TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

KHWOPA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An undertaking of Bhaktapur Municipality)

Libali-2, Bhaktapur.

A
Lab Report of

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING-II
Practical No:01
Traffic Volume Study

Submitted To:
Submitted By:
Department of Civil Engineering
Name : Sushant Bhattarai
Roll no.: KCE078BCE090 Khwopa College of Engineering
Group : D

Date of Submission: 2082/04/06

 TRAFFIC VOLUME STUDY AT JAGATI INTERSECTION

OBJECTIVES
a) To determine the peak hour.
b) To determine the peak hour traffic volume.
c) To understand vehicle composition during the study period.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
a) Pen
b) Datasheet
c) Watch
d) Clipboard

THEORY
Traffic Flow and Its Importance
• Efficient movement of people and goods is highly dependent on smooth traffic flow.
• Traffic flow is governed by traffic engineering and influenced by traffic characteristics.
• The three fundamental parameters of traffic flow:
o Volume
o Speed
o Density
• Volume is the most crucial parameter for planning, designing, and operating
transportation systems.

Limitations of Simple Vehicle Counts

• In mixed traffic conditions (cars, buses, motorcycles, trucks, etc.), vehicles differ
greatly in size and behavior.
• Counting only the number of vehicles per unit time doesn't accurately reflect the actual
traffic load.

Passenger Car Unit (PCU): A Solution

• PCU is a standardized unit used in traffic engineering to represent various vehicle types
as equivalent to passenger cars.
• This helps:
o Standardize traffic volume measurements
o Better assess road capacity and congestion
• Example:
o 1 truck might be considered 3 PCUs
o 1 motorcycle might be 0.5 PCUs

1
 Table 1: Equivalence Factor of different vehicles as per NRS-2070

Equivalence
S. N Vehicle Type
Factor

1 Two wheelers 0.5

Car, Auto Rickshaw, Light

2 1
Van, pickup

3 Light truck, tractor 1.5

Truck, bus, Mini Bus,

4 3
Tractor with trailer

5 Non- Motorized carts 6

Rate of Flow

• This refers to the hourly equivalent number of vehicles passing a certain point or
segment of a road, calculated over a shorter time interval, commonly 15 minutes.
• It helps to estimate traffic conditions in real-time or during short peak periods.

30th Highest Hourly Volume

• This is the 30th highest traffic volume recorded in an hour over the span of a year.
• It means traffic volumes surpass this level only 29 times annually; all other hours see
a lower volume.
• It is commonly used for roadway capacity and design decisions.

Peak Hour Volume (PHV)

• This is the highest volume of traffic recorded in a single hour of the day at a
specific lane, approach, or intersection.
• It indicates the busiest time period for a location and is crucial for analyzing capacity
needs.

2
Peak Hour Factor (PHF)

• The PHF reflects how traffic is distributed during the peak hour.
• It is calculated by dividing the total peak hour volume by four times the volume of
the peak 15-minute interval within that hour:
• A lower PHF suggests a sharper traffic surge, while a higher PHF indicates more
uniform flow.

Design Flow Rate

• This represents the calculated flow rate used for design purposes.
• It is determined by dividing the peak hour volume by the PHF:
• It provides a realistic estimate of traffic load for roadway design and planning.

Average Daily Traffic (ADT)

• ADT is the average number of vehicles in a 24-hour period, measured at a specific

location over a selected period less than one year.
• Often used to track monthly or seasonal traffic trends.

Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT)

• AADT refers to the yearly average daily traffic volume, calculated by dividing the
total vehicle count in a year by 365 days.
• It is widely used in transportation planning, highway design, and site evaluation
for businesses.

METHODS FOR VOLUME SURVEY

Manual Counting Method

This method involves human observation to record vehicle movement. It can be categorized
into:
a) Direct Manual Method
• In this approach, data is collected in real-time using hand tally sheets or traffic count
apps by individuals stationed at survey points.
Advantages:
• Can record vehicle type, traffic volume, and turning movements.
• Data is instantly available for analysis.
Disadvantages:
• Not suitable for high traffic volumes or long-duration studies.
• Prone to human error, especially during peak hours.
• Cannot be cross-verified later.
• Ineffective in adverse weather (rain, fog, etc.).

3
b) Indirect Manual Method
• Involves video recording traffic at the location and analyzing it later.
Advantages:
• Multiple reviews increase accuracy.
• Can record vehicle types, volume, and movement patterns.
• Suitable for non-lane-disciplined or heavy traffic.
Disadvantages:
• Requires elevated setup for good visibility.
• Data extraction is time-consuming.
• Limited recording time due to storage.
• Lighting conditions (e.g., cloudy days) affect video quality.

Automatic Counting Method

This method uses technological devices to collect traffic data without human intervention. It
is classified into:
a) Contact-Based Systems
• Use physical interaction with passing vehicles via:
o Pneumatic tubes
o Mechanical counters
o Magnetic sensors
o Piezo-electric sensors
b) Contactless Systems
• Employ sensors that detect vehicles without physical contact, including:
o Infrared and microwave sensors
o Ultrasonic detectors
o Video image processing
o CCTV systems
o Optical or electric sensors

4
PROCEDURE

1. The direct manual method was employed for conducting the traffic volume survey
using both hand tally sheets and a traffic counting mobile application.

2. A team of eight individuals was formed to carry out the survey effectively.

3. The survey was conducted during two time intervals:

o Morning: 8:30 AM to 10:30 AM
o Evening: 4:30 PM to 6:30 PM
The team was rotated between these shifts to ensure consistent data collection.

4. Each member of the team was assigned to a different leg of the intersection, where they
recorded the vehicle type and movement direction at 15-minute intervals.

5. The collected data was compiled, and Passenger Car Unit (PCU) values were assigned
to different vehicle categories to standardize the traffic volume.

6. The Peak Hour Factor (PHF) was then calculated based on the recorded data.

7. Upon completion of the data collection and analysis, the traffic volume study was
successfully concluded.

5
 OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Table 2: Traffic volume data sheet for Banepa to Suryabinayak Route

note: E- BANEPA, W-SURYABINAYAK and

Traffic Count at Jagati Intersection
N- CHYAMASINGH
Location: Jagati Intersection
Classification based on PCU as per NRS 2070

Light (Mini) Truck,Bus,

Truck, Minibus Traffic 8:30 8:45 9:00 9:15 9:30
Motorbike Car/Jeep/Van Total Peak
Direction Time Tractor, Tractor Volume to to to to to Peak Hour
(0.5) (1) PCU Volume
Rickshaw with trailer (PCU) 9:30 9:45 10:00 10:15 10:30
(1.5) (3)

4:45
PCU 4:30 to 5:00 to 5:15 to 5:30 to

PCU

PCU

PCU
Shift R.N Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. to
5:30 6:00 6:15 6:30
5:45

8:30 to 8:45 89 44.5 38 38 12 18 10 30 130.5 514.5

8:45 to 9:00 92 46 47 47 0 0 13 39 132 564.5
1042
9:00 to 9:15 104 52 20 20 10 15 12 36 123 513.5
9:15 to 9:30 97 48.5 40 40 3 4.5 12 36 129 521.5
Morning

9:30 to 9:45 75,89 128 64 40 40 7 10.5 22 66 180.5 527.5 8:45 to 9:45 564.5
9:45 to10:00 91 45.5 22 22 5 7.5 2 6 81
10:00 to
10:15
76 38 24 24 4 6 21 63 131
10:15 to
E-W 10:30
76 38 28 28 6 9 20 60 135
4:30 to 4:45 62 31 37 37 8 12 25 75 155 660.5
4:45 to 5:00 57 28.5 36 36 7 10.5 22 66 141 372
5:00 to 5:15 92 46 53 53 5 7.5 28 84 190.5 399.5
Evening

5:15 to 5:30 82 41 52 52 2 3 26 78 174 425.5

75,89 1319 9:00 to 10:00 704
5:30 to 5:45 98 49 67 67 5 7.5 16 48 171.5 461
5:45 to 6:00 77 38.5 50 50 5 7.5 24 72 168
6:00 to 6:15 72 36 44 44 8 12 26 78 170
6:15 to 6:30 73 36.5 48 48 5 7.5 19 57 149

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 Table 3: Traffic Volume Data sheet for Suryabinayak to Banepa Route

note: E- BANEPA, W-SURYABINAYAK and

Traffic Count at Jagati Intersection
N- CHYAMASINGH
Location: Jagati Intersection
Classification based on PCU as per NRS 2070

Light (Mini) Truck,Bus,

Truck, Minibus Traffic 8:30 8:45 9:00 9:15 9:30
Motorbike Car/Jeep/Van Total Peak
Direction Time Tractor, Tractor Volume to to to to to Peak Hour
(0.5) (1) PCU Volume
Rickshaw with trailer (PCU) 9:30 9:45 10:00 10:15 10:30
(1.5) (3)

4:45
4:30 to 5:00 to 5:15 to 5:30 to

PCU

PCU

PCU

PCU
Shift R.N Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. to
5:30 6:00 6:15 6:30
5:45

8:30 to 8:45 49 24.5 48 48 4 6 2 6 84.5 440.5

8:45 to 9:00 53 26.5 58 58 4 6 1 3 93.5 444.5
1034
9:00 to 9:15 78 39 67 67 4 6 0 0 112 535.5
9:15 to 9:30 50 25 61 61 9 13.5 17 51 150.5 597
Morning

9:30 to 9:45 81,84 56 28 29 29 5 7.5 8 24 88.5 593.5 9:15 to 10:15 597

9:45 to10:00 61 30.5 43 43 6 9 34 102 184.5
10:00 to
10:15
85 42.5 62 62 6 9 20 60 173.5
10:15 to
W-E 10:30
53 26.5 59 59 7 10.5 17 51 147
4:30 to 4:45 32 16 33 33 7 10.5 11 33 92.5 513
4:45 to 5:00 33 16.5 32 32 9 13.5 12 36 98 611.5
5:00 to 5:15 87 43.5 39 39 18 27 16 48 157.5 679.5
Evening

5:15 to 5:30 72 36 51 51 20 30 16 48 165 695

82,84 1198.5 5:15 to 6:15 695
5:30 to 5:45 97 48.5 51 51 17 25.5 22 66 191 685.5
5:45 to 6:00 80 40 54 54 22 33 13 39 166
6:00 to 6:15 74 37 52 52 18 27 19 57 173
6:15 to 6:30 79 39.5 53 53 10 15 16 48 155.5

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 Table 4: Traffic Volume Data sheet for Banepa to Chyamasingh route

note: E- BANEPA, W-SURYABINAYAK and

Traffic Count at Jagati Intersection
N- CHYAMASINGH
Location: Jagati Intersection
Classification based on PCU as per NRS 2070

Light (Mini) Truck,Bus,

Truck, Minibus Traffic 8:30 8:45 9:00 9:15 9:30
Motorbike Car/Jeep/Van Total Peak
Direction Time Tractor, Tractor Volume to to to to to Peak Hour
(0.5) (1) PCU Volume
Rickshaw with trailer (PCU) 9:30 9:45 10:00 10:15 10:30
(1.5) (3)

4:45
PCU 4:30 to 5:00 to 5:15 to 5:30 to

PCU

PCU

PCU
Shift R.N Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. to
5:30 6:00 6:15 6:30
5:45

8:30 to 8:45 6 3 8 8 3 4.5 4 12 27.5 118.5

8:45 to 9:00 9 4.5 13 13 4 6 6 18 41.5 129.5
9:00 to 9:15 10 5 6 6 4 6 4 12 29 124
9:15 to 9:30 6 3 10 10 3 4.5 1 3 20.5 118
Morning

244
9:30 to 9:45 88,93 10 5 8 8 5 7.5 6 18 38.5 125.5 8:45 to 9:45 129.5
9:45 to10:00 14 7 11 11 6 9 3 9 36
10:00 to
10:15
14 7 4 4 4 6 2 6 23
10:15 to
E-N 10:30
16 8 8 8 4 6 2 6 28
4:30 to 4:45 6 3 11 11 2 3 1 3 20 117.5
4:45 to 5:00 7 3.5 10 10 1 1.5 3 9 24 117
5:00 to 5:15 5 2.5 13 13 10 15 3 9 39.5 109.5
Evening

5:15 to 5:30 11 5.5 9 9 7 10.5 3 9 34 98.5

88,93 204.5 4:30 to 5:30 117.5
5:30 to 5:45 2 1 8 8 1 1.5 3 9 19.5 87
5:45 to 6:00 9 4.5 9 9 0 0 1 3 16.5
6:00 to 6:15 8 4 8 8 5 7.5 3 9 28.5
6:15 to 6:30 7 3.5 7 7 4 6 2 6 22.5

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 Table 5: Traffic volume sheet for Chyamasingh to Banepa Route

note: E- BANEPA, W-SURYABINAYAK and

Traffic Count at Jagati Intersection
N- CHYAMASINGH
Location: Jagati Intersection
Classification based on PCU as per NRS 2070

Light (Mini) Truck,Bus,

Truck, Minibus Traffic 8:30 8:45 9:00 9:15 9:30
Motorbike Car/Jeep/Van Total Peak
Direction Time Tractor, Tractor Volume to to to to to Peak Hour
(0.5) (1) PCU Volume
Rickshaw with trailer (PCU) 9:30 9:45 10:00 10:15 10:30
(1.5) (3)

4:45
4:30 to 5:00 to 5:15 to 5:30 to
PCU

PCU

PCU

PCU
Shift R.N Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. to
5:30 6:00 6:15 6:30
5:45

8:30 to 8:45 10 5 8 8 4 6 1 3 22 121.5

8:45 to 9:00 22 11 11 11 5 7.5 2 6 35.5 133.5
216
9:00 to 9:15 5 2.5 6 6 1 1.5 4 12 22 121
9:15 to 9:30 17 8.5 8 8 7 10.5 5 15 42 113
Morning

9:30 to 9:45 77,86 20 10 15 15 4 6 1 3 34 94.5 8:45 to 9:45 133.5

9:45 to10:00 8 4 4 4 6 9 2 6 23
10:00 to
10:15
6 3 8 8 2 3 0 0 14
10:15 to
N-E 10:30
12 6 10 10 3 4.5 1 3 23.5
4:30 to 4:45 3 1.5 1 1 1 1.5 0 0 4 90
4:45 to 5:00 2 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 3 105.5
5:00 to 5:15 16 8 2 2 2 3 12 36 49 123
Evening

5:15 to 5:30 7 3.5 8 8 3 4.5 6 18 34 106

92 175.5 5:00 to 6:00 123
5:30 to 5:45 9 4.5 3 3 2 3 3 9 19.5 85.5
5:45 to 6:00 10 5 5 5 1 1.5 3 9 20.5
6:00 to 6:15 8 4 1 1 0 0 9 27 32
6:15 to 6:30 5 2.5 2 2 0 0 3 9 13.5

9
 Table 6: Traffic Volume sheet for Chyamasingh to Suyrabinayak Route

note: E- BANEPA, W-SURYABINAYAK and

Traffic Count at Jagati Intersection
N- CHYAMASINGH
Location: Jagati Intersection
Classification based on PCU as per NRS 2070

Light (Mini) Truck,Bus,

Truck, Minibus Traffic 8:30 8:45 9:00 9:15 9:30
Motorbike Car/Jeep/Van Total Peak
Direction Time Tractor, Tractor Volume to to to to to Peak Hour
(0.5) (1) PCU Volume
Rickshaw with trailer (PCU) 9:30 9:45 10:00 10:15 10:30
(1.5) (3)

4:45
4:30 to 5:00 to 5:15 to 5:30 to
PCU

PCU

PCU

PCU
Shift R.N Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. to
5:30 6:00 6:15 6:30
5:45

8:30 to 8:45 101 50.5 28 28 2 3 24 72 153.5 733

8:45 to 9:00 95 47.5 30 30 6 9 21 63 149.5 742
9:00 to 9:15 123 61.5 52 52 9 13.5 29 87 214 775 1324.5

9:15 to 9:30 188 94 41 41 8 12 23 69 216 696

Morning

9:30 to 9:45 79 157 78.5 24 24 4 6 18 54 162.5 591.5 9:00 to 10:00 775

9:45 to10:00 153 76.5 34 34 2 3 23 69 182.5
10:00 to
10:15
123 61.5 18 18 1 1.5 18 54 135
10:15 to
N-W 10:30
89 44.5 16 16 2 3 16 48 111.5
4:30 to 4:45 71 35.5 42 42 1 1.5 17 51 130 686
4:45 to 5:00 91 45.5 48 48 6 9 28 84 186.5 717.5
5:00 to 5:15 102 51 63 63 2 3 24 72 189 671
Evening

5:15 to 5:30 79, 80 40 52 52 5 7.5 27 81 180.5 601.5

1209 4:45 to 5:45 717.5
5:30 to 5:45 87 58 29 38 38 1 1.5 31 93 161.5 523
5:45 to 6:00 88 44 30 30 2 3 21 63 140
6:00 to 6:15 58 29 20 20 3 4.5 22 66 119.5
6:15 to 6:30 60 30 15 15 0 0 19 57 102

10
 Table 7: Traffic volume sheet for Suryabinayak to Chyamasingh Route

note: E- BANEPA, W-SURYABINAYAK and

Traffic Count at Jagati Intersection
N- CHYAMASINGH
Location: Jagati Intersection
Classification based on PCU as per NRS 2070

Light (Mini) Truck,Bus,

Truck, Minibus Traffic 8:30 8:45 9:00 9:15 9:30
Motorbike Car/Jeep/Van Total Peak
Direction Time Tractor, Tractor Volume to to to to to Peak Hour
(0.5) (1) PCU Volume
Rickshaw with trailer (PCU) 9:30 9:45 10:00 10:15 10:30
(1.5) (3)

4:45
4:30 to 5:00 to 5:15 to 5:30 to

PCU

PCU

PCU

PCU
Shift R.N Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. to
5:30 6:00 6:15 6:30
5:45

8:30 to 8:45 76 38 5 5 2 3 18 54 100 494.5

8:45 to 9:00 80 40 25 25 3 4.5 15 45 114.5 511
9:00 to 9:15 68 34 33 33 5 7.5 16 48 122.5 550 1055

9:15 to 9:30 105 52.5 21 21 4 6 26 78 157.5 564.5

Morning

9:30 to 9:45 79 102 51 16 16 3 4.5 15 45 116.5 560.5 9:15 to 10:15 564.5

9:45 to10:00 90 45 29 29 1 1.5 26 78 153.5
10:00 to
10:15
85 42.5 30 30 1 1.5 21 63 137
10:15 to
W-N 10:30
96 48 35 35 3 4.5 22 66 153.5
4:30 to 4:45 85 42.5 28 28 5 7.5 19 57 135 658.5
4:45 to 5:00 111 55.5 32 32 8 12 28 84 183.5 732.5
5:00 to 5:15 139 69.5 26 26 7 10.5 23 69 175 771
Evening

5:15 to 5:30 79, 99 49.5 42 42 9 13.5 20 60 165 786.5

1450 5:30 to 6:30 791.5
5:30 to 5:45 87 125 62.5 55 55 5 7.5 28 84 209 791.5
5:45 to 6:00 148 74 52 52 4 6 30 90 222
6:00 to 6:15 127 63.5 43 43 6 9 25 75 190.5
6:15 to 6:30 99 49.5 44 44 7 10.5 22 66 170

11
Table 8: Peak Hour Factor calculation for Thursday Morning

Total Traffic Volume of the Intersection at Thursday Morning (PCU)

Total Peak
8:30 to 8:45 to 9:00 to 9:15 to 9:30 to Peak
Time PCU Hour
9:30 9:45 10:00 10:15 10:30 Hour
volume Factor
8:30
to 518
8:45
8:45
to 566.5
9:00
9:00
to 622.5
9:15
9:15
to 715.5
9:30 9:00
2422.5 2525 2619 2610 2493 to 0.92
9:30 10:00
to 620.5
9:45
9:45
to 660.5
10:00
10:00
to 613.5
10:15
10:15
to 598.5
10:30

Therefore, Peak hour = 9:00 to 10:00

Peak Hour volume = 2619 PCU
PHF = {Total peak hour volume/(4*Q15(max))}
PHF = (2619/4*715.5)
Thus, PHF = 0.92

12
Table 9: Peak Hour Factor calculation for Thursday Evening

Total Traffic Volume of the Intersection at Thursday Evening (PCU)

Total Peak
4:00 to 4:15 to 4:30 to 4:45 to 5:00 to Peak
Time PCU Hour
5:00 5:15 5:30 5:45 6:00 Hour
volume Factor
4:30
to 536.5
4:45
4:45
to 636
5:00
5:00
to 800.5
5:15
5:15
to 752.5
5:30 5:00
2725.5 2961 3058 2971 2831 to 0.96
5:30 6:00
to 772
5:45
5:45
to 733
6:00
6:00
to 713.5
6:15
6:15
to 612.5
6:30

Therefore, Peak hour = 5:00 to 6:00

Peak Hour volume = 3058 PCU
PHF = {Total peak hour volume/(4*Q15(max))}
PHF = (3058/4*800.5)
Thus, PHF = 0.96

13
 Traffic Volume Count (Thursday Morning)
250
E-W
W-E
Traffic Volume Count (Thursday Evening) N-E
200
250 E-N
E-W
N-W
W-E
W-N
Traffic Volume (PCU)

N-E
200 E-N
Traffic Volume (PCU)

150 N-W

150

100
100

50
50

0
0 4:30 to 4:45
4:45 to 5:00
5:00 to 5:15
5:15 to 5:30
5:30 to 5:45
5:45 to 6:00
6:00 to 6:15
6:15 to 6:30
Time H:M
8:30 to 8:45 8:45 to 9:00 9:00 to 9:15 9:15 to 9:30 9:30 to 9:45 9:45 to 10:00 10:00 to 10:15 10:15 to 10:30
Time H:M

Graph 1 : Bar chart for Traffic Volume (PCU) vs Time

14
 Traffic Volume Count (Thursday Evening)
250
E-W
W-E
N-E
200 E-N
N-W
W-N
Traffic Volume (PCU)

150

100

50

0
4:30 to 4:45 4:45 to 5:00 5:00 to 5:15 5:15 to 5:30 5:30 to 5:45 5:45 to 6:00 6:00 to 6:15 6:15 to 6:30
Time H:M
Graph 2 : Bar chart for Traffic Volume (PCU) vs Time

15
 Traffic Volume Piechart of PCU (Thrusday Morning)

0.5 PCU 1 PCU 1.5 PCU 3 PCU

Graph 3 : Pie chart for different values of PCU at Peak hour on Thursday Morning

Traffic Volume Piechart of PCU (Thrusday Evening)

0.5 PCU 1 PCU 1.5 PCU 3 PCU

Graph 4 : Pie chart for different values of PCU at Peak hour on Thursday Evening

16
 RESULT
Hence, the Peak Hour Factor (PHF) at Jagati Intersection was determined to be 0.92 during
Thursday morning and 0.96 during Thursday evening.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

A vehicle count survey was carried out at the Jagati Intersection as part of a short-term traffic
study aimed at identifying peak hour traffic flow and evaluating saturation flow at the signalized
junction. During peak hours, short-term traffic surges may exceed the intersection's capacity,
resulting in congestion and operational breakdowns. To accurately assess this, traffic volumes
recorded over intervals of less than an hour are converted into equivalent hourly rates, with 15-
minute intervals being standard for most design and operational analyses. This enables precise
identification of maximum flow rates and calculation of the Peak Hour Factor (PHF).
The manual counting method was employed for data collection, which is appropriate for short-
duration and non-continuous studies. Though conducted over a limited time span, such data—
when adjusted using seasonal correction factors—can support estimates of Average Daily Traffic
(ADT) and Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT). These findings provide valuable insights for
recommending future roadway expansions and upgrades.
According to the collected data:
• The morning peak hour occurred between 9:00 AM and 10:00 AM, with a PHF of 0.92.
• The evening peak hour occurred between 5:00 PM and 6:00 PM, with a PHF of 0.96.
Although the morning PHF is numerically closer to 1, the lower PHF in the evening indicates
that traffic is more uneven and congested during the evening peak, suggesting a higher likelihood
of flow breakdowns during this period.

PRECAUTIONS

i. Safety measures must be adopted while surveying to prevent any accidents. .

ii. Vehicles of various type and various PCU should be considered.
iii. Proper site must be selected which should be free from any geometric features of road.

REFERENCES
• Shrestha, D.K. & Marsani, A. (2023) TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING VOLUME – II.
Heritage Publishers.

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