BOP Stack Testing (Blowout Preventer/PSL)

The implementation of the BOP Stack Pressure Test is as follows:

1. The equipment used for BOP testing includes a plug tester, cup tester, rig pump and
hydraulic tester unit.
The tester plug is mounted on the drill pipe and lowered into the hole until it sits on
casing head spool.
3. Fill the hole with fluid in the form of water until full through the hole filling channel.
using a rig pump.
4. Open one of the 2-inch valves present on the casing head spool. This is to ensure
if during the BOP test the tester plug is leaking then the fluid can escape
through the 2" valve so that the pressure will not burden the casing.
5. Open the 4" HCR valve and close the adjustable choke.
6. Close the annular BOP.
7. Connect the hose on the hydraulic tester unit to the pressure gauge.
attached to the filling hole channel on the stand pipe manifold.
8. Press the BOP with a pressure of 500 psi (low pressure) and hold for 10 minutes.
Check for leaks on the BOP stack. Refer to the chart available on the tester unit.
9. If good, gradually increase the test pressure to a maximum of 70% of
BOP stack working pressure and hold for 10–15 minutes.
10. Check for leaks in the BOP stack and look at the chart on the tester unit.
11. If good, slowly release the pressure through the exhaust channel.
12. When the pressure gauge shows 0 psi, then open the annular BOP.
13. Followed by testing the Back Pressure Manifold.
14. Open the adjustable choke and all valves on the Back Pressure Manifold (BPM)
Except for the valve leading to the flare, the separator and mud pit must be closed.
15. Fill the hole and BPM with fluid in the form of water until full through the filling channel.
hole using a rig pump.
16. Follow the steps like no 7 to 12 above.
To conduct testing on the BOP ram pipe, the steps are the same as the testing
what is done on the annular BOP, but the BOP that is closed is the pipe ram BOP.
Meanwhile, the steps to conduct blind ram testing are as follows:
The tester plug is installed on the drill pipe and lowered into the hole until it sits on
casing head spool.
2. Remove the drill pipe from the tester plug and pull the drill pipe out of the hole.
3. Fill the hole with fluid in the form of water until full through the hole filling channel.
using a rig pump.
4. Open one of the 2-inch valves on the casing head spool. This is intended to
If during the BOP test the tester plug leaks, then fluid may escape.
through the 2" valve so that the pressure will not burden the casing.
5. Open the 4" HCR valve and close the adjustable choke.
6. Close the ram blind.
7. Connect the hose on the hydraulic tester unit to the pressure gauge.
mounted on the charging hole channel in the manifold stand pipe.
 8. Press the BOP with a pressure of 500 psi (low pressure) and hold for 10 minutes.
Check for leaks on the BOP stack. Look at the chart on the tester unit.
9. If good, gradually increase the testing pressure up to a maximum of 70% of
BOP stack working pressure and hold for 10–15 minutes.
10. Check for leaks on the BOP stack and look at the chart on the tester unit.
11. If good, release the pressure slowly through the exhaust.
12. When the pressure gauge shows 0 psi, open the blind ram BOP.
13. Insert the drill pipe into the hole and connect it to the tester plug. Remove the tester.
plug to be removed from inside the hole.
In addition to BOP testing by applying working pressure, testing is also conducted.
by opening and closing the BOP or what is called function test.

Control System
ACCUMULATOR UNIT
The initial moment when a well kick occurs is a critical time that requires action.
quickly, to avoid the increase of kick and the increase of splashes from happening
blowout control, therefore, a controlling unit (Blowout Preventer/PSL) is required.
system) that can provide continuous hydraulic power (automatically) quickly,
easy, safe and practical to close wild spray prevention. This equipment unit in the industry
The drilling is called an accumulator unit or closing unit. It is called an accumulator unit because the fluid
Hydraulic is accumulated or stored in a steel pit under high pressure.
and ready to be used. It is called a closing unit because the system has the main function to
closing the Wild Eruption Preventer (PSL) during the kick.
Main Components of the Accumulator Unit
Accumua
l tor bote
l s, contan
in
i g hydraucil u
fld
i stored under hg
i h pressure.
Compressing nitrogen together with hydraulic fluid can quickly flow for use.
2. High-pressure pump equipped with an automatic hydraulic pressure switch,
so the pump can fill the accumulator at any time when the hydraulic in the accumulator
down and returned until the working pressure of the accumulator is reached.
3. The control manifold consisting of valves, pressure regulator regulates pressure and
the flow of hydraulic fluid to each Blowout Preventer (BOP).
4. A container for hydraulic fluid with pressure equal to the outside air.
5. The hydraulic fluid used must have low viscosity, and not be easily...
burned, cannot cause rust and has good lubricating properties and
Specifically in the sea, it must not cause the death of marine creatures.
6. Pipe Line 1”, a high-pressure resistant pipe for conveying energy fluids
hydraulic to Blowout Preventer (BOP) and the return flow of fluid from the Preventer
Wild discharge (PSL) to the catchment tank.
7. Remote control, is a device for remotely controlling the accumulator unit.
Accumulator Bottle Unit
Check the nitrogen content once a week
The precharge nitrogen pressure is 1000 psi ± 10% for a working pressure system of 2000.
psi and for 3000 psi. For a working pressure of 1500 psi the precharge nitrogen pressure is
750 psi ± 10% is required.
 2. Check the reservoir fluid condition once a week, and if there are any deposits, address them immediately.
discarded. And refill to the recommended height. Use hydraulic oil SAE
10 and do not use fuel oil, kerosene or salt water.
Air Operated Pump
Adjustment of Hydro-Pneumatic Pressure Switch
To raise the shut off set point, turn the spring adjustment nut from left to right.
To lower the shut off set point, turn the spring adjustment nut from right to left.
2. Check the lubricator water once a week, fill to the appropriate level with oil.
SAE 10 lubricant.
3. Clean the strainer and filter with warm water or kerosene once a week.
4. The packing pump that has a spring loaded does not require adjustment. But
the pump with an 'adjustable packing gland' must be tightened sufficiently so that it does not
excessive leaking.
Electric Triplex Pump
1. Setting the electric pressure switch:
To set this, open the adjustment screw cover on the right side of the switch.
To raise the shut off set point, turn the adjusting screw counterclockwise.
jam until the shut off set point is reached.
To lower the shut off set point, turn the adjusting screw clockwise until
shut off set point reached.
2. Check the crankcase-lubricating oil once a month.
3. Check the lubricant oil level once a month.
4. Packing the pump, check once a week. Pump with 'adjustable packing gland'
must be hardened enough so that it does not leak excessively.
5. Strainer, clean the strainer once a week with warm water or kerosene.
Control Manifold
1. Regulator, fully operated up to its operating range and reset again to
operating pressure. Varying the setting to eliminate permanent setting wear.
on shear seals.
2. Air transmitter, the air transmitter regulator must be set to 15 psi. Do not change this setting.
3. Four-way control, provide grease.
4. Air Cylinder, lubricate the piston rod and air cylinder with a silicon based lubricant.
quality. Provide grease mounting bolt from air cylinder.
5. Check out, open the 4" inspection hole once a week and see if there are any signs of
leakage from the exhaust/recovery line of the regulator, control valve, and relief valve. Repair it.
or replace if necessary.

STRUCTURE TO PREVENT WILD ERUPTION/ PSL (BOP)

PREVENTION OF WILD FUMETION CONNECTION
The connection method for Wild Blowout Preventer, Drilling Spool, Choke Line, and Kill Line is done as follows
there are 3 types of outlines, namely conventional flange or called flange, studded flange and
clamp hub. The most commonly used is the flange or ring joint gasket that
standardized in API standard 6A.
There are two basic types, namely 6B, for a maximum working pressure of 2000, 3000, 5000 psi and
standard 6BX for 10000 and 15000 maximum working pressure and specifically for 5000 psi
maximum working pressure for flange 13 5/8" and larger.
Type 6B flange has a groove with a flat base that can be fitted with RX or R ring.
oval or octagonal shaped joint gaskets can replace each other. However, when
The basic outline is in a curved circular shape, so only the ring joint gasket R is oval-shaped.
It can be used. For type 6BX flange, it can only be installed with a BX type ring joint gasket.
Type BX and RX ring joint gaskets are pressure energized seal rings, so due to the presence of
vibration will cause the ring to vibrate and as a result, the bolt will loosen and require
re-binding from time to time. For the energized ring will continue to provide
the tightness even though some bolts became loose.
The studded bolt connection has the same characteristics as a flange, except that the bolt is direct.
attached to the body that will be connected. This way can reduce the height of
PSL or others because it is not necessary to make flange wings. Clamp type connection
also requires the same RX and BX ring joint gaskets and uses a clamp with
only requires fastening 2 to 4 bolts. This method is quicker for disassembly
and reassembling it compared to the API flange. This system is now widely used.
used for Wild Spill Preventers (PSL) used both onshore and offshore.
The specifications of the Wild Blowout Preventer (PSL) will indicate the size and
work pressure Wild Blow Preventer (PSL). It can be seen through the writing
on the PSL body or stamp on the flange. The flange size was previously based on the size
nominal that is not based on the smallest diameter size (minimum vertical bore)
but the mention of the new Wild Blowout Preventer (PSL) size is now based on
minimum vertical bore size. With this new naming method between sizes
the nominal size and the minimum vertical bore are the same. This new nominal size designation is
you can definitely find out the outer diameter size of the device that can be inserted into
Wild Eruption Preventer (PSL).

WILD EJECTION PREVENTION ARRANGEMENT/PSL (BOP). (PSL STACK ARRANGEMENT)

Several wild spray preventers arranged to be installed on the well head are called PSL.
stack. There are many possibilities for the installation of anti-splash arrangement that
maybe installed on the drilling.
As written in the API RP 53 bulletin, there are various types of PSL stack arrangements.
which can be used based on the working pressure that will be faced during drilling.
The considerations used to determine the composition of the PSL stack are:
Government regulations or oil company regulations or drilling contractor regulations.
Physical size, working pressure, and cost.
Operational flexibility and operational safety.
PSL INSTALLATION
Several issues to consider when installing/arranging PSL:
All ring grooves must be dry and free of grease.
Avoid using steel brushes in cleaning tasks as it may
damaging its surface. Clean with a dry cloth and carefully check for any
possibilities that could cause leaks.
 Use light oil lubricant and do not use grease.
Tighten with sufficient torque on the flange, clamp, or on the bonnet.
All connections of choke line, kill line, relief line, and choke manifold must be minimal
same as the working pressure of the Blowout Preventer (BOP).
The choke line and kill line must be anchored and tied tightly.
Swivel joint pipe choke line can facilitate installation but should preferably be avoided.
The choke flow line should ideally be straight or can be curved with a large radius.
Using a swivel joint on the kill line is fine and sharp bends are allowed.
it's best to use a T connection.
Choke flow line will operate with high-pressure fluid and with fast flow.
this can cause erosion and also result in a high pressure drop
which can lead to incorrect readings of the annulus pressure. Therefore, the choke
The line should be of large size (minimum 3” ID) specifically for the flow line diverter line.
also make sure to install it straight with a minimum size of 6" in two pieces and
equipped with a valve that can be fully opened.
PSL TESTING
PSL testing is very important as a preventive measure against wild sprays because many
the event of a wild blowout occurring due to the failure of PSL work, which includes
caused by:
The equipment is not installed correctly/perfectly.
2. The PSL seal gasket and ring joint leak due to vibration and increased load.
3. Turn the casing off.

4. Kill line and choke line leak due to erosion, blockage, because of mud deposits, cement
and others.
There is only one way to ensure the readiness to prevent wild eruptions in terms of equipment.
among other things, testing must be conducted.

Control Channel
Drilling spool, choke, and kill line are necessary for the installation of the blowout preventer unit.
(blowout preventer stack) functions for the control line during the process of closing the well and
the circulation kills the kick.
The drill spool, choke and kill line, and their connection system must have a working pressure.
equal to or greater than the installed blowout preventer stack.
During drilling operations and during handling operations of the kick, pipe joints
The choke and kill line will experience pressure and vibrations, therefore it must be provided with
supporters, anchored and tied tightly.
Drilling Spool
Initially, the drilling spool was the only way to connect choke and kill.
blowout preventer. But now choke and kill line
should be directly installed on the side outlet of the BOP body.
The purpose of creating choke and kill lines on the BOP body is to eliminate the use of
drilling spool to save space and reduce the height of the BOP stack and
also reduces the number of connections on the BOP stack. One of the disadvantages of the use of
Killing and choke lines on the BOP body are at risk of erosion of the choke line outlet by sand that
exit with a kick burst. When the erosion damage is too great, it can
causing the BOP to be unusable. Meanwhile, if what wears away is the hole.
replacing the drilling spool will be cheaper compared to the choke line on the drilling spool.
replacing or repairing BOP.
The minimum requirements for a drilling spool are:
Must have 2 side outlets with a minimum diameter of 2" and 3".
The inner diameter (bore) of the drilling spool must be at least equal to the inner diameter.
casing head peak
The minimum working pressure must be equal to the working pressure from the casing head top that
installed with BOP

Kill Line
The kill line functions as an injection line to the well when it is necessary to shut down the well.
There must be at least one minimum line and the best two, with positions that can vary.
depends on the arrangement of the BOP stack.

On the kill line, one or two valves must be installed on the drilling spool or BOP outlet and one
check valve for protection in case of leakage or rupture in the kill line/pipe
The use of a check valve allows the kill line valve to remain open during a kick and
must pump to the well at all times without opening the valve first.
The main (primary) kill line valve is the one located on the outermost part and can be remote.
The hydraulic operator that is manual placed near the BOP is called the master valve. Master
valves in operation are always open. All connections, piping, valves in the kill line
must be protected from blockages by flushing and filling with liquid
clean water.

Choke Flow Line

The choke flow line or choke line functions to transport pressurized fluid from the well to
choke manifold. The minimum size of the choke line is 3” and larger than the kill line because of the flow.
the choke line is larger due to the gas expanding in the annulus.
The small choke line size causes a large pressure drop and
the pressure readings in the choke manifold will be wrong because they do not match the pressure that
actually at the wellhead.
A manually operated valve must be installed as close as possible to the BOP on the choke line
a master valve and a hydraulic power operated valve are used as the primary valve
(main) is installed on the outside of the master valve. This valve will always be operated.
to be opened and closed for the purpose of controlling the kick from a distance with
through remote control. The choke line is connected to the choke manifold and is attempted to be installed
as straight as possible.

The welding done on the choke and kill line must be of good quality, and for that, it must be
must be inspected with X-ray or magnaflux before installation and after installation
pressure test.
For each PSL stack, there must be at least one choke line and one kill line. But there is
sometimes can be installed two each for the purpose:
Flexibility of use in operations for the possibility of stripping operation conditions
high pressure.
Eachchannelwil beabletofunctionasabackupchannelforsecurity.

Choke Manifold and Back Pressure Manifold

The choke line from the PSL stack is connected to a special manifold that functions to regulate
the application of back pressure in the annulus and regulating and controlling the flow
lumpur from an annulus during well closure due to a kick or while shutting down a kick.
The choke line on this manifold is a part that will experience wear or blockage.
by large particles that come out of the well. Therefore, more than one choke is provided at
manifold although the manifold is designed to work at low pressure. This manifold is arranged
in such a way that it can easily, quickly, and safely manage changes in flow
the use of choke and the direction of the fluid reservoir that comes out. The manifold header regulates
The flow from the well under high pressure to the desired choke. The valves are generally
connected with the flange system on the header and choke. The line after the choke is connected
the larger diameter pipe is then directed towards the flare, mud gas separator, or to
mud pit. A manometer must be installed on the choke line manifold, to know
The casing pressure working manifold must be equal to or greater than the working pressure of the PSL stack.
The discharge line from the choke has a larger inner diameter than the body of the choke. Full opening.
a valve is installed at its front and then connected to the expansion chamber. At
expansion chamber of high-speed fluid flow carrying sand and cutting
its speed will decrease before the fluid from the formation enters the mud gas separator. The pipe and
the valve after the choke is installed, pipes and valves with a lower working pressure are incorrect.
and dangerous, because of the erosion problem, and if the gas that comes out expands it will cool down
and coagulation or blockage can occur.
The following is the recommended arrangement of the choke manifold in the API RP53 bulletin by IADC.
for land drilling rig operations.

Choke Dan Control Panel

There are three types of choke that may be used on the choke manifold:
Positive choke
Manual adjustable choke
3. Hydraulic adjustable choke

Positive Choke
A positive choke or bean has a fixed opening diameter; this choke is used.
to regulate constant pressure in the well.
Manual Adjustable Choke
In this choke, the opening size can be adjusted so that it can be easily used for
regulating the pressure in the drill pipe (stand pipe) and in the casing during circulation.
The basic shape is similar to the principle of a wide valve, but larger in size, the stem of this choke.
and the seat is normally made from tungsten carbide or other materials that are less abrasion-resistant.
Hydraulic Adjustable Choke
The Hydraulic Adjustable Choke commonly used in drilling operations is:
Swaco Super Choke
This choke is one type of hydraulic adjustable choke that can fully close.
so it can be used to seal the well. The working pressure of this choke is 10,000 psi and
has been tested to withstand operations at high pressure.
The choke has a mechanism of two circular plates with a hole circle that is almost half a circle.
and equivalent to a 1 ½” circle. One of the plates is rotated using power.
hydraulic to close or open the choke.
It is very unlikely that the choke will be clogged or worn after prolonged use.
but when it is clogged, it can be easily cleaned by opening the choke.
Hydraulic power plants can use air or hydraulic hand pumps as
If the hydraulic line from the console is damaged up to the choke, then the choke is operated.
directly manually by rotating using an iron stick.
Operating Procedure:
1. Push the air supply valve to the 'On' position.
2. Open the hydraulic regulator valve a few turns.
3. To close the choke, push the control lever to the 'close' position. Pay attention to the indicator.
movement indicator from the choke position. If the casing pressure or Dp pressure that
the desired has been achieved release the 'control lever' to the 'hold' position then the closure
the choke will stop. If necessary, the hydraulic regulator should be reset when the choke opens.
too fast or too slow when the control lever is operated.
4. By pushing the lever control briefly and then immediately returning it to the 'hold' position, then
should gradually manage the opening changes.
5. If a choke gets clogged, immediately push the control lever to the open position and open it.
many regulators to speed up the opening. Once it is free
Push the control lever to the 'close' position and wait until the choke returns.
to the original position.
6. Once returned to the original position, reset the regulator to its original rotation position.
7. When the choke work is completed, open the choke and turn the air supply valve.
Set the supply to the 'off' position to relieve all pressure from the hydraulic system.
8. Don't forget that for the pump stroke counter to work, the power must be on and the sensor must be
has been installed on the pump.

Operations in Emergency Conditions :

1. Damaged air supply or damaged water pump:
Attach the handle to the hand pump located at the base of the control skid and
check the bleed off valve must be in the closed position.
To change the choke opening, hold the control lever in position.
desired while the hand pump is operated.
2. Hydraulic line broken or joint damaged:
If the open line is broken, disconnect/release the close line and vice versa.
Insert the metal rod ("rod" 5/8") into the hole in the indicator head assembly.
choke.
Cameron Remote Manual Drilling Choke
This Cameron drilling choke is available for working pressures of 5000, 10000, 15000, and 20000 psi.
This standard choke is suitable for hydrogen sulfide and temperatures up to 380º F.
The air duct is damaged/non-existent, manual hand pump or nitrogen gas and hydraulic.
accumulator through the auxiliary choke lever on the control.
the console can be used to bypass all controls to directly operate manually
hydraulic choke.
Operating Procedure
The choke from Cameron does not have a positive seal, therefore to obtain a reading
the correct closing pressure is to close the nearby valve (before the choke).
2. With handle 2 (choke selector handle) can be used to select the choke that will
used for operation, left choke or right choke. If only using
one choke so by looking at the installed ½” hydraulic hoses 2 pieces can
It is known which choke is connected, left or right.
3. The drill pipe and choke manifold (casing) manometer receives output signals from
Transducer. Standpipe and choke manifold transducer must receive a supply.
Air pressure before mud pressure works, otherwise it will damage the transmitter.
4. Maximum Allowable Annulus Pressure is set by turning knob 1 on
The given settings are displayed on the manometer.
5. The choke position level displayed on the indicator shows the relative magnitude of the tightness.
until fully opened. The number cannot be converted directly with
the usual choke size.
6. Manual selector, handle 3 is used to operate the choke. It has three
position functions: open, close, and hold, each of these functions
written on the panel.
7. The panel pump stroke counter and pump speed require electrical power and there it will
receiving electric kumultif and rate stroke power per minute from the pump.
8. Turn the knob to disconnect the electrical connection when the pump is not in use.

Preventer of Eruption from Inside the Pipe

The Inside Blowout Preventer or Blowout Preventer from Inside the Pipe is equipment-
equipment that can prevent eruptions from inside the well through
in the drill pipe when a kick occurs. There are several types of equipment that fall into this category.
must be owned by every drilling rig and this equipment must always be in good condition and
ready to be used. Those included in this group of equipment and installed in place
certainly is upper and lower kelly cock, drill float valve, drop in check valve, safety valve (full
open type valve), inside blowout preventer, drop in check valve, regan fast shut off coupling.

Upper Kelly Cock

Upper kelly cock is also called upper kelly valve or simply kelly cock. It is installed
between the kelly joint and swivel and has a left-hand thread. The function of the kelly cock is to
isolate mud from the drill stem with swivel, rotary hose, and stand pipe when it occurs
leakage or to prevent the equipment from breaking due to pressure from the well that
high. With the presence of a kelly cock, it is possible to repair and replace equipment in
swivel and others when the well is under pressure or during a kick.
The Kelly cock must have working pressure equal to or greater than the blowout preventer.
used and must have an opening diameter equal to the kelly. Kelly cock generally
available with working pressures of 5,000 and 10,000 psi and capable of holding the weight of the string.
Operating the kelly cock requires a specific wrench and it is recommended to be operated.
Opened, closed, and tested periodically to prevent clogging and leaks.

Lower Kelly Cock

Lower Kelly Cock is also called Kelly Valve, it is installed below the kelly and used when the upper kelly
The cock is broken and sometimes to prevent mud from falling off the kelly when releasing the kelly.

Safety Valve
A Safety Valve is a type of ball valve that can open fully.
(full open ball type safety valve) so that it can be easier to install under existing conditions
flow in the string.
The safety valve can be made from the lower kelly cock which is then equipped with a stem that
can be easily removed again. In its practical use after the safety valve
installed and then the valve is closed, then the auxiliary stem for installation
Must be released. The safety valve must always be ready on the drill floor in the open valve position.
and has a connection or link that corresponds to the connection or link
used in the drill stem (drilling pipe assembly). In addition, its closure key must also be
It has been placed near the location of the safety valve and is easily accessible for retrieval.

Inside BOP
The Inside BOP is one of the two types used to seal a blowout from within the string.
during stripping when kelly is in the kelly hole. Inside BOP is a type of float where it
has a check valve (valve insert), thus maintaining resistance to flow
mud eruptions even in an open position. Therefore, the inside of the BOP is more difficult.
installed on a string that has already been deployed. To facilitate installation inside the BOP
In the event of a spray, a safety valve must be installed first.
Inside the BOP must always be available on the drilling floor in an open valve condition, and if
has been installed on the string, the valve release rod lock screw must be turned to the left until the valve
release the rod to function as a check valve.
Next, the release tool (the top part inside the BOP) must be removed so that the inside of the BOP can
disconnected with the drill stem to be able to perform stripping work.

Drop In Check Valve

Drop in check valve is also called a pump down or drop in dart type which functions to
prevent backflow in the string inside BOP. This drop check valve requires a special sub.
that is a Landing Sub equipped with a cross over drill collar. This type of blowout preventer is required.
for stripping work, especially stripping out operations. This type is categorized as collectible.
back with wireline and although there are some that cannot be taken with wireline.
Drill Pipe Float Valve
The drill float valve, often referred to as the bit float valve, serves as a check valve located in
the end of the drill stem above the bit. Essentially, there are various types of bit float valves and one of
including flapper type check valve.
This bit float functions to prevent the backflow of mud during drilling and tripping operations.
to prevent blowout due to the swab effect when removing the directional survey instrument or
other tools from within the drill stem.
This bit float valve can wear out due to mud flow during circulation, causing it to malfunction.
perfect. Therefore, even though the float valve has been installed, equipment is still needed.
spray preventers from within other strings like safety valves and inside BOP for
stripping operations and others.
One common type that is also used is the Vented Flapper. This type allows for
must read the large shut-in drill pipe pressure (SIDPP) when the PSL is closed.
In addition, this type can also reduce or minimize any backflow.
the lump during the kick, thus facilitating the installation of the safety valve
or inside BOP.

Burst Preventer from External Pipe: Hydril RAM BOP

The Hydril type ram is relatively new in the drilling industry but has started to be widely used now.
the types of ram from hydril consist of two types, namely PSL Hydril type V Ram for working pressure 2000,
3000, 5000 psi and PSL Hydril X ram for working pressure above 10,000 psi.
The operating principle and the advantages/benefits of this type of PSL are similar to PSL
Shaffer type LWS & SL with a fundamental difference in Hydril, which is the locking system.
found in the upper seal set and the construction of the ram.
There are two types of locking systems, namely manual lock and automatic multi-position locking.

Manual Locking
Has a mode of operation and construction relatively similar to PSL Shaffer. The screws for
locking is in a protected and tight part to prevent rust.
To lock, it can be done after the RAM is closed and turned to the right until full.
or it can also be used simultaneously to cover the ram and lock it in a similar way in
To open the lock, it must first be unlocked by turning it to the left until fully opened.
then the ram is opened with hydraulic pressure.
Ram Assembly
The RAM assembly consists of a front packer and an upper seal. To disassemble and install the front
The packer and upper seal are the same as the ram assembly repair procedure for the Cameron type U.

External Pipe Blowout Preventer: PSL Shaffer Type SL

This type of PSL is a development from the LWS type and is used for large sizes.
operated in deep wells both onshore and offshore. The hydraulic pressure that
required to close this type of PSL under normal conditions below 1500 psi depending on
pressure inside the well. At maximum working pressure, hydraulic pressure is required
2100 psi. Nevertheless, it can still seal the well with a lower hydraulic pressure.
from 1500 psi for well pressure 10,000 psi.
This type of PSL does not have hydraulic manifold pipes visible outside the body due to holes
the hydraulic channel/manifold is made by drilling through the inner wall of the body, creating
PSL is more compact and safer.
The locking system can automatically close after the RAM with postlock or manually.
lock. For all sizes of this PSL type, it has a secondary ram shaft seal and is available ram
that can withstand the drill pipe while positioned up to a load of 600,000 lbs and resistant
against the H2S environment.
The RAM replacement procedure for this PSL is the same as the LWS type, just slightly different in this type.
that is, the door is flat (not hollow for a little bit of RAM to enter) so as to release the RAM
or reinstalling the RAM does not require hydraulic pressure when the door is open.

PSL Shaffer Type LWP

This type of PSL is available in sizes 9" and 7-1/16" –3000 psi wp for workover and well.
service. It has the same physical form and construction as LWS but is hydraulic in between
the hinge pin goes through the body. The hydraulic pressure required to close this PSL is at
The maximum working pressure of pressure wells is only required to be 1000 psi. This type of PSL
the locking system is available only as a manual system. The procedure for replacing the RAM is the same as
PSL type LWS.

External Pipe Eruption Preventer: PSL Shaffer Type LWS

This type of PSL is one of the popular types used in drilling operations.
or workover. Produced in single and double form with a connection system.
Flange, Clamp or Studded. The hydraulic pressure required to close this type of PSL.
in normal conditions below 1500 psi which depends on the magnitude of the pressure inside
Wellhead. In an emergency, a maximum hydraulic pressure of 3000 psi can be used.
but it will be able to accelerate the damage and wear of the piston seal and ram rubber. PSL
this type has a hydraulic pipe manifold outside the PSL that connects the piping system in
door hinges, except for 7-1/16” 10,000 psi wp, 20-¾” 3,000 psi wp and 21-¼” 2,000
psi wp. The locking system with postlock is available to hold the drill pipe assembly up to
600,000 lbs when the tool joint is placed on the pipe ram during closure. And this ram also fulfills
requirements to work in H2S environment
RAM Replacement Procedure:
1. Place the hydraulic control on the accumulator in the open position and then place it on
neutral position (in the middle).
2. Release hydraulic pressure on the operating line to facilitate opening the door.
3. Open the cover bolts (door cap screw) and then push to the side to
open the door.
4. Apply closing pressure (using a control valve) to release the ram.
so that it will be easy to take the ram from the ram shaft.
5. The ram can be released with the help of a line marking to hold it and then
slid/pulled to the side until the RAM comes off.
 6. Except for PSL 7 -1/16” –10,000 psi wp, the ram must be lifted to release it.
7. Before replacing the RAM, cleaning needs to be done and the parts should be checked.
In the cavity of the body, clean/repair any parts that may damage the packing.
8. Next, apply waterproof grease to the cavity.
9. Conduct a door seal inspection, and if necessary, carry out the replacement, then
install new ram.
10. Apply hydraulic pressure to open (using a control valve), then the cylinder will
enter the cavity in the door. And then the door can be closed again and installed
All door bolts and further PSL are ready to be tested for operation.

Procedure for Replacing the Rubber Packing Element from the Ram:
Remove the two retracting screw rams and the ram holder.
Release two rubber retaining screws.
3. Release both sides of the rubber packing that surround the back of the ram block.
using a lever (screwdriver).
4. Use a push rod to hit/push the rubber through the hole
retaining screw and pry rubber to remove from the ram block.
5. Clean the parts of the RAM.
6. Install the new rubber using the reverse procedure of the removal method mentioned above.

Prevention of Blowout from Outside the Pipe: NL Shaffer Ram Type BOP
The prevention of wild splashes (PSL) from NL Shaffer production has four basic models of type.
Ram, namely:
1. Model SL, this model is generally made for high pressure and used for
deep drilling operations and for PSL on the seabed.
2. Model LSW, this model is generally for land drilling operations.
3. LWP model, this model is for production operations and rework.
4. Sentinel model, this model is suitable for Well Servicing, rework, and drilling operations.
low pressure.
This Shaffer ram is operated to open and close with hydraulic pressure.
provided through a cylinder located at the door section (base cylinder), except for type
Sentinel that is only operated with a mechanical system.
Besides that, for PSL that has a mechanical locking system, the lock can
also used to cover RAM in emergency situations.

The hydraulic channel for the cylinder cover is installed at the back of the PSL in a shaped manner.
the pipe that is clamped outside (LWS) or through the drilled interior of the PSL body. On the body
or the clamp on each side has two proofed holes.
Thus, each PSL has 4 holes (as indicated by the arrows) composed of
from 2 channel holes connected with the cylinder head space (marked with a dashed line-
a break) and two other holes are connected to the opening channel (marked with a dashed line
thick). From those clamps, each channel will convey hydraulic fluid through
special holes in the door pin (hinge pin) and will then flow into the channel to
opening space in the cylinder and another space to close in the cylinder. With the presence of a hinge
The PSL door pin can be opened to replace the RAM without leaking hydraulic fluid.
Out of the four channel holes mentioned above, only two are used, namely one on
a channel open and another in a closed channel with each position can be selected at
left or right. The ram/piston locking system from PSL Shaffer type SL and LWS is available.
There are 2 types: Postlock System and Manual Lock System. While for the PSL type LWP and
Sentinel, its locking system is Manual. In the postlock system, it will lock automatically.
automatic mechanism when hydraulic pressure is applied and the piston has reached motion
the last position. And thereafter, no more hydraulic pressure is needed to maintain
the piston position is locked.
Thus the piston reaches the final position, closing the Brass Locking Segment will expand.
exit when it reaches the locking shoulder and locks the piston. This is
due to the Brass Locking Segment being pushed by the Locking Cone because of pressure
The locking cone's per/spring remains in place when the hydraulic fluid pressure is released.
"Postlock Adjustment Thread" functions as a means to adjust the position of the piston.
the ram shaft in the effort to achieve density after the piston is locked/or to be able to
locking. This organizing work is done by the manufacturing factory and normally does not require
reset controller unless the PSL pipe ram will be changed to shear ram.
When the hydraulic pressure for opening is provided, the locking will move away and Brass.
The Locking Shear will be able to move to open the ram. One of the advantages of this locking system is,
It is not necessary to have a special hydraulic channel or control buttons/panel for the system.
In the manual lock system, the lock is engaged by turning the locking shaft to the right.
(clockwise) as far as it can be rotated until the ram closes tightly (or the piston until
(cylinder head). Locking is done on both sides of the cylinder together.

Some advantages of the locking system in this PSL are:

Only when necessary, the RAM can be manually locked after the RAM is closed with
hydraulic pressure.
If the pressure to close the ram is not available/damaged, the ram can be closed manually.
and locked immediately. However, to open the RAM cannot be done manually.
The procedure for closing it is as follows:
Place the hydraulic valve position in the accumulator in the 'close' position for
flowing hydraulic from the open cylinder position.
Turn the 2 locking shafts to the right as far as they can be turned.
until the RAM is tightly closed.
The procedure for opening is as follows:
Open hydraulic line to relieve pressure to prevent it from happening.
hydraulic lock.
Rotate the locking shaft to the left as far as it can be turned and further if it has been
rotate maximum, turn back to the right 1/8 turn to avoid
The locking shaft is jammed due to temperature changes in the unlocked position.
The locking shaft located outside can serve as a position indicator of the ram on
during the process of opening/closing.
 4. The locking shaft's ulir is located inside the cylinder to avoid
damage due to mud, saltwater causing a blockage.

The PSL Type Ram from Shaffer has several advantages, including:
Having a compact shape and having a height size smaller and
needs a tighter space for repairs.
The body of the PSL has a construction that allows dirt to be discarded.
self draining body
3. The RAM is designed to float and can close tightly.
certainly on the surface channel. The advantage of floating pile construction is that
the open position at the top of the seal on the ram does not contact the body at all
and the seal does not experience pressure (loose).

Prevention of Blowout from Outside the Pipe: Cameron Ram Type BOP
The BOP Ram Type commonly produced by Cameron is the QRC type.
type F, type SS and type U. This PSL type is available in sizes (vertical bore) 7-1/16" up to
21-1/4" with working pressure of 2,000, 3,000, 5,000, 10,000 and 15,000 psi. PSL type QRC
(Quick Ram Change) is the first produced by Cameron and is currently not in production.
again (absolute). We will discuss the Ram BOP type U produced by Cameron because
widely used in drilling operations.

Ram BOP Type U

The Ram BOP type U is designed by Cameron for PSL operations on land (surface BOP stack) and
at the seabed (sub sea BOP stack). There are three types of Ram BOP type U that are commonly used.
used are single open face, double open face, and triple open face. The hydraulic pressure for
the recommended closure is 1,500 psi but under extreme conditions of hydraulic pressure
The closure can be raised to 5,000 psi. Closing ratio (the ratio between pressure
the hydraulic needed to close the BOP and the well pressure that will be closed) for type
At around 7:1, a hydraulic pressure of less than 1500 psi is sufficient.
close rams.
When the BOP ram is closed, the well pressure will help hold the ram in place.
Closing. The well pressure will push the ram forward to close and upward so that the top seal
and the front packer will be tighter. Because the top seal is at the top, it is effective
The closure is only to withstand pressure from one direction only, which is from below inside.
Well. The Ram BOP type U locking system can be installed with a manual system, namely
by rotating the ram lock but there is also one with a hydraulic system. The BOP type U ram is produced.
with flange, clamp, or studded connections for its installation.
Sometimes the operation requires hanging the pipe on the pipe ram. For this, before drilling
the suspended pipe operation below needs to be carried out:
Close the ram with hydraulic pressure of at least 1500 psi.
2. Key ram with locking screw or wedge lock.
3. After the RAM is locked, the hydraulic pressure to close is bled off.
 4. Standard ram block for PSL type U and hanging the drill pipe with tapered.
shoulder tool joint, the highest hanging load with the top seal remains functioning is
500,000 lbs. Because the tool joint is harder than the ram block, it results in suspension.
the load on the surface of the rams can experience changes.

Ram block with a surface that has been heat treated to Rock Well hardness C 46-488
with a special request, this RAM may have a tendency to harm the taper.
the tool joint during hang off but this ram is capable of holding a load of up to 624,000 lbs with
the top seal ram block is not damaged. Special ram is required for aluminum DP and this ram can
installed on PSL type U.

RAM Replacement Procedure

1. The ram position on the PSL must be open and the 4-way valve in the accumulator unit in position
lock.
2. Then open 4 bonnet screws on each side of the ram.
3. Apply hydraulic pressure to close the ram, then the bonnet will open outward and
The RAM will also come out of the body.

4. By installing eye bolts from the body on the ram pipe, it will be able to
used to lift the RAM.
5. Conduct an inspection on the RAM and if necessary, top seal and front packer.
should be replaced with the following procedure:
First, remove the top seal.
After the top seal is released, then release the front packer starting from one side.
little by little taking turns.
Once done, clean the ram body.
To reinstall, first install the front packer, press it in.
by using the hammer slowly and then
install the top seal using the hammer.
6. Check the bonnet seal ring for any damage, wear, cracks, etc., and replace if necessary.
7. Clean from dirt and check the ram bore (ram hole in the PSL body) if there is any
damage or sharp lips formed due to friction between the drill pipe and the PSL body.
When there is a removal of that sharp lip.
8. Next, provide waterproof grease.
9. Close the hood by applying hydraulic pressure.
10. Tighten the bonnet bolts.

Prevention of Blowout From Outside the Pipe: Ram Type BOP

The prevention of wild flow type ram (Ram Type Blowout Preventer) is different from
prevention of type Annular wild spraying. If the Annular type is able to seal the well at
all kinds of holes, while the ram type can only cover one type.
specific hole conditions, for example, for no pipe or for a specific pipe size or
also for a variation in pipe size, which in this case highly depends on the design of the ram
that is installed.
A ram is driven to close a hole or reopen it by applying pressure.
The hydraulic fluid from the accumulator unit flows through the open channel to move the ram to the position.
open and press hydraulic fluid into the closure channel to move the closed ram. At
The emergency situation for preventing wild type ram eruptions can be closed or opened with
using sufficiently pressurized Nitrogen gas (nitrogen back up system) through
the existing hydraulic fluid channel.

Generally, to prevent wild eruptions, the type of ram used for land operations or
above sea level, the ram can be operated to close mechanically by
turn the locking system and to open it you still have to use the hydraulic system
as mentioned above. In addition, there is also a PSL ram that is operated for
opening or closing RAM mechanically, an example is PSL from Shaffer type Sentinel.
The types of RAM that can be installed on PSL type RAM are:
1. PSL ram type (Standard Pipe Ram BOP) is used to seal the wellbore tightly.
that is on the pipe that corresponds to the size of the cover circle on the ram
available. To close the different pipe sizes, the BOP ram must be replaced with one
According to and to determine the appropriate pipe size for a certain RAM can be seen
on the cap/stencil at the top of the ram. The ram for drillpipe is called drillpipe ram or
pipe ram, the ram for tubing is called tubing ram and the ram for casing is called casing ram.
2. PSL with variable RAM can be used to cover holes of size
different pipes but still within the range of capability.
Each ram is equipped with a wedge (pipe guide) to guide the pipe to the center position.
in order to avoid the possibility of the pipe being pinched before the end of the closure.
Single offset pipe rams and dual offset are used to close the well that is ongoing.
to install a dual production packer that uses tubing.
4. Blind ram is used to close the well hole when the hole
empty, there is no pipe.
5. Blind shear ram, is a modification of the blind ram that is equipped with blades.
which functions to cut pipes that also has the ability to
closing the pipe after the pipe is cut. This type of ram can also be used to close holes
without pipe. The sizes of drill pipe, tubing, and casing that can be cut are
maximum limited to 60% of the internal diameter of the PSL.
Some blind shear rams have small packer elements. The packer element will
expands when the well pressure acts on the shear rams, so at the pressure
Excessive testing on shear rams can cause damage to the packer ram.
The pressure in the well casing will enhance the tightness of the sealing closure. Because of this property
makes it easier and faster to close the PSL process, because well pressure will
pressing the bottom part of the ram and the back part of the ram. The pressure flow behind the ram
It is possible to work due to the groove between the supporting RAM spokes. Each
prevention of ram type wild spraying, equipped with a locking mechanism
mechanism) that functions to lock the ram in the closed position so that the ram will not
it moves even though the hydraulic pressure is released.
In general, there are several issues that need to be known or given attention to when
the use of Ram Type BOP is:
The closing pressure on BOP rams is generally about the same, which is
1500 psi.
The ram pipe can be used for stripping (lowering the pipe with
The closed BOP and the closing hydraulic pressure must be reduced lower to reach.
800 psi. This is intended to prevent damage/wear to the packer element of the ram.
subtracted.
3. During the pipe movement stripping, it is advisable to move in one direction only, because rotating the pipe and
The up and down movement of the pipe will accelerate the damage to the sealing element.
The pressure in the well head will be able to increase the density of the ram sealing.
5. To open the RAM on a pressurized well, it is advisable to apply opposing pressure.
above it before opening, so that the RAM can be easily opened and the packer seal/packing does not get damaged.
6. PSL pipes seal that closes objects (pipes) that are not in accordance with the diameter
Opening the RAM can damage the RAM and also damage the object that is covered.
7. When the pipe PSL ram is closed in a situation where there is no pipe with hydraulic pressure.
A closure of 1500 psi during the ram function test may cause the ram.
The packing ram expands excessively outward and can cause damage.
the RAM packing. Therefore, when performing checks on the function of the RAM
The pressure of the pipe in a vacuum state should be reduced to 500 psi.

There are three types of locking methods, namely:

Manually: that is with a coarse thread bolt system that can be rotated.
directly or connected universal joint and rotating wheel. The bolt if
The rotation will push and hold the ram piston in the closed position.
Hydraulically with remote control (controlled from a distance). In this system the cylinder
that has been closed can be locked by applying locking pressure
causing the piston of the locking system (wedge lock) to shift and hold
piston ram rod so that it is properly locked and cannot be opened again
before the locking piston is pressured to open the example, Wedge lock from
Cameron.
Automatically locks itself when the pipe ram closes, with a different design
for each manufacturing factory.

Piston Rod Packing

Each piston rod of the PSL type ram has three seals:
1. Hycar lip seal is the main (primary) seal to withstand pressure from the well.
so that mud does not leak/get into the hydraulic operating cylinder space. If the packing
This liquid leak from the well will come out through the weephole and will not enter the room.
hydraulic cylinder.
Plastic energized secondary (Emergency) piston rod packing. This seal will be used.
(activated) in emergency situations, where primary seal repairs cannot be performed
for example, due to kick. The activation of the secondary piston rod packing can be done
by injecting plastic packing through the secondary seal plastic packing port.
 When the closure of this plastic packing has worked perfectly, the fluid from the well
the one that comes out through the weephole will stop and then after the operation is turned off
The well is completed, and it is recommended to replace the primary seal as soon as possible.

"O" ring seal, functions to prevent leakage of hydraulic pressure from the compression chamber.
Piston to open the PSL ram. If this 'O' ring seal is leaking, it will be visible.
hydraulic fluid through weephole

Maintenance
1. There are several spare part needs that must always be available.
for an operation to ensure the smooth running of PSL operations:
A complete set of ram drill pipe, front packer, and top seal for every size of drill.
The pipe being used includes the ram casing.
A complete set of bonnet seals for each size used from PSL.
Plastic packing secondary seal on PSL.
Ring joint gasket for joints.
2. When the PSL has been released from the wellhead or preparation for the next well
the maintenance that needs to be done is:
Perform cleaning, inspection, replacement if necessary, and lubrication
parts of PSL such as factory suggestions, such as bonnet seal, ram body
ram packer, ram bore ring groove.
Cleaning with hydraulic fluid and trying PSL hydraulic.
assembly.
Conducting a pressure test.
Conduct periodic function tests.
Every 3 years, a BOP certification is carried out by the company.
authorized to issue certificates.
There are several manufacturers of Ram Type BOP including Cameron, Koomey, NL.
Shaffer, Hydril and WOM.

Prevention of Blowouts From Outside the Pipe: Annular Type BOP Production
Cameron with Model D
This type is relatively new in the drilling industry and has been widely used with the advantages:
lighter, shorter, and requires less hydraulic fluid to close the annular
BOP with the same size and working pressure. The packer from this unit is heavy.
molded rubber ring with reinforced steel insert.
In the hydraulic pressure closing operation, the hydraulic pressure will push the 'T' piston to move.
pusher plate. Because the pusher plate moves upwards, the large rubber (do nut)
expand inward and push.
Hydraulic closure pressure at state for all sizes in the initial stage
closure) 1500 psi and a maximum of 3000 psi.

For stripping purposes, it is recommended like other BOPs that a little must be provided.
the mud leak for lubrication and hydraulic pressure is reduced with estimation
depends on well pressure.
Ps = 600 psi + 0.25 Pa
Ps = stripping pressure
Pa = annular pressure

The closure element of this BOP is not influenced by well pressure. The higher the pressure
the higher the well, the greater the hydraulic closing pressure required.
Cameron does not allow replacing the packer element by cutting the packer in the field.
to replace. But must use the split packer specially provided at Cameron.Type
This BOP is available in the field, in sizes 7 1/16”, 11”, 13 5/8” and 18 ¾” with working pressure
5000 psi and 10,000 psi.

Prevention of Blowout from Outside the Pipe: Annular Type BOP Production
Shaffer
The working principle of this BOP closure is that when hydraulic pressure is applied through the closing port, then
the piston will push the packing element upwards and because the shape of the head is semi
spherically (like part of a sphere) then the iron radius of the packing element will become tighter
And as a result, the rubber will expand inward when closing. As is common.
this annular BOP is capable of sealing and performing tasks that can be carried out by
HYDRIL BOP. In terms of height, this BOP is 15 to 20% shorter compared to
with several other types of BOP.
This BOP type is available with a bolted head cover and wedge cover (latch down) depending on
The size of the BOP and Packing Element is available in natural rubber and nitrile rubber. This BOP can
used for installation on the seabed (sub sea stack). For operations in the sub sea stack
The effect of hydrostatic pressure of mud in the marine riser is relatively small on the closing pressure.

The well pressure at the wellhead after the BOP is closed cannot assist in tightening.
Well shut-in, but the well pressure required hydraulic pressure is increasing.
the higher it is.
This BOP requires hydraulic pressure to close at 1500 psi for a pipe that is 7 inches in size.
or smaller is in the hole. When the pipe size is larger than 7" pressure
The hydraulic cover must be lowered so that the closed casing does not collapse.

Packing Element
The packing element consists of rubber and steel spokes that serve as rubber compressers.
if it expands into the closing time and at the same time serves as a guide and reinforcement
rubber.
There are 2 types of packing element rubber:
Natural rubber, marked in red, is very suitable for operations with
mud made from water base and at low temperature. But it will last
short for mud with an oil base.
Nitrile rubber (synthetic rubber), marked in blue, is very suitable for operations with
mud based on water or mud based on oil.
The method of storage and maintenance of the packing element of this spherical BOP is the same as the method
storage and maintenance of the Hydril Packing element that has been discussed earlier.
Prevention of Spraying From Outside the Pipe: Maintenance

A. Checking the packing element by observing the piston stroke

To determine the sealing capacity of the packing element in the pipe and at the same time to
To ensure whether the packing element still has a long lifespan, it can be checked by measuring.
the length of the piston stroke in the Annular BOP. This measurement is done by
insert a 5/16” wire into the indicator piston hole first
removing its cover bolts. Almost all types of Annular BOP Hydril have this hole except
for the old production GK type BOP and MSP 500 psi.
The steps are as follows:
1. After the wire is inserted into the hole, mark the wire and
measure, this will show the maximum distance from the piston peak to the BOP peak
head.
2. Next, insert the pipe with the recommended size for pressure testing.
on the BOP, then close the BOP with the minimum recommended closure pressure until
BOP can close well.
3. Measure again with the wire, mark it, and measure.
If the latest measurement result is still greater than the maximum stroke according to the table.
in the operator manual or as printed on the BOP head, means the packing element is still
can be used. Conversely, if the measured distance is equal to the minimum distance in the table
This means the packing element has been working at maximum capacity, which indicates the state of packing.
the element is already critical.

By measuring the maximum distance achieved at the beginning of the testing, it can be utilized.
to determine at the open position whether the piston can fully descend or not. If not, there is
There may be deposits of solid particles from mud or hardened cement residue.
so it needs to be cleaned.
B. Visual inspection of the packing element
The packing element that has become tired (fatigue) or damaged must be replaced. Tired or fatigue usually
There will be visible deep tears at the top edge of the packing rubber.
element between steel inserts. Occurrence of rubber tearing in the interior (bore
area) indicates that it has been damaged and this condition, if left unchecked, will cause leaks
the pressure during packing the element is operated.
C. Procedure for replacing the packing element on Screw Head BOP type
The steps for replacing the packing element on the Screw Head BOP type are:
1. Release the Head Lock Screw.
2. Remove the BOP Head from the body by turning it to the left (counterclockwise).
3. Lift the BOP head with the eye bolt.
4. Remove the old packing element.
5. Remove the piston from the BOP body and clean it.
6. Check the head gasket, upper seal, middle seal, and lower seal in the BOP, replace if damaged.
Clean the seal groove and apply lubricant to the seal that will be installed. Install the seal.
with the correct direction/position of the seal groove.
7. Clean the bowl piston and then lubricate it.
8. Reinstall the piston on the BOP body.
 9. Install a new packing element.
10. Clean the threads on the head cover and the body of the BOP, then apply grease.
11. Install and tighten the BOP head by turning it to the right (clockwise).
12. Install Head Lock Screw.
D. Procedure for replacing packing element on Latch Head BOP
Turn all jaw operating screws 4 turns to the left.
2. Release the pull down bolt assembly from the top head.
3. Lift the head cover.
4. Remove the old packing element.
5. Remove the piston from the BOP body and clean it.
6. Check the head gasket, upper seal, middle seal, and lower seal in the BOP, replace if damaged.
Clean the seal groove and apply lubricant to the seal that will be installed. Install the seal.
with the direction/position of the seal groove correctly.
7. Apply lubricant to the piston bowl.
8. Reinstall the piston on the BOP Body.
9. Install new packing element.
10. Clean the threads on the head cover and body of the BOP and then apply grease.
11. Install and tighten the BOP head by turning to the right (clockwise).
12. Reinstall the pull down bolt assembly.
13. Tighten all the jaw operating screws again with 4 turns and a torque of 300–400 lb/ft.
E. Replacement of the packing element when the BOP is installed in the well and there is a string.
When it is necessary to replace the packing element while the pipe is inside the borehole, then the
what must be done is:
Open the head cover of the BOP.
2. Remove the old packing element and then cut the packing element with
use a sharp knife.
3. Remove the old packing element from the BOP.
4. Prepare the new packing element and cut it using a sharp knife.
on one side as shown in the picture.
5. Insert the new packing element into the BOP.
6. Install the head cover and tighten it.

Prevention of Blowout from Outside the Pipe: Annular Type BOP Production
Hydrill
The Annular Type BOP produced by Hydril is a widely used and popular PSL annular type.
used in the field with a model or type consisting of:
Model GK Annular BOP, available for operation with a working pressure of 3000 psi up to
15,000 psi WP and this type is popular and widely used.
Model MSP Annular BOP, available for operation with low working pressure of 500
psi up to 2000 psi WP (Working Pressure).
PSL Model GL Annular, available for working pressure operation 5000 psi WP and
mostly used for drilling operations with PSL on the seabed.
 The PSL GKS model is a special type used for snubbing operations with
small size with a working pressure of 3000 psi to 10,000 psi WP.

A. PSL ANNULAR HYDRIL TYPE GK.

This type is the most widely used production of Hydril compared to other types. Type GK
can be used for PSL installed on the surface (surface BOP stack system) as well
installed on the seabed (subsea BOP stack).
The packing element or packing unit from Hydril is made of natural rubber or synthetic rubber that
has been discussed in the previous chapter. The packing element has a series of steel rods that
united with the rubber, to compress and reinforce the rubber during closing.
This wild spray preventer is closed using hydraulic pressure through closing.
chamber to push the piston. Because of the shape of the surface of the piston that is in contact
with packing elements in a conical shape, when the piston moves up because of
Hydraulic pressure causes the packing element's radius to close and the rubber will expand inward.
and making the closure.
Design all PSL Hydril type GK and type MSP specifically for size 21 ¼”- 2000 psi wp
is "Well bore assist" which means that additional pressure on the piston and packing
element to close more tightly in.
This is an advantage of that type and is a danger or weakness of PSL.
this type if not controlled / regulated well the hydraulic pressure of its closure because it can
causes the packing element to be damaged if the hydraulic pressure of the cover is not lowered accordingly
with the increase in well pressure.
During normal drilling operations, the hydraulic pressure of the annular blowout preventer should be set slightly.
greater than the initial pressure to close the open hole (complete shut off / CSO) when
The hole does not have a drill stem or is undergoing well logging, in which case ± 1,150 psi is required.
It is important to remember that not all types of annular BOP have the same properties and characteristics.
As an example for Hydril 29 ½” MSP for increasingly higher well pressure is required
the increasing hydraulic pressure of the cover is for type GL
16 ¾”, 18 ¾”, 13 5/8”, - 5.000 psi the required closure pressure is only slightly greater
even though the well pressure is very high. Therefore, the best way is to make a warning
and place the PSL annular operation manual on the rig for study and use
as a guide for each person's operations. For example, the table from the factory above can
used as an operational guideline.

B. PSL Hydril Type MSP.

This PSL is designed for low to medium well pressure. Hydril MSP with pressure
work 2,000 psi and 1,000 psi in a design similar to GK which is 'well bore pressure operated'
but specifically for MSP 29-1/2" –500 psi is designed specifically to operate with
maintain pressure in the pressure casing. When the well pressure rises, the pressure
the cover hydraulic is also raised.
Hydril MSP 500 psi and 1,000 psi WP are commonly used for diverters installed on
stove pipe 30”. Specifically for Hydril MSP 29-1/2” –500 psi, it only has a closing chamber.
without the opening chamber and this PSL opening is only required with disposal
hydraulic pressure on the closing chamber pressure line. As a guideline for
Operations and tests for this type of BOP can use tables from the factory similar to the example above.

Prevention of Blowout from Outside the Pipe: Annular Type BOP

The Annular Blow Out Preventer is the most flexible well shut-off device, namely
used to close holes in all situations whether there are pipes with various
size and shape, as well as to close holes in situations where there is no pipe in the hole
(for emergency conditions only).
This is made possible because the Annular type blowout preventer has elements
cover (packing element) made of rubber, where in an open or closed condition
Obtaining pressure, the packing element has a hole in the middle for a pipe to pass through.
maximum diameter of the BOP hole. Conversely, if it is operated to close the wellbore then
the piston pushing the packing element will press the packing element so that it will
expanding inward, causing the hole in the middle to narrow and close
adjusting the shape of the closed pipe and providing good density.
Annular PSL type at the closed packing element position can also be operated for purposes.
the pipe that is pushed in, pulled out or rotated (stripping in, stripping out and
(rotating) with PSL can still provide sealing density for the well.

The main components of the Annular BOP type are:

head cover
wear plate
3. packing element
4. opening chamber
5. piston
6. closing chamber
7. piston indicator hole
8. body
9. slotted body sleeve
10. seal-seal

In operating the Annular BOP type, there are several considerations that need to be taken into account.

to be noted, namely:
1. To obtain a long service life (life time) of the packing element, there is
Several things that must be fulfilled are:
Use hydraulic pressure to not exceed 1500 psi and
next, lower the pressure as low as possible
recommended by the manufacturer.
Do not use Annular type PSL to seal well holes without pipes.
or wire line when not in an emergency.
During the pressure test or function test, the Annular type PSL of the drill pipe must
installed and the hydraulic cover pressure provided is as recommended
factory.
 In stripping in/out work, hydraulic closure pressure is recommended.
lowered as little / optimally as possible, so that there is minimal fluid leakage
drilling around the pipe or apply lubricant to the surface of the pipe if it is necessary
that is not possible.
The packing element that is installed must be of the type that matches the type of mud
used and environmental temperature conditions.
There are three types of rust used as materials for packing elements, namely:
Natural Rubber type, made from natural rubber material is very suitable.
used in drilling conditions using mud with a water-based material
base mud). The packing element for the type of natural rubber is black and
identified by the letter code "NR" or "R".
Nitrile Rubber type, made from synthetic rubber compound suitable for use
for drilling conditions using mud with an oil base
mud) or sludge using a mixture of diesel oil. This packing element
identified with the letter mark 'NBR' or 'S' and has a stripe / belt
red.
Neoprene Rubber type, packing element made from synthetic rubber
The compound can also be used for drilling conditions using mud.
with a base of water or oil and this type can provide
better service compared to natural rubber type. Packing element
this is identified with the letter sign 'CR' or 'N' and given a belt/strip
green.
2. Replace the packing element if it is worn out, cracked, or peeled off.
it may not be able to provide closure density or its lifespan is not
This should always have spare packing elements and seals available in the rig unit.
necessary seal.
3. Clean the deposits of mud, cement, and others from the inside of the annular BOP so that
The push piston packing element can move freely (full stroke) in position
open.
4. To minimize the damage from the above, several rules and procedures
The following is recommended for the preparation of PSI and Packing elements:
Store in a shady place outdoors, away from windows.
the entry of sunlight and also not close to the lamp.
It is best to store it in a cool place and not to store it near the motor.
electricity, switchgear or other devices with high voltage electric current.
Store in a relaxed state (it will deteriorate quickly if rubber is stored in a state
(under pressure).
Keep the storage room dry, clean from oil and grease.
For the long term, it can be stored in a closed place and provided with protection.
surface.
Always use the rubber bands that have been stored the longest first,
if the rubber is used recently, so as to avoid damage to the rubber
lama.
 In field operations, many factories producing Annular type BOP are found.
and the popular ones used include Hydril, Shaffer, Cameron, and WOM
Worldwide Oilfield Manufacture

BOP Materials
In oil and gas drilling and geothermal under normal conditions, formation pressure is maintained.
always smaller than the hydrostatic pressure of the mud column inside the hole. However
Sometimes the condition that occurs is that the formation pressure is greater than the hydrostatic pressure.
lumpur causing the formation fluid alliance to enter the borehole that
called "Kick".
When a kick occurs, the well must be immediately shut in using a Blowout Preventer (BOP).
so that the formation fluid flow can be controlled and blowouts can be avoided.
Next, the well must be circulated to kill that kick.
Before discussing Blowout Preventer in more detail, it is important to understand first.
The symptoms of a kick occurring are as follows:
Drilling Break refers to a change in drilling speed or rate.
penetrating the underground layer (penetration rate) prominently followed by
changes in drilling parameters such as SPM pump, pump pressure, WOB, etc.
2. There is an increase in rotary torque.
3. Change in cutting size from small to large.
4. A significant increase in drilling fluid temperature in the flow line.
5. Significant changes in drilling fluid properties.
6. Gas cutting.

The causes of a kick happening are as follows:

Increase in formation pressure.
The hydrostatic pressure of the mud column decreases.
3. Filling the borehole during the removal of the assembly is not done according to needs.
4. Swab effect.
5. Squeeze effect

The general causes of a Blow Out are:

The Blowout Preventer equipment cannot function properly when operated.
closing the well.
2. The Rig Crew did not properly perform the well killing operation.
The rig crew did not close the well according to the correct procedure.
The fundamental reason for human error in handling Well Control is:
1. The absence of operational procedures in the field, especially in handling conditions
emergencies like blowouts make it difficult for personnel in the field to take action / perform tasks
actions in emergency situations.
2. Work procedures are available but not supported by the crew team that
experienced and skilled in the field.
The efforts made to avoid human error are:
1. Providing knowledge about Wild Eruption Prevention and its equipment
to the rig crew.
2. Conducting emergency condition drills (Kick Drill, BOP Drill) periodically with
the hope that the rig crew understands their duties and responsibilities in facing conditions
emergency such as a Blowout.
3. The presence of attitude and awareness among each rig crew to always
carrying out drilling operations according to SOP and the importance of preventive measures
Blowout.
For the needs of preventing wild spray, specific equipment is required.
called Blowout Preventer Equipment.
Wild Spray Preventers must meet the requirements and be able to perform several tasks.
the important thing is:

1. Must be able to close the well hole at the surface of the ground in a state
an empty hole or there are pipes (drill pipe, drill collar, casing, and tubing) and can be for
performing stripping in and out of the drilling circuit.
2. Must withstand the highest well pressure that will arise and can be entered (passed through)
all equipment that will be inserted during the drilling operation.
3. It can be used to control gas emissions, gas cut, mud, and others.
other to control the well pressure.
4. It should be used for circulation work to disable the kick.
5. Must be able to perform hanging off or cutting drillpipe in a state
emergency.
6. Having a backup equipment system in case one of the tools malfunctions,
specifically for high-pressure wells and offshore drilling with subsea
BOP stack.
The blowout equipment consists of:
BOP from outside the pipe:
1. Annular type blowout preventer.
2. Ram type blowout preventer.
Diverter
BOP from inside the pipe:
1. Upper Kelly Cock.
2. Lower Kelly Cock
3. Safety Valve
4. Inside BOP
5. Drop In Check Valve.
6. Drill Pipe Float Valve
Control channel:
Drilling Spool
2. Killing Line
3. Choke Flow Line
4. Choke Manifold / Back Pressure Manifold (BPM)
5. Manual Adjustable Choke and Super Choke
 Control System:
Accumulator Unit
2. Driller Remote Control

Elevator
Things to consider when determining an elevator:
1. The type of drill pipe that will be operated.
2. Pipe size.
3. The weight that will be held by the Elevator.

Types of Elevators.
Looking at the way it opens:
1. Center Latch Elevator door to open & close in the middle.
Bottleneck Center Elevator (BNC) Load capacity 100–350 tons, for DP 2.3/8”–5”.
Square Shoulder Center Elevator (SSC) with a load capacity of 100 tons, for Csg 5.1/2"
8.5/8” DC 4.1/8”-9” & Tubing 2.3/8”-4.1/2”
Single Joint Center Latch Casing Elevator (SJC) capacity 150–350 tons, for
Casing 6.5/8”-20.1/2”
2. The side door elevator has a door for opening and closing located on the side of the body.
Square Shoulder Side Door Elevator (SSD) with a load capacity of 150 tons, for DC 6.3/4”-
11.1/4”, Casing 6.5/8”-20.1/2”

Based on its usage:

Casing Elevator
2. Drill Pipe Elevator
3. Drill Collar Elevator
4. Tubing Elevator

How to Use the Elevator:

1. Installing on Link:
The Telingga Elevator is installed on the Link eye.
Close the safety cover and install the bolts and nuts on the safety cover, tighten them securely so that they do not
let go.
2. Installing on the Drill Pipe.
Open the elevator door on the operated pipe.
Close the elevator door again until the safety lock works.
perfect.

Elevator Maintenance Tips :

1. Lubricate the hinges & elevator safety locks to ensure they work properly.
not quick to wear out and easy to operate.
2. If exposed to liquids, especially rust-causing ones, clean immediately with water. 3. Do it.
Painting after use to prevent rust.
Link

The link is a pipe hanging tool installed on the traveling block at the top and side.
the elevator is installed below.
Types of Links:
The Weldless Link's load capacity per set is 250–1000 Tons, upper eye
circular in shape with a diameter larger than the lower eye.
The toolpusher's load-bearing capacity per set is 150 tons, upper eye.
elongated in shape and the lower eye is circular.
3. Perfection links the ability to withstand a load per set of 100 tons, there are no upper and lower limits.
The design link only has one elongated hole.

Things to consider when choosing a Link:

1. The burden that will be borne by Link.
2. Types and capacities of Travelling Block.
3. The size of other equipment that will be installed between the pipe & Travelling Block.

How to Install the Link:

1. Determine the type and size of the link.
The upper eye is installed on the travelling block that has had its lock opened.
3. Close the lock on the ear of the traveling block and secure the bolt.
4. The lower eye has been installed with an elevator that has had its lock opened.
5. Close the locking mechanism on the elevator ear and secure the bolt.

How to Care for Links:

1. After the link has been used, promptly clean it and if it is to be placed in the ground.
give the support underneath it
2. Paint when the color has faded.
3. Store in the tool box 1 set together (do not separate) so it is ready to use.
whenever necessary.

DOLLY LINK
Dolly Link is a special link that consists of two parts, namely the Adapter Link and the Hanger Adapter Link.
The adaptor link is connected to the elevator drill collar while the hanger is connected to
elevator drill pipe, so there is no need to disassemble the elevator on the main link.
The maintenance method for a dolly link is the same as for a regular link, which is:
Clean Dolly & hang/put in a safe position.
2. Do not leave it lying on the ground.
3. If it needs to be stored, it requires painting, then it is stored in Tool Box 1 set.
Handling Tools

Handling Tools is a group of drilling tools that are useful for supporting
the operation of the rig, especially in handling Tubular Goods such as Tubing,
Drill Pipe, Drill Collar and Casing.
Handling Tools are widely operated on the rig floor.
Handling tools require trained, skilled personnel who always pay attention to the regulations.
apply according to SOP to avoid accidents on personnel and equipment that lead to
the obstruction of drilling operations.

Function of Handling Tools:

1. Hanging Tools: Link, Dolly, and Elevator.
2. Binding & Releasing Tools: Rotary Tong, Power Tong & Spinner
3. Holding Devices: Rotary Slip, Spider Slip.
4. Safety Device: Safety Clamp.

Things to consider when choosing Handling Tools:

1. Tubular Goods Type: Drill Collar, Drill Pipe, Casing, Tubing with upset or non-upset type
upset.
2. Good Outer Tubular Diameter.
3. Adjust according to the facilities & capabilities of the Rig.

4. The total weight to be lifted or held.

Theory of Casing
Casing Function
After an oil and gas drilling reaches a certain depth, the depth
The well needs to be equipped with casing, which will then be followed by the grouting process.
Casing is a steel pipe that serves, among other things: to prevent the collapse of the walls.
wells, sealing abnormal pressure zones, lost zones, and so on. The main objective of
Casing planning is obtaining a casing string strong enough to provide protection.
good wells during drilling and production at low cost. Some functions
the casing is as follows:

Preventing the Collapse of Well Walls

In poorly consolidated rock layers, during drilling
Breaking through that layer can cause an enlargement of the borehole.
The enlargement of this borehole is due to the collapse of the well wall, further if
this soft layer alternates with hard layers, which will create an effect
bending of the drill string.
Preventing Groundwater Contamination by Drilling Mud
In a drilling operation, drilling mud is used to balance the formation pressure.
has a certain density. This drilling mud will provide/balance pressure
hydrostatic from the formation. A mud cake will form on the well wall while the sludge filtrate
will penetrate the formation. The entry of mud filtrate into the formation can cause
the presence of water. To prevent water pollution in the formation, a casing is installed.
Closing Abnormal Pressure Zone and Loss Zone
An abnormal pressure zone is a zone that can cause a well kick.
the entry of formation fluid into the borehole. Especially if this fluid is in the form of gas and does not
it must be addressed immediately to prevent a dangerous blowout.
The loss zone is the area where drilling mud disappears into the formation.
Making a Fixed Well Diameter
As mentioned above, a mud cake will form on the walls of the well. but
the thickness of this mud cake is a function of the time and permeability of the rock that
transmitted. If its permeability is large, the mud cake will become thicker. With the installation of
the casing will keep the well diameter constant, this will be especially beneficial when we
requires annulus volume data accurately.
Prevent Direct Relationships Between Formations
For example, when a well can produce oil and gas from a layer that
different and intended to be produced together, then to separate the two layers
the productive one is equipped with a casing and packer.
Location of BOP and Production Equipment
BOP (Blow Out Preventer) is a device used to contain well pressure.
in kick condition. This BOP is placed on the surface casing. The production equipment installed
for casing such as X-mas Tree etc.

Understanding the Causes of Kicks and Blowouts in Oil and Gas Exploration Wells
During normal drilling, the Overbalance method is generally used.
Drilling means that in the wellbore, it is filled with mud that has a certain density.
resulting in a hydrostatic pressure that exceeds the formation pressure (the fluid pressure in the pores
underground rocks) that are penetrated, but in other cases there are also methods
Underbalance Drilling which is commonly used to penetrate formation pressures that are very
low, even lower than the freshwater column known as the zone
subnormal.- This was said by the Chairman of the Expert Council of the Indonesian Association of Oil and Gas Engineers.

(IATMI), Dr.-Ing. Ir Rudi Rubiandini when confirmed about the cause of the drilling accident
in oil and gas exploration wells in Indonesia, Wednesday (9/8). Kick is the process of fluid seeping.
the formation (oil, gas, or water) from within the ground enters the hole being drilled without
unintentional. This can occur when the pressure inside the hole is less than the formation pressure.
that was penetrated, which should have actually been the hydrostatic pressure of the mud greater than the formation that
Currently being penetrated by the drilling chisel. A blowout is the flow of formation fluids (subsurface) that
uncontrolled which is a continuation of the uncontrolled kick. "Currently, we
know Surface Blowout (SBO) which is an uncontrolled flow that reaches the surface
the surface through well holes, while an Underground Blowout (UGBO) occurs in
below the surface of the ground and seeps to the surface or to other layers outside the hole
"Well," said the independent disaster observer of the Porong mudflow from ITB, Rudi.
It is stated that, statistically, around 65% of the blowouts that occur are UGBO.
the costs required for UGBO control can range from hundreds of thousands of dollars to tens
30 million dollars. History in Indonesia once spent a cost of 30 million dollars in one of the
companies in East Kalimantan, and there are also some worth up to 60 million dollars in Kalimantan
timur because of the occurrence in the oil and gas field in the sea.
Cause of Kick
The most common cause of a kick is initiated by an event called Lost-Circulation, which is
the entry of some drilling mud into the formation which results in the fluid column in
in the well descends and eventually the pressure inside the well becomes lower than the pressure
The formation, although the equivalent density of the mud used is already heavy enough.
The second cause is penetrating the abnormal zone, where the pressure of the formation is far.
greater than the previous layer and exceeding the hydrostatic pressure of the mud
drilling inside the hole. This case will become more difficult when the abnormal zone is present.
contains gas. The third cause is the occurrence of the swabbing effect (suction) during the pipe
the drilling is pulled to the surface, just like a syringe being pulled will
producing a suction effect, so that it seems as if the hydrostatic pressure of the mud has greatly decreased,
and when it is lower than the formation pressure, it will stimulate fluids from
formation leading to the well hole.
Causes of Blowout
The cause of a blowout occurs when a kick cannot be controlled, either because of the kick
arrival was too fast, or because the operator was too slow to realize, or because
Indeed, naturally the environment is very fierce, for example in high-pressure gas zones.
high. When the blowout finally occurs, the first tendency will result in
SBO, then the officer will usually immediately close the Blow Out Preventer (device)
which serves as a barrier on the surface), then the Pressure Control process is carried out.
to immediately expel the kick fluid by pumping the appropriate mud and
"open the valve according to procedure," said the lecturer who will soon become a professor in the field
this ITB drilling. However, sometimes when the pressure control process is carried out, it turns out that
the pressure strength from below far exceeds the strength of the rock or casing above,
UGBO can occur. The technical causes leading to UGBO are, firstly, as a result of
the pressure inside the wellbore exceeds the formation strength at the time of kicking out.
Both kicks caused by abnormal formations or due to loss and accident
"The way to address it is to stop the operation, inject suitable heavy mud,"
part of the semen, and install an additional string casing," he said. The cause of UGBO, second,
the presence of gas flowing in the annulus behind the casing after cementing. The damage that
It usually happens very quickly and extremely. The options for blowout control are very limited.
The loss of wells or platforms is common in this case. According to him, the mud
a certain weight is needed to handle the small scenario of mud-weight difference
and formation integrity. Further drilling will certainly require an increase in mud weight.
that may exceed formation integrity. Mud losses may occur immediately.
on the upper layer. The solution is that the casing or liner must be installed and cemented so that it can be
isolating zones in deeper and high-pressure intervals. Third, there is
During sidetracking in a well that previously experienced a kick, the pipe often
stuck in most parts of the openhole, especially at the top near the seat
casing. Sidetracking begins by placing a solid base, such as a whipstock, to
begin to deviate direction. The oldest and most common method is to use
cement plug in the openhole section above the drillstring fish. The top part of the cement plug then
drilled until it reaches the solid cement part. This process ultimately can only
leaving a small amount of cement on the fish. This can result in UGBO occurring again.
It happens. This scenario is very dangerous and difficult to control. Fourth, the result of the failure of the partition.
semen in the annulus, such production problems can also lead to the occurrence of
CAR during normal production period, namely: the decline in production pressure, while the pressure in
Other zones, both below and above the production zone, remain the same as before. Along with
With the increasing pressure difference between the formations, it will result in potential
the break of the cement that has been the barrier all this time. Failure of the cement barrier function

causing fluids to flow vertically upwards or downwards. The solution that

Effective is perforation and squeeze cementing between flow intervals. Fifth, failure
casing can also lead to UGBO. The level of damage is a function
from the depth of the leak source and the flow source pressure. The deeper the location
the leak, the smaller the chance the flow will reach the surface. He said,
from those examples, it elaborates on most common causes of kicks and
blowout, both SBO and UGBO. "This must be understood carefully and always
periodically reviewed to ensure that the drilling team understands it and
incorporating it into the planning of possible occurrences. More importantly,
The symptoms must always be observed during the drilling of the well by everyone.
the drilling executor to enhance awareness of the potential for kick and blowout,
the heart.