Aim
To trace the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular
glass slab for different angles of incidence. Measure the angle of
incidence, angle of refraction, and angle of emergence, and
interpret the result.
Theory
What are the laws of refraction?
Following are the laws of refraction:
● T he incident ray, the normal at the point of incidence, and the
refracted ray lie in the same plane.
● Snell’s law states that the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to
the sine of the angle of refraction is constant.
What is refraction of light?
The refraction of light is a property of light due to which it changes
its path when it passes from one medium to the other.
What is lateral displacement?
Lateral displacement is defined as the perpendicular shift in the
path of light when it emerges out from the refracting medium.
Materials Required
. A drawing board
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2. 4-6 all pins
3. White sheet of paper
4. Rectangular glass slab
5. A protractor
6. A scale
7. A pencil
8. Thumb pins
Procedure
. Fix a white sheet on the soft drawing board using thumb pins.
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2. Place the glass slab at the centre of the white paper and draw its
outline boundary using a sharp pencil.
3. Let ABCD be the rectangular figure obtained by drawing.
4. Mark a point E on AB and draw a perpendicular EN and label it as a
normal ray.
5. Draw one angle of 30° with the help of protractor with EN. Fix pins at
P and Q at 4-5 cm on the ray that is obtained by the angle.
6. Place the glass slab on the rectangular figure ABCD.
7. To fix R and S, see through the glass slab from side CD, such that
when seen through the glass slab, all the pins P, Q, R, and S should
lie in a straight line.
8. Draw small circles around the pins P, Q, R and S and remove the
pins.
9. Remove the glass slab.
10. Join points R and S such that it meets CD at point F. Draw a
perpendicular N’M’ to CD at point F.
11.Using a pencil, join the points E and F.
12. Measure the angles formed at AB and CD, i.e, the incident angle,
refracted angle, and emergent angle.
13. The lateral displacement is obtained by extending the ray PQ in a
dotted line which is parallel to ray FRS.
14. Measure the lateral displacement.
15. Repeat the same procedure for angles 45° and 60°.
Observation Table
Sl.n Angle of Angle of Angle of ∠i – ∠e
o incidence refraction emergence
∠PEN –
∠i = ∠PEN ∠r = ∠MEF ∠e = ∠SFM’ ∠SFM’
1 30° 28° 30° 0°
2 45° 43° 44.8° 0.2°
3 60° 56° 59.8° 0.2°
Due to human error the value of∠i– ∠e may not be equal to zero.
Conclusion
. The angle of incidence and the angle of emergence are almost equal.
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2. As the light is traveling from rarer to denser optical medium, the
angle of refraction will be lesser than the angle of incidence.
3. For different angles of incidence, the lateral displacement will remain
the same.
4. The light will bend towards the normal when it travels from an
optically rarer medium to an optically denser medium.
Precautions
. The rectangular glass slab used should have perfectly smooth faces.
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2. The drawing board should be soft so that pins can be easily fixed on
it.
3. The angle of incidence should lie between 30° and 60°.
4. All pins base should be in a straight line.
5. The distance between the pins P and Q or the pins R and S, about 5
cm gap should be maintained.
6. Using a sharp pencil, draw thin lines.
7. The quality of the protractor should be good.
8. The placement of the protractor should be correct to get correct
measurements.
9. The perpendiculars should be drawn with care.
Sources of Error
. There shouldn’t be any air bubbles in the glass slab.
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2. The measurements done by the protractor should be accurate.
