Great!
I will provide notes for each section briefly, and then we can
expand as needed.
### **UNIT I: Introduction & Fundamentals of Algorithm Analysis**
#### **1. Introduction to Algorithmic Problem Solving:**
- **Algorithm**: A step-by-step procedure for solving a problem.
- **Important Problem Types**:
- **Sorting**: Ordering data (e.g., bubble sort, merge sort).
- **Searching**: Finding elements (e.g., binary search).
- **Graph Problems**: Pathfinding, traversal (e.g., DFS, BFS).
- **Optimization**: Maximizing or minimizing certain values (e.g.,
knapsack problem).
#### **2. Fundamentals of Analysis of Algorithms:**
- **Analysis Framework**:
- Studying algorithm efficiency (time, space).
- Worst-case, best-case, average-case analysis.
- **Asymptotic Notations**:
- **Big-O (O)**: Upper bound of the growth rate.
- **Big Omega (Ω)**: Lower bound.
- **Theta (Θ)**: Tight bound (both upper and lower).
- **Types of Analysis**:
- **Empirical Analysis**: Running experiments and collecting data.
- **Mathematical Analysis**: Using mathematical methods to prove time
and space efficiency.
#### **3. Brute Force Algorithms:**
- **Selection Sort**: O(n²) sorting algorithm, repeatedly finding the
minimum element.
- **Bubble Sort**: O(n²) sorting, repeatedly swapping adjacent elements.
- **Sequential Search**: O(n) search in unsorted lists.
- **Exhaustive Search**: Solving problems by checking every possible
option (brute force).
---
### **UNIT II: Divide-and-Conquer, Decrease-and-Conquer, Transform-
and-Conquer**
#### **1. Divide-and-Conquer**:
- **Merge Sort**: Recursively splitting the array and merging sorted parts.
Time: O(n log n).
- **Quick Sort**: Partitioning the array around a pivot, recursive sorting.
Time: O(n log n) (average).
- **Binary Search**: Searching in a sorted array by dividing the search
space. Time: O(log n).
#### **2. Decrease-and-Conquer**:
- **Insertion Sort**: Inserting each element into its correct position. Time:
O(n²).
- **DFS (Depth-First Search)**: Recursively exploring branches of a
graph/tree.
- **BFS (Breadth-First Search)**: Exploring layer by layer.
- **Topological Sorting**: Ordering nodes in a Directed Acyclic Graph
(DAG).
#### **3. Transform-and-Conquer**:
- **Balanced Search Trees**: Trees like AVL and Red-Black trees with
height balancing. Time: O(log n).
- **Heaps**: Binary heaps for efficient priority queue operations. Time:
O(log n) for insertions.
- **Heap Sort**: Sorting using the heap data structure. Time: O(n log n).
---
### **UNIT III: Dynamic Programming and Greedy Algorithms**
#### **1. Dynamic Programming (DP)**:
- **Warshall’s Algorithm**: For finding transitive closure of a graph.
- **Floyd’s Algorithm**: All-pairs shortest paths algorithm. Time: O(n³).
- **Optimal Binary Search Trees**: Arranging search keys for minimal
average search cost.
- **0/1 Knapsack Problem**: DP solution to select items with maximum
value under weight constraint.
#### **2. Greedy Algorithms**:
- **Prim’s Algorithm**: Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) algorithm. Time: O(E
log V).
- **Kruskal’s Algorithm**: MST by selecting edges in increasing order of
weight.
- **Dijkstra’s Algorithm**: Shortest path from a source to all vertices.
Time: O(V²) or O(E log V) with a priority queue.
---
### **UNIT IV: Limitations of Algorithms**
#### **1. Limitations of Algorithm Power**:
- **Decision Trees**: Tree structure representing decisions to classify or
compute results.
- **P, NP, and NP-Complete Problems**:
- **P**: Problems solvable in polynomial time.
- **NP**: Problems verifiable in polynomial time.
- **NP-Complete**: Hardest problems in NP, no known polynomial
solution.
#### **2. Coping with Limitations**:
- **Backtracking**:
- **n-Queens Problem**: Placing n queens on an n×n chessboard so no
two queens attack each other.
- **Hamiltonian Circuit Problem**: Finding a circuit visiting each vertex
once.
- **Subset Sum Problem**: Finding a subset of numbers that sum to a
given value.
- **Branch-and-Bound**:
- Used for optimization problems like the **Knapsack Problem**.
- **Travelling Salesperson Problem (TSP)**: Finding the shortest route
visiting all cities.
- **Approximation Algorithms**:
- Algorithms for NP-hard problems that provide near-optimal solutions in
polynomial time.
---
### **Text and Reference Books**:
1. **Main Textbook**:
- **Introduction to Design & Analysis of Algorithms** by Anany Levitin.
2. **Reference Books**:
- **Introduction to Algorithms** by Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest, and Stein.
- **The Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms** by Aho, Hopcroft
& Ullman.
- **Fundamentals of Algorithmics** by Brassard & Bratley.
---
These are summaries for each topic mentioned. Would you like me to
expand on any of these sections with more detailed explanations or
examples? Great! I will provide notes for each section briefly, and then we
can expand as needed.
### **UNIT I: Introduction & Fundamentals of Algorithm Analysis**
#### **1. Introduction to Algorithmic Problem Solving:**
- **Algorithm**: A step-by-step procedure for solving a problem.
- **Important Problem Types**:
- **Sorting**: Ordering data (e.g., bubble sort, merge sort).
- **Searching**: Finding elements (e.g., binary search).
- **Graph Problems**: Pathfinding, traversal (e.g., DFS, BFS).
- **Optimization**: Maximizing or minimizing certain values (e.g.,
knapsack problem).
#### **2. Fundamentals of Analysis of Algorithms:**
- **Analysis Framework**:
- Studying algorithm efficiency (time, space).
- Worst-case, best-case, average-case analysis.
- **Asymptotic Notations**:
- **Big-O (O)**: Upper bound of the growth rate.
- **Big Omega (Ω)**: Lower bound.
- **Theta (Θ)**: Tight bound (both upper and lower).
- **Types of Analysis**:
- **Empirical Analysis**: Running experiments and collecting data.
- **Mathematical Analysis**: Using mathematical methods to prove time
and space efficiency.
#### **3. Brute Force Algorithms:**
- **Selection Sort**: O(n²) sorting algorithm, repeatedly finding the
minimum element.
- **Bubble Sort**: O(n²) sorting, repeatedly swapping adjacent elements.
- **Sequential Search**: O(n) search in unsorted lists.
- **Exhaustive Search**: Solving problems by checking every possible
option (brute force).
---
### **UNIT II: Divide-and-Conquer, Decrease-and-Conquer, Transform-
and-Conquer**
#### **1. Divide-and-Conquer**:
- **Merge Sort**: Recursively splitting the array and merging sorted parts.
Time: O(n log n).
- **Quick Sort**: Partitioning the array around a pivot, recursive sorting.
Time: O(n log n) (average).
- **Binary Search**: Searching in a sorted array by dividing the search
space. Time: O(log n).
#### **2. Decrease-and-Conquer**:
- **Insertion Sort**: Inserting each element into its correct position. Time:
O(n²).
- **DFS (Depth-First Search)**: Recursively exploring branches of a
graph/tree.
- **BFS (Breadth-First Search)**: Exploring layer by layer.
- **Topological Sorting**: Ordering nodes in a Directed Acyclic Graph
(DAG).
#### **3. Transform-and-Conquer**:
- **Balanced Search Trees**: Trees like AVL and Red-Black trees with
height balancing. Time: O(log n).
- **Heaps**: Binary heaps for efficient priority queue operations. Time:
O(log n) for insertions.
- **Heap Sort**: Sorting using the heap data structure. Time: O(n log n).
---
### **UNIT III: Dynamic Programming and Greedy Algorithms**
#### **1. Dynamic Programming (DP)**:
- **Warshall’s Algorithm**: For finding transitive closure of a graph.
- **Floyd’s Algorithm**: All-pairs shortest paths algorithm. Time: O(n³).
- **Optimal Binary Search Trees**: Arranging search keys for minimal
average search cost.
- **0/1 Knapsack Problem**: DP solution to select items with maximum
value under weight constraint.
#### **2. Greedy Algorithms**:
- **Prim’s Algorithm**: Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) algorithm. Time: O(E
log V).
- **Kruskal’s Algorithm**: MST by selecting edges in increasing order of
weight.
- **Dijkstra’s Algorithm**: Shortest path from a source to all vertices.
Time: O(V²) or O(E log V) with a priority queue.
---
### **UNIT IV: Limitations of Algorithms**
#### **1. Limitations of Algorithm Power**:
- **Decision Trees**: Tree structure representing decisions to classify or
compute results.
- **P, NP, and NP-Complete Problems**:
- **P**: Problems solvable in polynomial time.
- **NP**: Problems verifiable in polynomial time.
- **NP-Complete**: Hardest problems in NP, no known polynomial
solution.
#### **2. Coping with Limitations**:
- **Backtracking**:
- **n-Queens Problem**: Placing n queens on an n×n chessboard so no
two queens attack each other.
- **Hamiltonian Circuit Problem**: Finding a circuit visiting each vertex
once.
- **Subset Sum Problem**: Finding a subset of numbers that sum to a
given value.
- **Branch-and-Bound**:
- Used for optimization problems like the **Knapsack Problem**.
- **Travelling Salesperson Problem (TSP)**: Finding the shortest route
visiting all cities.
- **Approximation Algorithms**:
- Algorithms for NP-hard problems that provide near-optimal solutions in
polynomial time.
---
### **Text and Reference Books**:
1. **Main Textbook**:
- **Introduction to Design & Analysis of Algorithms** by Anany Levitin.
2. **Reference Books**:
- **Introduction to Algorithms** by Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest, and Stein.
- **The Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms** by Aho, Hopcroft
& Ullman.
- **Fundamentals of Algorithmics** by Brassard & Bratley.
---
These are summaries for each topic mentioned. Would you like me to
expand on any of these sections with more detailed explanations or
examples? Great! I will provide notes for each section briefly, and then we
can expand as needed.
### **UNIT I: Introduction & Fundamentals of Algorithm Analysis**
#### **1. Introduction to Algorithmic Problem Solving:**
- **Algorithm**: A step-by-step procedure for solving a problem.
- **Important Problem Types**:
- **Sorting**: Ordering data (e.g., bubble sort, merge sort).
- **Searching**: Finding elements (e.g., binary search).
- **Graph Problems**: Pathfinding, traversal (e.g., DFS, BFS).
- **Optimization**: Maximizing or minimizing certain values (e.g.,
knapsack problem).
#### **2. Fundamentals of Analysis of Algorithms:**
- **Analysis Framework**:
- Studying algorithm efficiency (time, space).
- Worst-case, best-case, average-case analysis.
- **Asymptotic Notations**:
- **Big-O (O)**: Upper bound of the growth rate.
- **Big Omega (Ω)**: Lower bound.
- **Theta (Θ)**: Tight bound (both upper and lower).
- **Types of Analysis**:
- **Empirical Analysis**: Running experiments and collecting data.
- **Mathematical Analysis**: Using mathematical methods to prove time
and space efficiency.
#### **3. Brute Force Algorithms:**
- **Selection Sort**: O(n²) sorting algorithm, repeatedly finding the
minimum element.
- **Bubble Sort**: O(n²) sorting, repeatedly swapping adjacent elements.
- **Sequential Search**: O(n) search in unsorted lists.
- **Exhaustive Search**: Solving problems by checking every possible
option (brute force).
---
### **UNIT II: Divide-and-Conquer, Decrease-and-Conquer, Transform-
and-Conquer**
#### **1. Divide-and-Conquer**:
- **Merge Sort**: Recursively splitting the array and merging sorted parts.
Time: O(n log n).
- **Quick Sort**: Partitioning the array around a pivot, recursive sorting.
Time: O(n log n) (average).
- **Binary Search**: Searching in a sorted array by dividing the search
space. Time: O(log n).
#### **2. Decrease-and-Conquer**:
- **Insertion Sort**: Inserting each element into its correct position. Time:
O(n²).
- **DFS (Depth-First Search)**: Recursively exploring branches of a
graph/tree.
- **BFS (Breadth-First Search)**: Exploring layer by layer.
- **Topological Sorting**: Ordering nodes in a Directed Acyclic Graph
(DAG).
#### **3. Transform-and-Conquer**:
- **Balanced Search Trees**: Trees like AVL and Red-Black trees with
height balancing. Time: O(log n).
- **Heaps**: Binary heaps for efficient priority queue operations. Time:
O(log n) for insertions.
- **Heap Sort**: Sorting using the heap data structure. Time: O(n log n).
---
### **UNIT III: Dynamic Programming and Greedy Algorithms**
#### **1. Dynamic Programming (DP)**:
- **Warshall’s Algorithm**: For finding transitive closure of a graph.
- **Floyd’s Algorithm**: All-pairs shortest paths algorithm. Time: O(n³).
- **Optimal Binary Search Trees**: Arranging search keys for minimal
average search cost.
- **0/1 Knapsack Problem**: DP solution to select items with maximum
value under weight constraint.
#### **2. Greedy Algorithms**:
- **Prim’s Algorithm**: Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) algorithm. Time: O(E
log V).
- **Kruskal’s Algorithm**: MST by selecting edges in increasing order of
weight.
- **Dijkstra’s Algorithm**: Shortest path from a source to all vertices.
Time: O(V²) or O(E log V) with a priority queue.
---
### **UNIT IV: Limitations of Algorithms**
#### **1. Limitations of Algorithm Power**:
- **Decision Trees**: Tree structure representing decisions to classify or
compute results.
- **P, NP, and NP-Complete Problems**:
- **P**: Problems solvable in polynomial time.
- **NP**: Problems verifiable in polynomial time.
- **NP-Complete**: Hardest problems in NP, no known polynomial
solution.
#### **2. Coping with Limitations**:
- **Backtracking**:
- **n-Queens Problem**: Placing n queens on an n×n chessboard so no
two queens attack each other.
- **Hamiltonian Circuit Problem**: Finding a circuit visiting each vertex
once.
- **Subset Sum Problem**: Finding a subset of numbers that sum to a
given value.
- **Branch-and-Bound**:
- Used for optimization problems like the **Knapsack Problem**.
- **Travelling Salesperson Problem (TSP)**: Finding the shortest route
visiting all cities.
- **Approximation Algorithms**:
- Algorithms for NP-hard problems that provide near-optimal solutions in
polynomial time.
---
### **Text and Reference Books**:
1. **Main Textbook**:
- **Introduction to Design & Analysis of Algorithms** by Anany Levitin.
2. **Reference Books**:
- **Introduction to Algorithms** by Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest, and Stein.
- **The Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms** by Aho, Hopcroft
& Ullman.
- **Fundamentals of Algorithmics** by Brassard & Bratley.
---
These are summaries for each topic mentioned. Would you like me to
expand on any of these sections with more detailed explanations or
examples? Great! I will provide notes for each section briefly, and then we
can expand as needed.
### **UNIT I: Introduction & Fundamentals of Algorithm Analysis**
#### **1. Introduction to Algorithmic Problem Solving:**
- **Algorithm**: A step-by-step procedure for solving a problem.
- **Important Problem Types**:
- **Sorting**: Ordering data (e.g., bubble sort, merge sort).
- **Searching**: Finding elements (e.g., binary search).
- **Graph Problems**: Pathfinding, traversal (e.g., DFS, BFS).
- **Optimization**: Maximizing or minimizing certain values (e.g.,
knapsack problem).
#### **2. Fundamentals of Analysis of Algorithms:**
- **Analysis Framework**:
- Studying algorithm efficiency (time, space).
- Worst-case, best-case, average-case analysis.
- **Asymptotic Notations**:
- **Big-O (O)**: Upper bound of the growth rate.
- **Big Omega (Ω)**: Lower bound.
- **Theta (Θ)**: Tight bound (both upper and lower).
- **Types of Analysis**:
- **Empirical Analysis**: Running experiments and collecting data.
- **Mathematical Analysis**: Using mathematical methods to prove time
and space efficiency.
#### **3. Brute Force Algorithms:**
- **Selection Sort**: O(n²) sorting algorithm, repeatedly finding the
minimum element.
- **Bubble Sort**: O(n²) sorting, repeatedly swapping adjacent elements.
- **Sequential Search**: O(n) search in unsorted lists.
- **Exhaustive Search**: Solving problems by checking every possible
option (brute force).
---
### **UNIT II: Divide-and-Conquer, Decrease-and-Conquer, Transform-
and-Conquer**
#### **1. Divide-and-Conquer**:
- **Merge Sort**: Recursively splitting the array and merging sorted parts.
Time: O(n log n).
- **Quick Sort**: Partitioning the array around a pivot, recursive sorting.
Time: O(n log n) (average).
- **Binary Search**: Searching in a sorted array by dividing the search
space. Time: O(log n).
#### **2. Decrease-and-Conquer**:
- **Insertion Sort**: Inserting each element into its correct position. Time:
O(n²).
- **DFS (Depth-First Search)**: Recursively exploring branches of a
graph/tree.
- **BFS (Breadth-First Search)**: Exploring layer by layer.
- **Topological Sorting**: Ordering nodes in a Directed Acyclic Graph
(DAG).
#### **3. Transform-and-Conquer**:
- **Balanced Search Trees**: Trees like AVL and Red-Black trees with
height balancing. Time: O(log n).
- **Heaps**: Binary heaps for efficient priority queue operations. Time:
O(log n) for insertions.
- **Heap Sort**: Sorting using the heap data structure. Time: O(n log n).
---
### **UNIT III: Dynamic Programming and Greedy Algorithms**
#### **1. Dynamic Programming (DP)**:
- **Warshall’s Algorithm**: For finding transitive closure of a graph.
- **Floyd’s Algorithm**: All-pairs shortest paths algorithm. Time: O(n³).
- **Optimal Binary Search Trees**: Arranging search keys for minimal
average search cost.
- **0/1 Knapsack Problem**: DP solution to select items with maximum
value under weight constraint.
#### **2. Greedy Algorithms**:
- **Prim’s Algorithm**: Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) algorithm. Time: O(E
log V).
- **Kruskal’s Algorithm**: MST by selecting edges in increasing order of
weight.
- **Dijkstra’s Algorithm**: Shortest path from a source to all vertices.
Time: O(V²) or O(E log V) with a priority queue.
---
### **UNIT IV: Limitations of Algorithms**
#### **1. Limitations of Algorithm Power**:
- **Decision Trees**: Tree structure representing decisions to classify or
compute results.
- **P, NP, and NP-Complete Problems**:
- **P**: Problems solvable in polynomial time.
- **NP**: Problems verifiable in polynomial time.
- **NP-Complete**: Hardest problems in NP, no known polynomial
solution.
#### **2. Coping with Limitations**:
- **Backtracking**:
- **n-Queens Problem**: Placing n queens on an n×n chessboard so no
two queens attack each other.
- **Hamiltonian Circuit Problem**: Finding a circuit visiting each vertex
once.
- **Subset Sum Problem**: Finding a subset of numbers that sum to a
given value.
- **Branch-and-Bound**:
- Used for optimization problems like the **Knapsack Problem**.
- **Travelling Salesperson Problem (TSP)**: Finding the shortest route
visiting all cities.
- **Approximation Algorithms**:
- Algorithms for NP-hard problems that provide near-optimal solutions in
polynomial time.
---
### **Text and Reference Books**:
1. **Main Textbook**:
- **Introduction to Design & Analysis of Algorithms** by Anany Levitin.
2. **Reference Books**:
- **Introduction to Algorithms** by Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest, and Stein.
- **The Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms** by Aho, Hopcroft
& Ullman.
- **Fundamentals of Algorithmics** by Brassard & Bratley.
---
These are summaries for each topic mentioned. Would you like me to
expand on any of these sections with more detailed explanations or
examples? Great! I will provide notes for each section briefly, and then we
can expand as needed.
### **UNIT I: Introduction & Fundamentals of Algorithm Analysis**
#### **1. Introduction to Algorithmic Problem Solving:**
- **Algorithm**: A step-by-step procedure for solving a problem.
- **Important Problem Types**:
- **Sorting**: Ordering data (e.g., bubble sort, merge sort).
- **Searching**: Finding elements (e.g., binary search).
- **Graph Problems**: Pathfinding, traversal (e.g., DFS, BFS).
- **Optimization**: Maximizing or minimizing certain values (e.g.,
knapsack problem).
#### **2. Fundamentals of Analysis of Algorithms:**
- **Analysis Framework**:
- Studying algorithm efficiency (time, space).
- Worst-case, best-case, average-case analysis.
- **Asymptotic Notations**:
- **Big-O (O)**: Upper bound of the growth rate.
- **Big Omega (Ω)**: Lower bound.
- **Theta (Θ)**: Tight bound (both upper and lower).
- **Types of Analysis**:
- **Empirical Analysis**: Running experiments and collecting data.
- **Mathematical Analysis**: Using mathematical methods to prove time
and space efficiency.
#### **3. Brute Force Algorithms:**
- **Selection Sort**: O(n²) sorting algorithm, repeatedly finding the
minimum element.
- **Bubble Sort**: O(n²) sorting, repeatedly swapping adjacent elements.
- **Sequential Search**: O(n) search in unsorted lists.
- **Exhaustive Search**: Solving problems by checking every possible
option (brute force).
---
### **UNIT II: Divide-and-Conquer, Decrease-and-Conquer, Transform-
and-Conquer**
#### **1. Divide-and-Conquer**:
- **Merge Sort**: Recursively splitting the array and merging sorted parts.
Time: O(n log n).
- **Quick Sort**: Partitioning the array around a pivot, recursive sorting.
Time: O(n log n) (average).
- **Binary Search**: Searching in a sorted array by dividing the search
space. Time: O(log n).
#### **2. Decrease-and-Conquer**:
- **Insertion Sort**: Inserting each element into its correct position. Time:
O(n²).
- **DFS (Depth-First Search)**: Recursively exploring branches of a
graph/tree.
- **BFS (Breadth-First Search)**: Exploring layer by layer.
- **Topological Sorting**: Ordering nodes in a Directed Acyclic Graph
(DAG).
#### **3. Transform-and-Conquer**:
- **Balanced Search Trees**: Trees like AVL and Red-Black trees with
height balancing. Time: O(log n).
- **Heaps**: Binary heaps for efficient priority queue operations. Time:
O(log n) for insertions.
- **Heap Sort**: Sorting using the heap data structure. Time: O(n log n).
---
### **UNIT III: Dynamic Programming and Greedy Algorithms**
#### **1. Dynamic Programming (DP)**:
- **Warshall’s Algorithm**: For finding transitive closure of a graph.
- **Floyd’s Algorithm**: All-pairs shortest paths algorithm. Time: O(n³).
- **Optimal Binary Search Trees**: Arranging search keys for minimal
average search cost.
- **0/1 Knapsack Problem**: DP solution to select items with maximum
value under weight constraint.
#### **2. Greedy Algorithms**:
- **Prim’s Algorithm**: Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) algorithm. Time: O(E
log V).
- **Kruskal’s Algorithm**: MST by selecting edges in increasing order of
weight.
- **Dijkstra’s Algorithm**: Shortest path from a source to all vertices.
Time: O(V²) or O(E log V) with a priority queue.
---
### **UNIT IV: Limitations of Algorithms**
#### **1. Limitations of Algorithm Power**:
- **Decision Trees**: Tree structure representing decisions to classify or
compute results.
- **P, NP, and NP-Complete Problems**:
- **P**: Problems solvable in polynomial time.
- **NP**: Problems verifiable in polynomial time.
- **NP-Complete**: Hardest problems in NP, no known polynomial
solution.
#### **2. Coping with Limitations**:
- **Backtracking**:
- **n-Queens Problem**: Placing n queens on an n×n chessboard so no
two queens attack each other.
- **Hamiltonian Circuit Problem**: Finding a circuit visiting each vertex
once.
- **Subset Sum Problem**: Finding a subset of numbers that sum to a
given value.
- **Branch-and-Bound**:
- Used for optimization problems like the **Knapsack Problem**.
- **Travelling Salesperson Problem (TSP)**: Finding the shortest route
visiting all cities.
- **Approximation Algorithms**:
- Algorithms for NP-hard problems that provide near-optimal solutions in
polynomial time.
---
### **Text and Reference Books**:
1. **Main Textbook**:
- **Introduction to Design & Analysis of Algorithms** by Anany Levitin.
2. **Reference Books**:
- **Introduction to Algorithms** by Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest, and Stein.
- **The Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms** by Aho, Hopcroft
& Ullman.
- **Fundamentals of Algorithmics** by Brassard & Bratley.
---
These are summaries for each topic mentioned. Would you like me to
expand on any of these sections with more detailed explanations or
examples?
