principles of 07 Hrs
Cryptography, Message Integrity and Digital Signatures, End-Point
Authentication, Securing EMail, Network-Layer Security.
Introduction to Working of SDN: Fundamental Characteristics of SDN,
SDN Operation, SDN Applications.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
W. Richard Stevens, Bill Fenner, Andrew M. Rudoff, UNIX Network Programming – The
sockets networking API, Vol.I , Third edition, PHI. ISBN-13: 978-0131411555 ISBN-10:
9780131411555.
William Stallings, "Cryptography and Network Security", 6th Edition, ISBN-13: 978-0-
13-335469-0.
Comer, Stevens, Internetworking with TCP/IP, Vol. III, Second Edition, PHI, ISBN-13:
978-0132609692 ISBN-10: 013260969X.
Richard M Reese, Learning Network Programming with Java, First Published: December
2015, Packet Publishing Ltd., ISBN-13: 978-0123742551, ISBN-10: 0123742552.

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List of Experiments

Part B- LAB COMPONENT

Ex.
Part A- Experiments
No.

1 Implement a client and server communication using sockets programming.

2 Write a program to implement distance vector routing protocol for a simple
topology of routers.
3 Write a program to implement error detection and Correction concept using
Checksum and Hamming code.
4 Implement a simple multicast routing mechanism
5 Write a program to implement concurrent chat server that allows current logged in
users to communicate one with other.
6 Implementation of concurrent and iterative echo server using both connection and
connectionless socket system calls
7 Implementation of remote command execution using socket system calls.
8 Write a program to encrypt and decrypt the data using RSA and Exchange the key
securely using Diffie-Hellman Key exchange protocol
Note: The above experiments shall be conducted using C / C++ on Linux Operating
System.
Part B- Simulation
1. Setup an IEEE 802.3 network with a) hub b) switch c) Hierarchy of switch.
Apply the FTP, Telnet applications between nodes. Vary the number of nodes.
Vary the bandwidth, queue size and observe the packet drop probability.
2. Setup a wireless sensor networks with atleast two device co-coordinators and
nodes. Provide Constant Bit Rate (CBR), Variable Bit Rate (VBR) application
between several nodes. Increase the number of co-coordinators and nodes in the
same area and observe the performance at physical and MAC layers.

3. Setup an IEEE 802.11 network with at least two access points. Apply the CBR,
VBR applications between devices belonging to same access points and different
access points. Provide roaming of any device. Vary the number of access points
and devices. Find out the delay in MAC layer, packet drop probability.
4. Case Study on Configuring Routers using CISCO-Packet tracer.
Note: The simulation experiments must be carried out using Qualnet and Cisco
packet tracer

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Network Programming and Security (18CS54)

Instructions
Lab includes two parts of experiments Part A and Part B. Students need to follow the instructions
listed below:

PartA - Programs
1. The experiments shall be conducted using C / C++/java on Linux Operating
System. The output for client and server should be shown in different machines.
2. The student should execute the programs only in the lab machines and get the output verified
by the staff.
3. No Laptop can be used to show the output.
4. 50% of the marks will be reduced for late submission of record.

Part B- Simulation
Experiments are supposed to be carried out using Qualnet.

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Rubrics for NPS Lab

Each program is evaluated for 10 marks.

Rubrics for Lab Write-up and Execution rubrics (Max: 6 marks)

Sl. Measuring
Criteria Excellent Good Poor
No methods
Student exhibits Student has sufficient
Student does not have a
thorough understanding of
Understanding clear understanding of
understanding of requirements and
of problem requirements and is
requirements and applies suitable
1 statement. Observations unable to apply suitable
applies suitable algorithm for the
algorithm for the
algorithm for the problem.
(CO1) problem.
problem.
(0 M)
(2 M) (<2 M and >=1 M)
Student demonstrates Student demonstrates
Student has not
the execution of the the execution of the
executed the program.
program with program without
optimized code and optimization of the
Execution
shows performance code and shows
2 Observations
efficiency. performance
(CO4)
Appropriate efficiency with only
validations with all test few test cases.
cases are handled.
(0 M)
(2 M) (1 M)
Documentation with Documentation with Documentation with no
appropriate comments only few comments comments and no
Results and
and output is covered and only few output output cases is covered
Documentation
3 Observations in data sheets and cases is covered in in data sheets and
manual. data sheets and manual.
(CO2)
manual.
(2 M) (1 M) (0 M)
Rubrics for Viva Voce (Max: 4 marks)
Explains thoroughly Adequately explains Unable to explain the
Conceptual the algorithm and the the algorithms and algorithm and data
Understanding data structure used data structures with structure.
1 Viva Voce
along with related related concepts
(CO1) concepts.
(2 M) (1 M) (0 M)
Insightful explanation Sufficiently explains Unable to explain the
Use of
of appropriate design the use of design techniques for
appropriate
techniques for the appropriate design the given problem.
Design
2 Viva Voce given problem to techniques for the
Techniques
derive solution. given problem to
derive solution.
(CO4)
(1 M) (0.5 M) (0 M)
Communicates the Sufficiently
Communication Unable to communicate
concept used in communicates the
of Concepts the concepts used in
3 Viva Voce problem solving well. concepts used in
problem.
problem solving.
(CO3) (0 M)
(1 M) (0.5 M)

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INDEX

Lab Write-up and Execution Viva voce Marks

Program Date of marks(6 marks) (4 marks) Total
Signature
No. Submission Marks
(2M) (2M) (2M) (2M) (1M) (1M)
PART A

PART B

Total Marks 120

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Schedule of Experiments

Sl. No Name of Experiment To be

complete
PART-A d

1 Implement a client and server communication using sockets programming. Week1

2 Write a program to implement routing protocol for a simple topology of Week2

routers.

3 Write a program to implement error detection algorithm. Week3

4 Write a program to illustrate error correction concept. Week4

5 Write a program to implement congestion control algorithm. Week5

6 Implement a simple multicast routing mechanism. Week6

7 Write a program to encrypt and decrypt the data. Week7

8 Write a program to demonstrate key exchange between sender and Week8

receiver.
PART-B

1 Setup a simple PPP network with 3 nodes n1, n2 and n3. Week9

2 Setup an IEEE 802.3 network with a) hub b) switch c) Hierarchy of Week10

switch.
3 Setup a wireless sensor networks with at least two device co-coordinators Week11
and nodes.
4 Setup an IEEE 802.11 network with at least two access points Week12

LAB INTERNALS

RECORD Max – 40

TEST Max - 10

TOTAL Max – 50

Signature of the faculty

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INTRODUCTION TO LAB EXPERIMENTS

1. Sockets
Sockets is one the inter process mechanism that allows processes on same or different machines to
communicate with each other. It is similar to a file descriptor.

1.2 Applications
A Unix Socket is used in a client-server application framework. A server is a process that performs
some functions on request from a client. Most of the application-level protocols like FTP, SMTP,
and POP3 make use of sockets to establish connection between client and server and then for
exchanging data.
1.3 Types of socket
There are two types of Internet sockets available to users, Stream socket and Datagram socket.
1. Stream Socket(SOCK_STREAM)
A stream socket uses the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) for sending messages. TCP provides
an ordered and reliable connection between two hosts. This means that for every message sent, TCP
guarantees that the message will arrive at the host in the correct order. This is achieved at the
transport layer so that the application need not bother about it. Stream sockets are also called as
connection oriented sockets.
2. Datagram Socket(SOCK_DGRAM)
A datagram socket uses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) for sending messages. UDP is a much
simpler protocol as it does not provide any of the delivery guarantees that TCP does. Messages,
called datagrams, can be sent to another host without requiring any prior communication or a
connection having been established. As such, using UDP can lead to lost messages or messages
being received out of order. It is assumed that the application can tolerate an occasional lost message
or that the application will handle the issue of retransmission. Datagram sockets are also called as
connectionless sockets
1.4 Addressing
Every host on the internet is identified by its address called as Internet Protocol (IP) Address and the
process within the host is identified by the port numbers.
1.4.1 IP Address
An IP version 4 (IPV4) address is of 32 bits interpreted as four octets. IP version 6 (IPV6) is the
recent version of IP protocol and the address is of 128 bits and represented as 8 hextets.

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1.4.2 Port Numbers

This address is used to identify the communicating processes. It is 16 bit number and is local for the
connection.
1.4.3 Byte order
There are two types of byte ordering - Network Byte order same as Big- Endian and Host Byte
Order same as Little – Endian. To have portability between different machines across the internet
there are four functions to convert the byte ordering. The conversion to network byte order is done
when the data goes out on the wire and convert to host byte order as data come in off the wire.
htons() host to network short
htonl() host to network long
ntohs() network to host short
ntohl() network to host long

1.5 Structures
The structsockaddr holds the socket address information for many types of sockets defined in the
header file <sys/socket.h>. The members of this structures are described below
structsockaddr
{
unsigned short sa_family; // address family, AF_xxx
charsa_data[14]; // 14 bytes of protocol address
};
sa_family can be a variety of things, AF_INET (IPv4) or AF_INET6 (IPv6). sa_data contains a
destination address and port number for the socket.
Usually to deal with structsockaddr, programmers created a parallel structure: structsockaddr_in
(“in” for “Internet”) to be used with IPv4.A pointer to a structsockaddr_in can be cast to a pointer to
a structsockaddr and vice-versa.
The structure sockaddr_in is described below:
structsockaddr_in
{ shortintsin_family; // Address family, AF_INET
unsigned short intsin_port; // Port number
structin_addrsin_addr; // Internet address
unsigned char sin_zero[8]; // Same size as structsockaddr
};

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This structure makes it easy to reference elements of the socket address. Note that sin_zero (which is
included to pad the structure to the length of a structsockaddr) should be set to all zeros with the
function memset().sin_family corresponds to sa_family in a structsockaddr and should be set to
“AF_INET”. The sin_port must be in Network Byte Order.
The structure in_addr is used to refer four byte IP address in Network Byte Order.
structin_addr {
uint32_t s_addr; // 32-bit int (4 bytes)
};

1.6 Address Conversion Functions

There are couple of functions that help us in converting the dotted decimal form of IP addresses to
the required structin_addr format and vice versa.
1. inet_pton()- converts an IP address in numbers-and-dots notation into structin_addr. The pton
stands for “presentation to network”.
2. inet_ntop()- converts the address that is in structin_addr format to numbers and dots notation.
The ntop stands for “network to presentation”.

1.7 Essential system calls for Inter Process communication using sockets
In any process communication, one process acts as a client and other as the server. This section
discusses about the system calls used by the client and servers to establish the connection and to
transfer the data.

1.7.1 Steps involved in establishing a socket on client side.

• Create a socket with the socket() system call.
• Connect the socket to the address of the server using the connect() system call.
• Send and receive data. There are a number of ways to do this, but the simplest way is to use
the read() and write() system calls.

1. Socket( )- to get the socket descriptor. This system call returns a

Synopsis
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/socket.h>
int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol);

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Description
• domain is PF_INET or PF_INET6,
• type is SOCK_STREAM or SOCK_DGRAM,
• Protocol can be set to 0 to choose the proper protocol for the given type.
Return Value
This system call returns a socket descriptor(sockfd)
2. Connect( )- To establish the connection to server’s socket.
Synopsis
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/socket.h>
int connect(intsockfd, structsockaddr *serv_addr, intaddrlen);
Description
• sockfd is socket descriptor, as returned by the socket() call,
• serv_addr is a structsockaddr containing the destination port and IP address,
• addrlen is the length in bytes of the server address structure.
Return Value
The system call returns -1 on error and 0 on success.
3. send() and recv()
These two functions are for communicating over stream sockets or connected sockets. For
unconnected datagram sockets, sendto() and recvfrom() are used.
Send()
Synopsis
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/socket.h>
int send(intsockfd, const void *msg, intlen, int flags);
Description
• sockfd is the socket descriptor on which data has to be sent (whether it's the one returned by
socket() or the one got with accept().)
• msg is a pointer to the data that has to be sent,
• len is the length of that data in bytes and
Flag is set to 0.
Return value
The system call returns number of bytes actually sent out.

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Recv()
Synopsis
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/socket.h>
intrecv(intsockfd, void *buf, intlen, int flags);
Description
• sockfd is the socket descriptor to read the data from.
• Buf is the buffer to read the information into,
• len is the length of the buffer and
• Flag is set to 0.
Return value
The system call returns number of bytes actually read into the buffer, or -1 on error.

1.7.2 Steps involved in establishing a socket on server side.

• Create a socket with the socket() system call.

• Bind the socket to an address using the bind() system call.
• Listen for connections with the listen() system call.
• Accept a connection with the accept() system call. This call typically blocks the connection
until a client connects with the server.
• Send and receive data using the send() and recv() system calls.

1. bind()-binds the server process to the address

Once the socket is created at the server side, it should get associated with the port number on the
local machine. The port number is used by the kernel to match an incoming packet to a certain
processe’s socket descriptor.
Synopsis
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/socket.h>
int bind(intsockfd, structsockaddr *my_addr, intaddrlen);
Description
• sockfd is the socket file descriptor returned by socket().
• my_addr is a pointer to a structsockaddr that contains information about server’s address,
namely, port and IP address.

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• addrlen is the length in bytes of that address.

Return Value
bind() also returns -1 on error and sets errno to the error's value.
2. listen( )- Block until a connection arrives.
This system call makes the process wait for incoming connections.
Synopsis
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/socket.h>
int listen(intsockfd, int backlog);
Description
• sockfd is the usual socket file descriptor from the socket() system call.
• backlog is the number of connections allowed on the incoming queue. The incoming
connections are wait the queue until they are accepted by accept() call. It is the limit on how
many can queue up. Most systems silently limit this number to about 20.
Return Value
listen() returns -1 and sets errno on error.
3. Accept( ) – To accept the incoming connections.
This system call creats a new file descriptor to use for this connection.
Synopsis
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/socket.h>
int accept(intsockfd, structsockaddr *addr, socklen_t *addrlen);
Description
• sockfd is the listen()ing socket descriptor.
• addr will usually be a pointer to a local structure.
• addrlen is a local integer variable that should be set to sizeof(structsockaddr_storage) before
its address is passed to accept().
Return Value
On success returns a new socket descriptor and returns -1 and sets errno if an error occurs.

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1.8 Flow diagram for client server interaction

TCP Server

socket()

TCP Client
bind()

socket() listen()

Blocks until connection from client

connect()

accept()
connectionestblishment

data request
new socket
write()

read()

process request
\
data reply
write()
read()

close() connection termination close()

shutdown( )

2 Distance vector
Routing algorithm is a part of network layer software which is responsible for deciding which output
line an incoming packet should be transmitted on. If the subnet uses datagram internally, this
decision must be made a new for every arriving data packet since the best route may have changed

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since last time. If the subnet uses virtual circuits internally, routing decisions are made only when a
new established route is being set up. The latter case is sometimes called session routing, because a
route remains in force for an entire user session.
Routing algorithms can be grouped into two major classes: adaptive and non adaptive. Non adaptive
algorithms do not base their routing decisions on measurement or estimates of current traffic and
topology. Instead, the choice of route to use to get from I to J (for all I and J) is compute in advance,
offline, and downloaded to the routers when the network ids booted. This procedure is sometime
called static routing.
Adaptive algorithms, in contrast, change their routing decisions to reflect changes in the topology,
and usually the traffic as well. Adaptive algorithms differ in where they get information (e.g.,
locally, from adjacent routers, or from all routers), when they change the routes (e.g., every Tsec,
when the load changes, or when the topology changes), and what metric is used for optimization
(e.g., distance, number of hops, or estimated transit time).
Two algorithms in particular, distance vector routing and link state routing are the most popular.
Distance vector routing algorithms operate by having each router maintain a table (i.e.,vector) giving
the best known distance to each destination and which line to get there. These tables are updated by
exchanging information with the neighbours.
The distance vector routing algorithm is sometimes called by other names, including the distributed
Bellman-Ford routing algorithm and the Ford-Fulkerson algorithm, after the researchers who
developed it (Bellman, 1957; and Ford and Fulkerson, 1962). It was the original ARPANET routing
algorithm and was also used in the Internet under the RIP and in early versions of DECnet and
Novell’s IPX. AppleTalk and Cisco routers use improved distance vector protocols.
In distance vector routing, each router maintains a routing table indexed by, and containing one
entry for, each router in subnet. This entry contains two parts: the preferred out going line touse for
that destination, and an estimate of the time or distance to that destination. The metric used might be
number of hops, time delay in milliseconds, total number of packets queued along the path, or
something similar.

The router is assumed to know the “distance” to each of its neighbour. If the metric is hops, the
distance is just one hop. If the metric is queue length, the router simply examines each queue. If the
metric is delay, the router can measure it directly with special ECHO packets has the receiver just
time stamps and sends back as fast as possible.
3. Internet checksum

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A checksum is a count of the number of bits in a transmission unit that is included with the unit so
that the receiver can check to see whether the same number of bits arrived.
The checksum is used in the Internet by several protocols although not at the data link layer.

Sender side:

1. The message is divided into 16-bit words.

2. The value of the checksum word is set to 0.

3. All words including the checksum are added using one’s complement addition.

4. The sum is complemented and becomes the checksum.

5. The checksum is sent with the data.

Receiver side:

1. The message (including checksum) is divided into 16-bit words.

2. All words are added using one’s complement addition.

3. The sum is complemented and becomes the new checksum.

4. If the value of checksum is 0, the message is accepted; otherwise, it is rejected.

4. Hamming code
Hamming code is a set of error-correction codes that are used to detect and correct the errors that
occurs during data transmission.
4.1 Redundant bits
Redundant bits are extra binary bits that are generated and added to the information-carrying bits of
data transfer to ensure that no bits were lost during the data transfer.

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The number of redundant bits can be calculated using the formula: 2r>= m+r+1, where r represents
redundant bits, m represents data bits. For example if m=4 then according to formula the number of
redundant bits to be added to data bits is 3.
4.2 Structure of encoder and decoder for hamming code

In the encoding process the data bits are appended with the redundant bits(ro,r1 and r2). The value
of redundant bits are determined and transmitted. At the receiver side the codeword is passes
through the checker to determine the syndrome bits(s0,s1 and s2). If the bits are zero it indicates
there is no error in the received codeword, otherwise the binary value of the syndrome bits
represents the position of error in the codeword.
4.3 Determining the redundant bits
To establish the relationship between the redundant bits and the data bits, the position of the
redundant bits must be determined. The redundant bits are placed at the positions corresponding to
power of 2(20,21,22…). The value of these redundant bits is determined by performing addition
modulo 2 of various position bits.
Consider an example: m=4 (1011) hence r=3(r2, r1,r0). The resulting codeword is of 7 bits.

Bit Positions 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Power of 2 positions 22 21 20
Positions of redundant bits r2 r1 r0
Position of data bits d3 d2 d1 d0

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Codeword d3 d2 d1 r2 d0 r1 r0
For example 1 0 1 r2 1 r1 r0
The value of r1 is determined by performing arithmetic addition of the bits whose binary
representation of the position has least significant bit 1(bits at position 3,5, and 7). Similarly r2 is
determined with bit position having 1 at second position from least significant bit(3,6,7) and r3 is
determined with numbers having bit position having 1 at third position from least significant
bit(5,6,7 )

r3= d1+d2+d3 mod 2

r1= d0+d1+d3 mod 2 r2= d0+d2+d3 mod 2
= 1+0+1
= 1+1+1 = 1+0+1
=0
=1 =0

The transmitted codeword is 1011 001

Let us assume sixth bit is in error. The received codeword is 1111 001. To detect error, the
codeword is sent to the checker, the checker computes the syndrome bits same as redundant bits at
the sender side.

s1= d0+d1+d3+r1 mod 2 s2= d0+d2+d3+r2 mod 2 s3= d1+d2+d3+r3 mod 2

= 1+1+1+1 = 1+1+1+0 = 1+1+1+0
=0 =1 =1

Since the syndrome is 110, the error is in sixth bit is in error. If syndrome bits are 000 then the
codeword is error free.

5 Congestion control algorithms

The congesting control algorithms are basically divided into two groups: open loop and closed loop.
Open loop solutions attempt to solve the problem by good design, in essence, to make sure it does
not occur in the first place. Once the system is up and running, midcourse corrections are not made.
Open loop algorithms are further divided into ones that act at source versus ones that act at the
destination.
In contrast, closed loop solutions are based on the concept of a feedback loop if there is any
congestion. Closed loop algorithms are also divided into two sub categories: explicit feedback and
implicit feedback. In explicit feedback algorithms, packets are sent back from the point of

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congestion to warn the source. In implicit algorithm, the source deduces the existence of congestion
by making local observation, such as the time needed for acknowledgment to come back.
The presence of congestion means that the load is (temporarily) greater than the resources (in part of
the system) can handle. For subnets that use virtual circuits internally, these methods can be used at
the network layer.
Another open loop method to help manage congestion is forcing the packet to be transmitted at a
more predictable rate. This approach to congestion management is widely used in ATM networks
and is called traffic shaping.
5.1 Leaky bucket algorithm.
Each host is connected to the network by an interface containing a leaky bucket, that is, a finite
internal queue. If a packet arrives at the queue when it is full, the packet is discarded. In other
words, if one or more process are already queued, the new packet is unceremoniously discarded.
This arrangement can be built into the hardware interface or simulate d by the host operating system.
In fact it is nothing other than a single server queuing system with constant service time.
The host is allowed to put one packet per clock tick onto the network. This mechanism turns an
uneven flow of packet from the user process inside the host into an even flow of packet onto the
network, smoothing out bursts and greatly reducing the chances of congestion.
The leaky-bucket implementation is used to control the rate at which traffic is sent to the network. A
leaky bucket provides a mechanism by which bursty traffic can be shaped to present a steady stream
of traffic to the network, as opposed to traffic with erratic bursts of low-volume and high-volume
flows.The algorithm can be conceptually understood as follows:

• Consider a bucket with a hole in the bottom.

• If packets arrive, they are placed into the bucket. If the bucket is full, packets are discarded.
• Packets in the bucket are sent at a constant rate, equivalent to the size of the hole in the

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6. Multicast routing mechanism

Multicast communications refers to one-to-many or many-to many communications. If there is lot
of information, that should be transmitted to various hosts over an internet, then Multicast is the
solution.
6.1 Multicast Address
In multicasting, "Class D Address" is used. Every IP datagram whose destination address starts with
"1110" is an IP Multicast datagram.The remaining 28 bits identify the multicast "group" the
datagram is sent to.
6.2 Sending multicast datagram
Multicast traffic is handled at the transport layer with UDP, as TCP provides point−to−point
connections and is not feasible for multicast traffic.In principle, an application just needs to open a
UDP socket and fill with a class D multicast address the destination address where it wants to send
data to. However, there are some operations that a sending process must be able to control.
6.3 Multicast Programming
Several extensions to the programming API are needed in order to support multicast. All of them are
handled via two system calls:
setsockopt() (used to pass information to the kernel) and
getsockopt() (to retrieve information regarded multicast behavior).
The addition consists on a new set of options (multicast options) that are passed to these system
calls, that the kernel must understand. The following are the setsockopt()/getsockopt() function
prototypes:
intgetsockopt(int s, int level, intoptname, void* optval, int* optlen);

intsetsockopt(int s, int level, intoptname, const void* optval, intoptlen);

• The first parameter, s, is the socket the system call applies to. For multicasting, it must be a
socket of the family AF_INET and its type may be either SOCK_DGRAM or SOCK_RAW.
The most common use is with SOCK_DGRAM sockets.
• The second one, level, identifies the layer that is to handle the option, message or query. So,
SOL_SOCKET is for the socket layer, IPPROTO_IP for the IP layer, etc... For multicast
programming, level will always be IPPROTO_IP.optname identifies the option we are
setting/getting. Its value (either supplied by the program or returned by the kernel) is optval.
The optnames involved in multicast programming are the following:
setsockopt() getsockopt()
IP_MULTICAST_LOOP yes yes

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IP_MULTICAST_TTL yes yes

IP_MULTICAST_IF yes yes
IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP yes no
IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP yes no

IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP.
It is necessary to tell the kernel which multicast groups the receivers are interested in. If no process
is interested in a group, packets destined to it that arrive to the host are discarded. In order to inform
the kernel of the interests and, thus, become a member of that group, it is required to fill a ip_mreq
structure which is passed later to the kernel in the optval field of the setsockopt() system call.
The ip_mreq structure (taken from /usr/include/linux/in.h) has the following members:

structip_mreq{ structin_addrimr_multiaddr; /* IP multicast address of group */

structin_addrimr_interface; /* local IP address of interface */
};
The first member, imr_multiaddr, holds the group address that receiver want to join. The
memberships are also associated with interfaces, not just groups. This is the reason to provide a
value for the second member: imr_interface. This way, if it is a multihomed host, then it can join the
same group in several interfaces. It is always possible to fill this last member with the wildcard
address (INADDR_ANY) and then the kernel will deal with the task of choosing the interface. With
this structure filled (say you defined it as: structip_mreqmreq;) a calltosetsockopt() is:

setsockopt (socket, IPPROTO_IP, IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP, &mreq, sizeof(mreq));

Notice that a host can join several groups to the same socket, not just one. The limit to this is
IP_MAX_MEMBERSHIPS and, as of version 2.0.33, it has the value of 20.

IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP.
The process is quite similar to joining a group:
structip_mreqmreq;
setsockopt (socket, IPPROTO_IP, IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP, &mreq, sizeof(mreq));

wheremreq is the same structure with the same data used when joining the group.

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If the imr_interface member is filled with INADDR_ANY, the first matching group is dropped.
When a socket is closed, all memberships associated with it are dropped by the kernel. The same
occurs if the process that opened the socket is killed. Both ADD_MEMBERSHIP and
DROP_MEMBERSHIP are nonblocking operations. They should return immediately indicating
either success or failure.
7. Encryption and Decryption
The message to be sent through an unreliable medium is known as plaintext. For security purpose it
is encrypted before sending over the medium. The encrypted message is known as ciphertext, which
is received at the other end of the medium and decrypted to get back the original plaintext message.
There are various cryptography algorithms and can be divided into two broad categorize -
Symmetric key cryptography and Public key cryptography. The following figure shows a simple
cryptography model

ENCRYPTION KEY DECRYPTION KEY

SENDER RECEIVER

ENCRYPTION DECRYPTION
ALGORITHM ALGORITHM

INTRUDER

7.1 Public key Cryptography

In public key cryptography, there are two keys: a private key and a public key. The public key is
announced to the public, where as the private key is kept by the receiver. The sender uses the public
key of the receiver for encryption and the receiver uses his private key for decryption.

7.2 RSA
The most popular public-key algorithm is the RSA (named after their inventors Rivest, Shamir and
Adleman)
Key features of the RSA algorithm are given below:
1. Public key algorithm that performs encryption as well as decryption based on number
theory
2. Variable key length; long for enhanced security and short for efficiency (typical 512 bytes)
3. Variable block size, smaller than the key length

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4. The private key is a pair of numbers (d, n) and the public key is also a pair of numbers (e,
n)

8. Key exchange algorithms

To preserve data confidentiality during transmission, secure file transfer protocols like FTPS,
HTTPS, and SFTP have to encrypt the data through what is known as symmetric encryption. This
kind of encryption requires the two communicating parties to have a shared key in order for them to
encrypt and decrypt messages. In the real world, the two communicating parties would likely be
geographically separated by long distances. The key can't just be sent through ordinary methods
because anyone who gets hold of it would then be able to decrypt all the files that the two parties
would be sending to one another. A key exchange method should be easy to use, secure, and highly
scalable.

8.1 Diffiehallman key exchange algorithm

Diffie-Hellman is a way of establishing a shared secret between two endpoints (parties). Consider
following example to understand the algorithm. Let Alice and Bob wants to communicate with each
other without John knowing their communication. To start, Alice and Bob decide publicly (John will
also get a copy) on two prime numbers, g and n. Generally g is a small prime number and n is quite
large, usually 2000 or more commonly 4000 bits long. So now Alice, Bob and John all know these
numbers.
Alice now decides secretly on another number, a. and Bob decides secretly on a number, b. Neither
Alice nor Bob send these numbers, they are kept to themselves. Alice performs a calculation, g^a
mod n, let this be A, since it comes from a. Bob then performs g^b mod n let this be B.
Alice sends Bob, A, and Bob sends Alice, B. Note John now has 4 numbers, A, B, g and n but
not a or b. Alice takes Bob’s B and performs B^a mod n. Similarly, Bob takes Alice’s A and
performs A^b mod n. This results in the same number i.e. B^a mod n = A^b mod n. They now have
a shared number. John can’t figure out what these numbers are from the numbers he’s got.

INTRODUCTION TO QUALNET SIMULATOR

The QualNet network simulation software (QualNet) is a planning, testing and training tool that
"mimics" the behavior of a real communications network. Simulation is a cost-effective method for
developing, deploying and managing network-centric systems throughout their entire lifecycle.

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Users can evaluate the basic behavior of a network, and test combinations of network features that
are likely to work. The software provides a comprehensive environment for designing protocols,
creating and animating network scenarios, and analyzing their performance.
QualNet Network Simulator includes a Suite of Tools:
• QualNet Architect- A graphical scenario design and visualization tool. In Design mode, the
user can set up terrain, network connections, subnets, mobility patterns of wireless users, and
other functional parameters of network nodes. The user can also create network models by
using intuitive, click and drag operations, he can also customize the protocol stack of any of
the nodes. The user can also specify the application layer traffic and services that run on the
network. In Visualize mode, he can perform in-depth visualization and analysis of a network
scenario designed in Design mode. As network simulations are running, users can watch
packets at various layers flow through the network and view dynamic graphs of critical
performance metrics. Real-time statistics are also an option, where user can view dynamic
graphs while a network simulation software is running.
• QualNet Analyzer — A statistical graphing tool that displays hundreds of metrics collected
during simulation of a network scenario. The user can choose to see pre-designed reports or
customize graphs with their own statistics. Multi-experiment reports are also available. All
statistics are exportable to spreadsheets in CSV format.
• QualNet Packet Tracer — A graphical tool that provides a visual representation of packet
trace files generated during the simulation of a network scenario. Trace files are text files in
XML format that contain information about packets as they move up and down the protocol
stack.
• QualNet File Editor — A text editing tool
• QualNet Command Line Interface — Command line access to the simulator

Scenario-Based Communications Network Simulation

In QualNet, a specific network topology is referred to as a scenario. A scenario allows the user to
specify all the network components and conditions under which the network will operate. This
includes: terrain details, channel propagation effects including path loss, fading, and shadowing,
wired and wireless subnets, network devices such as switches, hubs and routers, the entire protocol
stack of a variety of standard or user-configured network components, and applications running on
the network. Most of these are optional; the user can start with a basic network scenario and specify
as much detail as necessary to improve the accuracy of his network model.

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1. Implement a client and server communication using sockets programming.

Algorithm (Client Side)
1. Start.
2. Create a socket using socket() system call.
3. Connect the socket to the address of the server using connect() system call.
4. Send the filename of required file using send() system call.
5. Read the contents of the file sent by server by recv() system call.
6. Stop.
Algorithm (Server Side)
1. Start.
2. Create a socket using socket() system call.
3. Bind the socket to an address using bind() system call.
4. Listen to the connection using listen() system call.
5. accept connection using accept()
6. Receive filename and transfer contents of file with client.
7. Stop.
PROGRAM
/*Server*/
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/socket.h>
#include<netinet/in.h>
#include<sys/stat.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<fcntl.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
int main()
{
intcont,create_socket,new_socket,addrlen,fd;
intbufsize = 1024;
char *buffer = malloc(bufsize);
charfname[256];
structsockaddr_in address;
if ((create_socket = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0)) > 0)
printf("The socket was created\n");

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address.sin_family = AF_INET;
address.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
address.sin_port = htons(15001);
if (bind(create_socket,(structsockaddr *)&address,sizeof(address)) == 0)
printf("Binding Socket\n");
listen(create_socket,3);
addrlen = sizeof(structsockaddr_in);
new_socket = accept(create_socket,(structsockaddr *)&address,&addrlen);
if (new_socket> 0)
{
printf("The Client %s is Connected...\n",
inet_ntoa(address.sin_addr) );
}
recv(new_socket,fname, 255,0);
printf("A request for filename %s Received..\n", fname);
if ((fd=open(fname, O_RDONLY))<0)
{perror("File Open Failed"); exit(0);}
while((cont=read(fd, buffer, bufsize))>0) {
send(new_socket,buffer,cont,0);
}
printf("Request Completed\n");
close(new_socket);
return close(create_socket);
}
/*Client*/
#include<sys/socket.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<netinet/in.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<stdio.h>
int main(intargc,char *argv[])
{
intcreate_socket;
intbufsize = 1024, cont;
char *buffer = malloc(bufsize);
charfname[256];
structsockaddr_in address;
if ((create_socket = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0)) > 0)
printf("The Socket was created\n");

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address.sin_family = AF_INET;
address.sin_port = htons(15001);
inet_pton(AF_INET,argv[1],&address.sin_addr);
if (connect(create_socket,(structsockaddr *) &address, sizeof(address)) == 0)
printf("The connection was accepted with the server %s...\n",argv[1]);
printf("Enter The Filename to Request : "); scanf("%s",fname);
send(create_socket, fname, sizeof(fname), 0);
printf("Request Accepted... Receiving File...\n\n");
printf("The contents of file are...\n\n");
while((cont=recv(create_socket, buffer, bufsize, 0))>0) {
write(1, buffer, cont);
}
printf("\nEOF\n");
return close(create_socket);
}

OUTPUT
SERVER
exam@dell:~$ gcc -o server server.c
exam@dell:~$ ./server
The socket was created
Binding Socket
The Client 127.0.0.1 is Connected...
A request for filename test.txt Received..
Request Completed
CLIENT
exam@dell:~$ gcc -o client client.c
exam@dell:~$ ./client 127.0.0.1
The Socket was created
The connection was accepted with the server 127.0.0.1...
Enter The Filename to Request : test.txt
Request Accepted... Receiving File...
The contents of file are...
hello
EOF

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2.Write a program to implement routing protocol for a simple topology of routers.

Algorithm

Input: Graph and a source vertex src.

Output: Shortest distance to all vertices from src. If there is a negative weight cycle, then shortest
distances are not calculated, negative weight cycle is reported.

1. Initializes distances from source to all vertices as infinite and distance to source itself as 0.
Create an array dist[] of size |V| with all values as infinite except dist[src] where src is source
vertex.
2. Ccalculate shortest distances. Do following |V|-1 times where |V| is the number of vertices in
given graph.
…..a) Do following for each edge u-v
………………If dist[v] >dist[u] + weight of edge uv, then update dist[v]
………………….dist[v] = dist[u] + weight of edge uv
3. This step reports if there is a negative weight cycle in graph.
Do following for each edge u-v
……If dist[v] >dist[u] + weight of edge uv, then “Graph contains negative weight cycle”

PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
int A[10][10], n, d[10], p[10];
voidBellmanFord(int s){
inti,u,v;
for(i=1;i<n;i++){
for(u=0;u<n;u++){
for(v=0;v<n;v++){
if(d[v] > d[u] + A[u][v]){
d[v] = d[u] + A[u][v];
p[v] = u;
}
}
}
}
for(u=0;u<n;u++){
for(v=0;v<n;v++){
if(d[v] > d[u] + A[u][v]){
printf("Negative Edge");
}
}
}
}

int main(){

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printf("Enter the no. of vertices : ");

scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the adjacency matrix\n");
inti,j;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
scanf("%d",&A[i][j]);

int source;
for(source=0;source<n;source++){

for(i=0;i<n;i++){
d[i] = 999;
p[i] = -1;
}
d[source] = 0;

BellmanFord(source);

printf("Router %d\n",source);

for(i=0;i<n;i++){
if(i != source){
j = i;
while(p[j] != -1){
printf("%d <- ",j);
j = p[j];
}
}
printf("%d\tCost %d\n\n",source,d[i]);
}
}

return 0;
}

OUTPUT
exam@dell:~$ gccdvr.c
exam@dell:~$ ./a.out
Enter the no. of vertices : 5
Enter the adjacency matrix
0 1 5 999 999
1 0 3 999 9
5 3 0 4 999
999 999 4 0 2
999 9 999 2 0
Router 0
0 Cost 0

1 <- 0 Cost 1

2 <- 1 <- 0 Cost 4

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3 <- 2 <- 1 <- 0 Cost 8

4 <- 1 <- 0 Cost 10

Router 1
0 <- 1 Cost 1

1 Cost 0

2 <- 1 Cost 3

3 <- 2 <- 1 Cost 7

4 <- 1 Cost 9

Router 2
0 <- 1 <- 2 Cost 4

1 <- 2 Cost 3

2 Cost 0

3 <- 2 Cost 4

4 <- 3 <- 2 Cost 6

Router 3
0 <- 1 <- 2 <- 3 Cost 8

1 <- 2 <- 3 Cost 7

2 <- 3 Cost 4

3 Cost 0

4 <- 3 Cost 2

Router 4
0 <- 1 <- 4 Cost 10

1 <- 4 Cost 9

2 <- 3 <- 4 Cost 6

3 <- 4 Cost 2

4 Cost 0

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3 a).Write a program to implement error detection algorithm.

Note- Use IP header fields obtained using wireshark packet analyzer tool

Algorithm at sender side

Set the value of the checksum field to 0.
Divide the header into 16-bit words •
Add all segments using one’s complement arithmetic
The final result is complemented to obtain the checksum.

Algorithm at receiver side

Divide header into 16-bit words, adds them, and complement’s the results
All zero’s => accept datagram, else reject.

PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
unsigned fields[10];
unsigned short checksum()
{
inti;
int sum=0;
printf("Enter IP header information in 16 bit words\n");

for(i=0;i<9;i++)
{
printf("Field %d\n",i+1);
scanf("%x",&fields[i]);
sum=sum+(unsigned short)fields[i];
while (sum>>16)
sum = (sum & 0xFFFF) + (sum >> 16);
}
sum=~sum;
return (unsigned short)sum;
}

int main()
{
unsigned short result1, result2;
//Sender
result1=checksum();
printf("\n COmputed Checksum at sender %x\n", result1);
//Receiver
result2=checksum();
printf("\n COmputed Checksum at receiver %x\n", result2);
if(result1==result2)
printf("No error");
else
printf("Error in data received");

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OUTPUT
Values obtained from wireshark:

4500 003c 1c46 4000 4006 b1e6 ac10 0a63 ac10 0a0c

• 45 corresponds to the first two fields in the header ie4

corresponds to the IP version and 5 corresponds to the header
length. Since header length is described in 4 byte words so
actual header length comes out to be 5*4=20 bytes.
• 00 corresponds to TOS or the type of service. This value of
TOS indicated normal operation.
• 003c corresponds to total length field of IP header. So in
this case the total length of IP packet is 60.
• 1c46 corresponds to the identification field.
• 4000 can be divided into two bytes. These two bytes (divided
into 3 bits and 13 bits respectively) correspond to the flags
and fragment offset of IP header fields.
• 4006 can be divided into 40 and 06. The first byte 40
corresponds to the TTL field and the byte 06 corresponds to
the protocol field of the IP header. 06 indicates that the
protocol is TCP.
• be16 corresponds to the checksum which is set at the source
end (which sent the packet).
• The next set of bytes ac10 and 0a0c correspond to the source
IP address and the destination IP address in the IP header.

exam@dell:~$ gccchecksum.c
exam@dell:~$ ./a.out
Enter IP header information in 16 bit words
Field 1 4500 Field 2 003c Field 3 1c46 Field 4 4000 Field 5 4006 Field 6
ac10 Field 7 0a63 Field 8 ac10 Field 9 0a0c
COmputed Checksum at sender b1e6
Enter IP header information in 16 bit words
Field 1 4500 Field 2 003c Field 3 1c46 Field 4 4000 Field 5 4006 Field 6
ac10 Field 7 0a63 Field 8 ac10 Field 9 0a0c
COmputed Checksum at receiver b1e6
No error

3 b).Write a program to illustrate error correction concept.

Algorithm sender side.

1. Read the m bit data word.
2. Determine number of redundant bits required using the formula 2m>=m+r+1.
3. Establish the relationship between redundant bits and data bits.
4. Transmit the code word.

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Algorithm receiver side.

1. Receive the codeword.
2. Determine the syndrome bits.
3. Check for error or no error.
4. If error, correct the respective bit.

PROGRAM
#include <stdlib.h>
#include<stdio.h>

int main()
{
int a[4],b[4],r[3],s[3],i,q[3],c[7];
printf("\nenter 4 bit data word:\n");
for(i=3;i>=0;i--)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
r[0]=(a[3]+a[1]+a[0])%2;
r[1]=(a[0]+a[2]+a[3])%2;
r[2]=(a[1]+a[2]+a[3])%2;

printf("\n\nthe 7bit hamming code word: \n");

for(i=3;i>=0;i--)
{
printf("%d\t",a[i]);
}
for(i=2;i>=0;i--)
{
printf("%d\t",r[i]);
}
printf("\n");
printf("\nenter the 7bit recievedcodeword: ");

for(i=7;i>0;i--)
scanf ("%d",&c[i]);

b[3]=c[7];b[2]=c[6];b[1]=c[5];b[0]=c[4];
r[2]=c[3];r[1]=c[2];r[0]=c[1];

//calculating syndrome bits

s[0]=(b[0]+b[1]+b[3]+r[0])%2;
s[1]=(b[0]+b[2]+b[3]+r[1])%2;
s[2]=(b[1]+b[2]+b[3]+r[2])%2;
printf("\nsyndrome is: \n");

for(i=2;i>=0;i--)
{
printf("%d",s[i]);
}
if((s[2]==0) && (s[1]==0) && (s[0]==0))
printf("\n RECIEVED WORD IS ERROR FREE\n");

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if((s[2]==1)&&(s[1]==1)&&(s[0]==1))
{
printf("\nError in received codeword, position- 7th bit from
right\n");
if(c[7]==0)
c[7]=1;
else
c[7]=0;
printf("\n Corrected codeword is\n");
for(i=7;i>0;i--)
printf("%d \t", c[i]);

}
if((s[2]==1)&&(s[1]==1)&&(s[0]==0))
{
printf("\nError in received codeword, Position- 6th bit from
right\n");
if(c[6]==0)
c[6]=1;
else
c[6]=0;
printf("\n Corrected codeword is\n");
for(i=7;i>0;i--)
printf("%d \t", c[i]);
}
if((s[2]==1)&&(s[1]==0)&&(s[0]==1))
{
printf("\nError in received codeword, Position- 5th bit from
right\n");
if(c[5]==0)
c[5]=1;
else
c[5]=0;
printf("\n Corrected codeword is\n");
for(i=7;i>0;i--)
printf("%d \t", c[i]);
}
if((s[2]==1)&&(s[1]==0)&&(s[0]==0))
{
printf("\nError in received codeword, Position- 4th bit from
right\n");
if(c[4]==0)
c[4]=1;
else
c[4]=0;
printf("\n Corrected codeword is\n");
for(i=7;i>0;i--)
printf("%d \t", c[i]);
}
if((s[2]==0)&&(s[1]==1)&&(s[0]==1))
{
printf("\nError in received codeword, Position- 3rd bit from
right\n");
if(c[3]==0)
c[3]=1;

Dept. of CSE,RVCE 38
 Network Programming and Security Lab Record -2020

else
c[3]=0;
printf("\n Corrected codeword is\n");
for(i=7;i>0;i--)
printf("%d \t", c[i]);
}
if((s[2]==0)&&(s[1]==1)&&(s[0]==0))
{
printf("\nError in received codeword, Position- 2nd bit from
right\n");
if(c[2]==0)
c[2]=1;
else
c[2]=0;
printf("\n Corrected codeword is\n");
for(i=7;i>0;i--)
printf("%d \t", c[i]);
}
if((s[2]==0)&&(s[1]==0)&&(s[0]==1))
{
printf("\nError in received codeword, Position- 1st bit from
right\n");
if(c[1]==0)
c[1] =1;
else
c[1]=0;
printf("\n Corrected codeword is\n");
for(i=7;i>0;i--)
printf("%d \t", c[i]);
}
return(1);
}//End of Hamming code program*/

OUTPUT
RUN 1
exam@dell:~$ gcchamming.c
exam@dell:~$ ./a.out
enter 4 bit data word:
1 0 1 1
The 7bit hamming code word:
1 0 1 1 0 0 1
Enter the 7bit recievedcodeword:
1 0 1 1 0 0 1
syndrome is:
000
RECIEVED WORD IS ERROR FREE

RUN 2
exam@dell:~$ ./a.out
enter 4 bit data word:
1 0 1 1
the 7bit hamming code word:
1 0 1 1 0 0 1
enter the 7bit recievedcodeword: 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
syndrome is:

Dept. of CSE,RVCE 39
 Network Programming and Security Lab Record -2020

110
recieved word is error, position- 6th bit from right
Corrected codeword is
1 0 1 1 0 0 1

4. Implement a simple multicast routing mechanism.

Algorithm server side:

1. Create an AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM type socket.

2. Initialize a sockaddr_in structure with the destination group IP address and port
number.
3. Set the IP_MULTICAST_LOOP socket option according to whether the sending
system should receive a copy of the multicast datagrams that are transmitted.
4. Set the IP_MULTICAST_IF socket option to define the local interface over which
you want to send the multicast datagrams.
5. Send the datagram.

Algorithm Client side:

1. Create an AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM type socket.
2. Set the SO_REUSEADDR option to allow multiple applications to receive datagrams
that are destined to the same local port number.
3. Use the bind() verb to specify the local port number. Specify the IP address as
INADDR_ANY in order to receive datagrams that are addressed to a multicast group.
4. Use the IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP socket option to join the multicast group that
receives the datagrams. When joining a group, specify the class D group address
along with the IP address of a local interface. The system must call the
IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP socket option for each local interface receiving the
multicast datagrams.
5. Receive the datagram.

PROGRAM
/*Listener*/
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <string.h>

Dept. of CSE,RVCE 40
 Network Programming and Security Lab Record -2020

#include <stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

#define HELLO_PORT 12345

#define HELLO_GROUP "225.0.0.37"
#define MSGBUFSIZE 25

main(intargc, char *argv[])

{
structsockaddr_inaddr;
intfd, nbytes,addrlen;
structip_mreqmreq;
charmsgbuf[MSGBUFSIZE];

u_int yes=1; /*** MODIFICATION TO ORIGINAL */

/* create what looks like an ordinary UDP socket */

if ((fd=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_DGRAM,0)) < 0) {
perror("socket");
exit(1);
}

/**** MODIFICATION TO ORIGINAL */

/* allow multiple sockets to use the same PORT number */
if (setsockopt(fd,SOL_SOCKET,SO_REUSEADDR,&yes,sizeof(yes)) < 0) {
perror("Reusing ADDR failed");
exit(1);
}
/*** END OF MODIFICATION TO ORIGINAL */

/* set up destination address */

memset(&addr,0,sizeof(addr));
addr.sin_family=AF_INET;
addr.sin_addr.s_addr=htonl(INADDR_ANY); /* N.B.: differs from sender */
addr.sin_port=htons(HELLO_PORT);

/* bind to receive address */

if (bind(fd,(structsockaddr *) &addr,sizeof(addr)) < 0) {
perror("bind");
exit(1);
}

/* use setsockopt() to request that the kernel join a multicast

group */
mreq.imr_multiaddr.s_addr=inet_addr(HELLO_GROUP);
mreq.imr_interface.s_addr=htonl(INADDR_ANY);
if (setsockopt(fd,IPPROTO_IP,IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP,&mreq,sizeof(mreq)) < 0) {
perror("setsockopt");
exit(1);
}

/* now just enter a read-print loop */

while (1) {
addrlen=sizeof(addr);

Dept. of CSE,RVCE 41
 Network Programming and Security Lab Record -2020

if ((nbytes=recvfrom(fd,msgbuf,MSGBUFSIZE,0,
(structsockaddr *) &addr,&addrlen)) < 0) {
perror("recvfrom");

}
puts(msgbuf);
}
}

/*Sender*/
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

#define HELLO_PORT 12345

#define HELLO_GROUP "225.0.0.37"

main(intargc, char *argv[])

{
structsockaddr_inaddr;
intfd, cnt;
structip_mreqmreq;
char *message="RVCE-CSE";

/* create what looks like an ordinary UDP socket */

if ((fd=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_DGRAM,0)) < 0) {
perror("socket");
exit(1);
}

/* set up destination address */

memset(&addr,0,sizeof(addr));
addr.sin_family=AF_INET;
addr.sin_addr.s_addr=inet_addr(HELLO_GROUP);
addr.sin_port=htons(HELLO_PORT);

/* now just sendto() our destination! */

while (1) {
if (sendto(fd,message,sizeof(message),0,(structsockaddr *) &addr,
sizeof(addr)) < 0) {
perror("sendto");
exit(1);
}
sleep(1);
}
}

Output
SENDER:
exam@dell:~$ gcc -o sender sender.c

Dept. of CSE,RVCE 42
 Network Programming and Security Lab Record -2020

exam@dell:~$ ./sender // Starts sending messages

LISTENER1
exam@dell:~$ gcc -o listen listener.c
exam@dell:~$ ./listen // Listens to messages by joining multicast group
RVCE-CSE
RVCE-CSE
RVCE-CSE
RVCE-CSE

LISTENER2
exam@dell:~$ ./listen // Listens to messages by joining multicast group
RVCE-CSE
RVCE-CSE
RVCE-CSE
RVCE-CSE

Dept. of CSE,RVCE 43
 Network Programming and Security Lab Record -2020

5. Write a program to implement concurrent chat server that allows current logged in users to
communicate one with other.

/*Client*/
#include<sys/socket.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<netinet/in.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>

void str_cli(FILE *fp, int sockfd)

{
int bufsize = 1024, cont;
char *buffer = malloc(bufsize);
fputs("Me:",stdout);
while(fgets(buffer,bufsize,fp)!=NULL)
{

send(sockfd, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0);

if((cont=recv(sockfd, buffer, bufsize, 0))>0) {

fputs("Server:",stdout);
fputs(buffer,stdout);
//bzero(buffer,10240);
}
fputs("Me:",stdout);
}
printf("\nEOF\n");
}
int main(int argc,char *argv[])
{
int create_socket;

//char fname[256];
struct sockaddr_in address;
if ((create_socket = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0)) > 0)
printf("The Socket was created\n");
address.sin_family = AF_INET;
address.sin_port = htons(16001);
inet_pton(AF_INET,argv[1],&address.sin_addr);
if (connect(create_socket,(struct sockaddr *) &address, sizeof(address))
== 0)
printf("The connection was accepted with the server
%s...\n",argv[1]);
else
printf("error in connect \n");
//printf("Enter The Filename to Request : "); scanf("%s",fname);
//send(create_socket, fname, sizeof(fname), 0);
//printf("Request Accepted... Receiving File...\n\n");
//printf("The contents of file are...\n\n");

str_cli(stdin,create_socket);

return close(create_socket);
}

Dept. of CSE,RVCE 44
 Network Programming and Security Lab Record -2020

/*server*/
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/socket.h>
#include<netinet/in.h>
#include<sys/stat.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<fcntl.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include<string.h>

void str_echo(int connfd)

{
int n;
int bufsize = 10240;
char *buffer = malloc(bufsize);
//printf("inside the function");
while((n=recv(connfd, buffer, bufsize, 0))>0) {
fputs("client:",stdout);
fputs(buffer,stdout);
fputs("Me:",stdout);
if(fgets(buffer,bufsize,stdin)!=NULL)
{
send(connfd, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0);

}
bzero(buffer,10240);

}}
int main()
{
int cont,listenfd,connfd,addrlen,addrlen2,fd,pid,addrlen3;

//char fname[256];
struct sockaddr_in address,cli_address;
if ((listenfd = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0)) > 0) //sockfd
printf("The socket was created\n");
address.sin_family = AF_INET;
address.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
address.sin_port = htons(16001);
printf("The address before bind %s ...\n",inet_ntoa(address.sin_addr) );
if (bind(listenfd,(struct sockaddr *)&address,sizeof(address)) == 0)
printf("Binding Socket\n");
printf("The address after bind %s ...\n",inet_ntoa(address.sin_addr)
);

listen(listenfd,3);
printf("server is listening\n");
//server local address
getsockname(listenfd,(struct sockaddr *)&address,&addrlen3);
printf("The server's local address %s ...and port
%d\n",inet_ntoa(address.sin_addr),htons(address.sin_port));
for(;;){
addrlen = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
connfd = accept(listenfd,(struct sockaddr *)&cli_address,&addrlen);
//printf("The address %s ...\n",inet_ntoa(address.sin_addr) );
addrlen2 = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);

Dept. of CSE,RVCE 45
 Network Programming and Security Lab Record -2020

int i = getpeername(connfd,(struct sockaddr *)&cli_address,&addrlen);

printf("The Client %s is Connected...on port

%d\n",inet_ntoa(cli_address.sin_addr),htons(cli_address.sin_port));

if((pid=fork())==0)
{
printf("inside child\n");
close(listenfd);

str_echo(connfd);
exit(0);
}

close(connfd);}
return 0 ;
}

6. a) Implementation of concurrent and iterative echo server using connection oriented socket
system calls

/*Client*/
#include<sys/socket.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<netinet/in.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<stdio.h>

void str_cli(FILE *fp, int sockfd)

{
int bufsize = 1024, cont;
char *buffer = malloc(bufsize);

while(fgets(buffer,bufsize,fp)!=NULL)
{
send(sockfd, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0);

if((cont=recv(sockfd, buffer, bufsize, 0))>0) {

fputs(buffer,stdout);
}}
printf("\nEOF\n");
}
int main(int argc,char *argv[])
{
int create_socket;

struct sockaddr_in address;

if ((create_socket = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0)) > 0)
printf("The Socket was created\n");
address.sin_family = AF_INET;
address.sin_port = htons(15001);
inet_pton(AF_INET,argv[1],&address.sin_addr);
if (connect(create_socket,(struct sockaddr *) &address, sizeof(address))
== 0)

Dept. of CSE,RVCE 46
 Network Programming and Security Lab Record -2020

printf("The connection was accepted with the server

%s...\n",argv[1]);
else
printf("error in connect \n");

str_cli(stdin,create_socket);

return close(create_socket);
}

/*server*/
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/socket.h>
#include<netinet/in.h>
#include<sys/stat.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<fcntl.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>

void str_echo(int connfd)

{
int n;
int bufsize = 1024;
char *buffer = malloc(bufsize);
//printf("inside the function");
again: while((n=recv(connfd, buffer, bufsize, 0))>0)
send(connfd,buffer,n,0);
//printf("%d n",n);
if(n<0)
goto again;

}
int main()
{
int cont,listenfd,connfd,addrlen,addrlen2,fd,pid,addrlen3;

struct sockaddr_in address,cli_address;

if ((listenfd = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0)) > 0) //sockfd
printf("The socket was created\n");
address.sin_family = AF_INET;
address.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
address.sin_port = htons(15001);
printf("The address before bind %s ...\n",inet_ntoa(address.sin_addr) );
if (bind(listenfd,(struct sockaddr *)&address,sizeof(address)) == 0)
printf("Binding Socket\n");
printf("The address after bind %s ...\n",inet_ntoa(address.sin_addr)
);

listen(listenfd,3);
printf("server is listening\n");
//server local address
getsockname(listenfd,(struct sockaddr *)&address,&addrlen3);
printf("The server's local address %s ...and port
%d\n",inet_ntoa(address.sin_addr),htons(address.sin_port));

Dept. of CSE,RVCE 47
 Network Programming and Security Lab Record -2020

for(;;){
addrlen = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
connfd = accept(listenfd,(struct sockaddr *)&cli_address,&addrlen);
//printf("The address %s ...\n",inet_ntoa(address.sin_addr) );
addrlen2 = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
int i = getpeername(connfd,(struct sockaddr *)&cli_address,&addrlen);

printf("The Client %s is Connected...on port

%d\n",inet_ntoa(cli_address.sin_addr),htons(cli_address.sin_port));

if((pid=fork())==0) //don’t call fork for having the

iterative server version
{
printf("inside child\n");
close(listenfd);

str_echo(connfd);
exit(0);
}

close(connfd);}
return 0 ;
}

b) Implementation of concurrent and iterative echo server using connectionless socket system
calls

/*Client*/
#include<sys/socket.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<netinet/in.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<arpa/inet.h>

void str_cli(FILE *fp, int sockfd,struct sockaddr* serv_address, int

servlen)
{
int bufsize = 1024, cont;
char *buffer = malloc(bufsize);
int addrlen = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
struct sockaddr_in *preply_addr;
int len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
while(fgets(buffer,bufsize,fp)!=NULL){

sendto(sockfd, buffer, sizeof(buffer),0,serv_address,servlen);

if((cont=recvfrom(sockfd, buffer, bufsize, 0,(struct

sockaddr*)preply_addr,&len)>0))
{
printf("The address %s ...\n",inet_ntoa(preply_addr-
>sin_addr) );
fputs(buffer,stdout);
}}

Dept. of CSE,RVCE 48
 Network Programming and Security Lab Record -2020

printf("\nEOF\n");
}
int main(int argc,char *argv[])
{
int sockfd;

//char fname[256];
struct sockaddr_in serv_address;
if ((sockfd = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_DGRAM,0)) > 0)
printf("The Socket was created\n");
serv_address.sin_family = AF_INET;
serv_address.sin_port = htons(16001);

inet_pton(AF_INET,argv[1],&serv_address.sin_addr);

str_cli(stdin,sockfd,(struct sockaddr
*)&serv_address,sizeof(serv_address));

exit(0);
}
/*server*/
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/socket.h>
#include<netinet/in.h>
#include<sys/stat.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<fcntl.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>

void str_echo(int sockfd,struct sockaddr* cli_address, int clilen)

{
int n;
int bufsize = 1024;
char *buffer = malloc(bufsize);
int addrlen;

for(;;){
addrlen = clilen;
n=recvfrom(sockfd,buffer,bufsize,0,cli_address,&addrlen);
//printf("%s",buffer);
sendto(sockfd,buffer,n,0,cli_address,addrlen);}
//printf("%d n",n);

}
int main()
{
int sockfd;
struct sockaddr_in serv_address,cli_address;

if ((sockfd = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_DGRAM,0)) > 0) //sockfd

printf("The socket was created\n");

serv_address.sin_family = AF_INET;

Dept. of CSE,RVCE 49
 Network Programming and Security Lab Record -2020

serv_address.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
serv_address.sin_port = htons(16001);
printf("The address before bind %s
...\n",inet_ntoa(serv_address.sin_addr) );
if (bind(sockfd,(struct sockaddr *)&serv_address,sizeof(serv_address))
== 0)
printf("Binding Socket\n");
str_echo(sockfd,(struct sockaddr *)&cli_address,sizeof(cli_address));

return 0 ;
}

7. Implementation of remote command execution using socket system calls.

/*server*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<netinet/in.h>
#include<arpa/inet.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/socket.h>
#include<errno.h>
int main()
{
int sd,acpt,len,bytes,port;
char send[50],receiv[50];
struct sockaddr_in serv,cli;
if((sd=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0))<0)
{
printf("Error in socket\n");
exit(0);
}
bzero(&serv,sizeof(serv));

serv.sin_family=AF_INET;
serv.sin_port=htons(15002);
serv.sin_addr.s_addr=htonl(INADDR_ANY);
if(bind(sd,(struct sockaddr *)&serv,sizeof(serv))<0)
{ printf("Error in bind\n"); exit(0); }
if(listen(sd,3)<0)
{ printf("Error in listen\n"); exit(0); }
if((acpt=accept(sd,(struct sockaddr*)NULL,NULL))<0)
{ printf("\n\t Error in accept"); exit(0); }
while(1) { bytes=recv(acpt,receiv,50,0); receiv[bytes]='\0';
if(strcmp(receiv ,"end")==0)
{ close(acpt); close(sd); exit(0); }
else { printf("Command received : %s",receiv); system(receiv);
printf("\n"); } }
}
/*client*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

Dept. of CSE,RVCE 50
 Network Programming and Security Lab Record -2020

#include<string.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<netinet/in.h>
#include<arpa/inet.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/socket.h>
#include<errno.h>
int
main ()
{

int sd, acpt, len, bytes, port;

char send1[50], receiv[50];
struct sockaddr_in serv, cli;
if ((sd = socket (AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0)
{
printf ("Error in socket\n");
exit (0);
}
bzero (&serv, sizeof (serv));

serv.sin_family = AF_INET;
serv.sin_port = htons (15002);
serv.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl (INADDR_ANY);
if (connect (sd, (struct sockaddr *) &serv, sizeof (serv)) < 0)
{
printf ("Error in connection\n");
exit (0);
}
while (1)
{
printf ("Enter the command:");
gets (send1);
if (strcmp (send1, "end") != 0)
{
send (sd, send1, 50, 0);
}
else
{
send (sd, send1, 50, 0);
close (sd);
break;
}
}
}

8. a) Write a program to encrypt and decrypt the data using RSA and
b) Write a program to exchange the key securely using Diffie-Hellman Key exchange
protocol.
RSA Algorithm
Generating Public Key
1. Select two prime numbers p and q.
2. Compute n=p*q.
3. Choose e, such that it is an integer and not the factor of n.
4. Public key –(n,e)

Dept. of CSE,RVCE 51
 Network Programming and Security Lab Record -2020

Generating Private Key

1. Compute z=(p-1)*(q-1)
2. Determine the private key d= (k*z+1)/e, for some integer k.
3. Private key is d.
Diffie Hallman algorithm

1. Consider two prime numbers g and p.

2. Pick a secret number (a) and compute A= ga mod p.
3. Pick a secret number b and compute B= gb mod p
4. Encrypt message with Ba modpand send
5. Decrypt the received message with Ab mod p.

a) PROGRAM
#include <iostream>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <string.h>

using namespace std;

longintgcd(long int a, long int b)

{
if(a == 0)
return b;
if(b == 0)
return a;
returngcd(b, a%b);
}

longintisprime(long int a)
{
inti;
for(i = 2; i< a; i++){
if((a % i) == 0)
return 0;
}
return 1;
}

longint encrypt(char ch, long int n, long int e)

{
inti;
longint temp = ch;
for(i = 1; i< e; i++)
temp = (temp * ch) % n;
return temp;
}

char decrypt(long intch, long int n, long int d)

{
inti;
longint temp = ch;

Dept. of CSE,RVCE 52
 Network Programming and Security Lab Record -2020

for(i = 1; i< d; i++)

ch =(temp * ch) % n;
returnch;
}

int main()
{
longinti, len;
longint p, q, n, phi, e, d, cipher[50];
char text[50];

cout<< "Enter the text to be encrypted: ";

cin.getline(text, sizeof(text));
len = strlen(text);
do {
p = rand() % 30;
} while (!isprime(p));
do {
q = rand() % 30;
} while (!isprime(q));
n = p * q;
phi = (p - 1) * (q - 1);
do {
e = rand() % phi;
} while (gcd(phi, e) != 1);
do {
d = rand() % phi;
} while (((d * e) % phi) != 1);
cout<< "Two prime numbers (p and q) are: " << p << " and " << q <<endl;
cout<< "n(p * q) = " << p << " * " << q << " = " << p*q <<endl;
cout<< "(p - 1) * (q - 1) = "<< phi <<endl;
cout<< "Public key (n, e): (" << n << ", " << e << ")\n";
cout<< "Private key (n, d): (" << n << ", " << d << ")\n";
for (i = 0; i<len; i++)
cipher[i] = encrypt(text[i], n, e);
cout<< "Encrypted message: ";
for (i = 0; i<len; i++)
cout<< cipher[i];
for (i = 0; i<len; i++)
text[i] = decrypt(cipher[i], n, d);
cout<<endl;
cout<< "Decrypted message: ";
for (i = 0; i<len; i++)
cout<< text[i];
cout<<endl;
return 0;
}

OUTPUT
exam@dell:~$ g++ rsa.cpp
exam@dell:~$ ./a.out
Enter the text to be encrypted: rvcecse
Two prime numbers (p and q) are: 13 and 23
n(p * q) = 13 * 23 = 299
(p - 1) * (q - 1) = 264

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Public key (n, e): (299, 103)

Private key (n, d): (299, 223)
Encrypted message: 11419683758318475
Decrypted message: rvcecse

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b) PROGRAM

#include <stdio.h>

// Function to compute a^m mod n

int compute(int a, int m, int n)
{
int r;
int y = 1;

while (m > 0)
{
r = m % 2;

// fast exponention
if (r == 1)
y = (y*a) % n;
a = a*a % n;

m = m / 2;
}

return y;
}

// C program to demonstrate Diffie-Hellman algorithm

int main()
{
int p = 23; // modulus
int g = 5; // base

int a, b; // a - Alice's Secret Key, b - Bob's Secret Key.

int A, B; // A - Alice's Public Key, B - Bob's Public Key

// choose secret integer for Alice's Pivate Key (only known to

Alice)
srand(time(0)) ;
a = rand(); // or use rand()

// Calculate Alice's Public Key (Alice will send A to Bob)

A = compute(g, a, p);

// choose secret integer for Bob's Pivate Key (only known to Bob)
srand(time(0)) ;
b = rand(); // or use rand()

// Calculate Bob's Public Key (Bob will send B to Alice)

B = compute(g, b, p);

// Alice and Bob Exchanges their Public Key A & B with each other

// Find Secret key

intkeyA = compute(B, a, p);
intkeyB = compute(A, b, p);

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printf("\nAlice's Secret Key is %d\nBob's Secret Key is %d\n\n",

keyA, keyB);

return 0;
}

OUTPUT
RUN-1
exam@dell:~$ ./a.out
Alice's Secret Key is 4
Bob's Secret Key is 4
RUN-2
exam@dell:~$ ./a.out
Alice's Secret Key is 11
Bob's Secret Key is 11
RUN-3
exam@dell:~$ ./a.out
Alice's Secret Key is 10
Bob's Secret Key is 10

PART B- Simulation Experiments

1. Setup an IEEE 802.3 network with a) hub b) switch c) Hierarchy of switch. Apply the
FTP, Telnet applications between nodes. Vary the number of nodes. Vary the bandwidth,
queue size and observe the packet drop probability.

Solution

Step 1: Setup the network topology as shown in the figure

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Figure 2a- Topology using Hub

Figure 2b- Topology using switch

Step 2: Choose the applications between the nodes- FTP and Telnet.

Step 3: Save and run the simulation.

Step 4: Vary number of nodes, bandwidth of the link and queue size of the devices.

Step 5: Analyze- 1. Throughput 2. Average Delay 3. Packets – Sent/Received/Dropped.

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2. Setup a wireless sensor networks with atleast two device co-coordinators and nodes.
Provide Constant Bit Rate (CBR), Variable Bit Rate (VBR) application between several
nodes. Increase the number of co-coordinators and nodes in the same area and observe the
performance at physical and MAC layers.
Solution:
Step 1: Set up the topology with wireless sensors with coordinators and nodes as shown in the figure

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Step 2: Choose the applications between the nodes- CBR and VBR.

Step 3: Save and run the simulation.

Step 4: Vary number of nodes, coordinators.

Step 5: Analyze- 1. Throughput 2. Average Delay 3. Packets – Sent/Received/Dropped.

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3. Setup an IEEE 802.11 network with atleast two access points. Apply the CBR, VBRapplications
between devices belonging to same access points and different access points.Provide roaming of any
device. Vary the number of access points and devices. Find outthe delay in MAC layer, packet drop
probability.

Solution:

Step 1: Setup the network topology with two access points as shown in the figure.

Step 2:Apply the CBR, VBRapplications between devices belonging to same access points and
different access points.

Step 3: Save and run the application.

Step 4: Apply mobility to any one device and set the trajectory.

Step 5: Vary the number of access points and devices. Find outthe delay in MAC layer, packet drop
probability.

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VIVA questions

1. Explain about DNS?

DNS - Domain Name System. DNS is the Naming System for the resources over Internet; includes
Physical nodes and Applications. DNS –It is the easy way to locate to a resource easily over a
network and serves to be an essential component necessary for the working of Internet.

2. What is a Network?

A network means a set of devices that connected by physical media links. A network is recursively a
connection of more than two nodes by a physical link or two or more networks connected by one or
more nodes.

3. What is Bandwidth?

Each and Every Signal often has a limit of an upper range and lower range of frequency of signal it
can carry. So this range of limit of network between its upper frequency and lower frequency is
termed as Bandwidth.

4. List the criteria to check the network reliability?

A network Reliability is measured by the following factors.

1. a) Downtime is the time it takes to recover.

2. b) Failure Frequency is the frequency when it fails to work the way it is intended.
3. Define a Link?

At the basic level, a network includes two or more computers directly connected by some physical
medium such as co-axial cable or optical fiber. And that physical medium is called a Link.

6. What is the DNS forwarder?

DNS servers usually communicate with outside DNS servers of the local network. A forwarder is an
entry that is used when a DNS server receives DNS queries that it cant resolve locally. And then it
forwards those requests to external DNS servers for resolution

7. Define node?

A network consist of two or more computers which will be directly connected by some physical
medium such as coaxial cable or optical fiber. And that physical medium is called as Links and the
computer it connects is termed as Nodes.

8. What is a gateway or Router?

A router or gateway is a node that is connected to two or more networks. In general it forwards
message from one network to another.

9. What is point-point link?

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If the physical links are limited to a pair of nodes then it is said to be point-point link.

10. What is DHCP scope?

A scope is a range, or pool of IP addresses that can be leased to DHCP clients on a given subnet.

11. What is FQDN?

An FQDN - fully qualified domain name contains both the hostname and a domain name. FQDN is
uniquely identifies a host within a DNS hierarchy.

12. What is MAC address? Does it have some link or something in common to Mac OS of
Apple?

MAC - Media Access Control. MAC is the address of the device identified at Media Access Control
Layer of Network Architecture. Similar to IP address MAC address is unique address, i.e., no two
device can have same MAC address. MAC address is stored at the ROM Read Only Memory of the
device.
MAC Address and Mac OS are two different things and it should not be confused with each other.
Mac OS is a POSIX standard Operating System Developed upon FreeBSD used by Apple devices.
What is POP3?
POP3 stands for Post Office Protocol Version3 (Current Version). POP is a protocol which
listens on port 110 and is responsible for accessing the mail service on a client machine.
POP3 works in two modes such as Delete Mode and Keep Mode.

1. a)Delete Mode: A mail is deleted from the mailbox after successful retrieval.
2. b)b) Keep Mode: The Mail remains Intact in the mailbox after successful retrieval.
3. How will check IP address on 98

16. What is IP?

IP is a unique 32 bits software address of a node in a network.

17. What is private IP?

Three ranges of IP addresses have been reserved for private address and they are not valid
for use on the Internet. If you want to access internet with these address you must have to use
proxy server or NAT server (on normal cases the role of proxy server is played by your
ISP.).If you do decide to implement a private IP address range, you can use IP addresses
from any of the following classes:
Class A: 10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255
Class B: 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255
Class C: 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255

What is public IP address?

A public IP address is an address leased from an ISP that allows or enables direct Internet
communication.

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What is the benefit of sub netting?

What is virtual path?

Along any transmission path from a given source to a given destination, a group of virtual circuits
can be grouped together into what is called path.

What is virtual channel?

Virtual channel is normally a connection from one source to one destination, although multicast
connections are also permitted. The other name for virtual channel is virtual circuit.

What are the benefits of OSI Reference Model?

It provides a framework for discussing network operations and design.

What is the difference between routable and non- routable protocols?

Routable protocols can work with a router and can be used to build large networks. Non-Routable
protocols are also there which is designed to work on small, local networks and cannot be used with
a router

What is the difference between TFTP and FTP application layer protocols?

The Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) allows a local host to obtain files from a remote host but
does not provide reliability or security. It uses the fundamental packet delivery services offered by
UDP.
The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the standard mechanism provided by TCP / IP for copying a file
from one host to another. It uses the services offered by TCP and so is reliable and secure. It
establishes two connections (virtual circuits) between the hosts, one for data transfer and another for
control information.

What is the minimum and maximum length of the header in the TCP segment and IP
datagram?

The header should have a minimum length of 20 bytes and can have a maximum length of 60 bytes.

What is difference between ARP and RARP?

The address resolution protocol (ARP) is used to associate the 32 bit IP address with the 48 bit
physical address, used by a host or a router to find the physical address of another host on its
network by sending a ARP query packet that includes the IP address of the receiver.
The reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) allows a host to discover its Internet address when
it knows only its physical address.
Define about ICMP?
ICMP is Internet Control Message Protocol, a network layer protocol of the TCP/IP suite used by
hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram problems back to the sender. It uses the echo
test / reply to test whether a destination is reachable and responding. It also handles both control and
error messages.

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1. __________________ facilitates allocation of IP addresses in variable-sized

blocks.

2. If an organization needs 300 IP addresses, it is allotted a block of _______

addresses on a _________-byte boundary.

3. A block of addresses is granted to an organization. One of these addresses is

202.16.37.40/28. The first address of the block is ______________________.

4. A block of addresses is granted to an organization. One of these addresses is

202.16.37.40/28. The last address of the block is ______________________.

5. What is the basic function of a NAT box ?

6. What is the basic idea behind Network Address Translation ?

7. Which of the two implementations, ARP or RARP, requires an additional resource

/ system ?Why ?

8. A set of LANs, interconnected through routers, use a common DHCP server on one
of the LANs. In this scenario, a __________________ agent is required on each of
the other LANs to access the DHCP server.

9. Write an IPv4 address using a combination of colons and the dotted decimal
number.

10. Write the expanded form of the IPv6 address : 8000:123:4567:89AB:CDEF.

11. The ______________ extension header in IPv6 facilitates verification of the

sender’s identity.

12. The ______________ extension header in IPv6 provides information about the
encrypted contents.

13. __________ are exchanged between a pair of peer transport entities.

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14. Define transport entity.

15. The generic term used to refer to the end point “port” is ________________.

16. The initial connection protocol uses a special ___________ server that acts as
proxy for servers which are not heavily used.

17. In the transport layer, the connection establishment is a ____________ handshake

process.

18. ________________ connection release may result in data loss.

19. Why is it necessary for a sender using TCP to buffer the TPDUs it transmits ?

20. Why is it necessary for a sender using TCP to buffer the TPDUs it transmits ?

21. In RPC, the client and server programs are bound with a library procedure called
_______.

22. In RPC, the process of the client packing the parameters into a message is known
as ______________.

23. The field ‘Payload type’ in the RTP header is used for
____________________________.

24. Why is ‘Sequence number’ used in the RTP header ?

25. Nagle’s algorithm solves the problem of

_______________________________________.

26. Clark’s solution solves the problem of

_________________________________________.

27. The persistence timer used by TCP is designed to

________________________________.

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28. The persistence timer used by TCP is designed to

________________________________.

29. In the hierarchical design of domain name space, the inverted tree structure can
have levels from level _________ to level ___________.

30. A full domain name comprises a sequence of _____________ separated by

___________.

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