Catholic University of Mozambique

Institute of Distance Education

Evolution of Escape from the Coastal Zone

2⁰ Group

Aurora António Artur Code: 7⁰81951⁰9

Course: Bachelor's Degree in Environmental Management

Coastal Management
Frequency Year: 3rd year

Nampula, June, 2021

b
Catholic University of Mozambique

Institute of Distance Education

Evolution of Coastal Zone Escape

Evaluative work for the course of

Coastal Management: Distance Learning, 3rd Year,
Bachelor's Degree in Environmental Management.
Lesson taught by the Teacher:

Dr. Xamauna Ussene Chale

.

Nampula, June 2021

I
Feedback Sheet

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ii
Index
Introduction...........................................................................................................................4

Evolution Scope of the coastal zone.........................................................................5

1.1. Practices in the monitoring of coastal evolution......................................................5

1.2. Modeling of coastal evolution..............................................................................6

1.3. Strategies of coastal zone adaptation..........................................................6

1.4. Evolution Scope.................................................................................................7

Conclusion............................................................................................................................8

Bibliography.........................................................................................................................9

3
Introduction

Mozambique has a coastline of about 27,000 km, washed by the Indian Ocean. The area
the Mozambican coastline goes from the Rovuma River, to the North, at the border with the Republic of

Tanzania, up to Ponta do Ouro, in the South, at the border with the Republic of South Africa.

The Mozambican coastal zone encompasses ten of the country's eleven provinces, namely: Cabo Delgado,
Niassa, Nampula, Zambézia, Sofala, Inhambane, Gaza, Maputo Province, Maputo City and
Head. 4⁰ of the 128 districts and 1⁰ of the 23 cities in the country are located in the coastal zone, the
which implies that around 40% of the Mozambican population lives in the coastal area.

Coastal areas have a culture and way of life that spans many centuries.
existence, serving the interests of humanity, and playing a strategic role in
response to the needs and aspirations of the current and future populations of Europe. Since
whenever coastal areas are related to creating jobs, with the
economic growth and the quality of life.

4
 Evolution of the Coastal Zone Scope

Coastal areas are unique and irreplaceable ecosystems on a human scale.

They correspond to the result of a long evolution, of many millions of years, but in which
the evolutionary traits corresponding to scales are also easily recognizable
varied time scales, namely on a millennial and secular scale.

In these terms, it should be assumed that the characteristics of any coastline were and are imposed.
by the action of internal and external geodynamic processes over geological time.
In a way, it can be said that the skeleton of the coastal areas was formed by the
evolution on a scale of millions of years, that meat formed over a millennial scale, and
that the skin developed through secular evolution. Any coastal stretch is,
in a certain way, a repository of the Earth’s history, corresponding, consequently, to a
unsurpassable museological monument, ANTUNES (2⁰⁰1).

Coastal zones are highly complex systems, resulting from the interception of
hydrosphere, geosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. It is precisely from this complexity that
they result not only from the high variability they present, but also from the great
potentialities that characterize them.

The systemic complexities of coastal areas make them highly sensitive systems.
and vulnerable. Often, a small change in one of the parameters can trigger
significant modifications throughout the system. Additionally, they are open systems, extremely
dependents on the pressures that come to them from abroad, that is, for example, from
modifications that occurred in the draining watersheds, from changes that arose in the basin
adjacent oceanic, and changes observed in the atmospheric system, SILVA (2004).

1.1. Practices in coastal evolution monitoring

According to SILVA (2002), there is a need to understand the processes that guide
evolution of the coastline with special emphasis on erosion and the possible impact of rising sea levels

average of the sea waters, as a result of climate change, appear as the

main reasons behind the coastal monitoring actions presented.
Anthropic actions are also said to be conditioning the evolution of the coast,
contributing to the apparent increase in erosion rates caused by natural factors.

5
 1.2. Modeling of coastal evolution

The coastal zone of Mozambique has been the target of high investments in recent years,
with the construction and rehabilitation of port infrastructures and coastal protection
large cities that, in some cases, have implied changes in sedimentary dynamics
coastal area with notable effects at different temporal and spatial scales. This communication
synthesize the practices adopted in different monitoring and modeling studies of
coastal evolution carried out for Mozambique, documenting the different methodologies
applied to them, assessing the quality of information and its usefulness for understanding and
forecast of the changes that have occurred in the coastal zone, MANTOVANI (2002).

1.3. Adaptation strategies for coastal areas

Adaptation is a process of adjustment to the current and future climate and its effects. In the
human systems adaptation seeks to moderate (or eliminate, if possible) the impacts
burdensome and explore the beneficial opportunities, in natural systems the human intervention
can facilitate the adjustment to the future climate [IPCC, 2014], there are thus three types of
adaptation

Proactive: Measures taken before the impacts of climate change become

observed;
Spontaneous: Measures taken, not as a conscious response to climate stimuli,
more triggered by ecological changes in natural systems and by changes in
market and well-being in human systems;
Planned: Measures that result from a deliberate political decision, based on the
awareness that conditions have changed or are about to change, and that they are
necessary to return to, or maintain, a desired state.

Coastal areas correspond to transition areas between the continent and the ocean, many
times extending from the watersheds to the continental shelf and contains by
this is a great variety of environments and ecosystems. It corresponds to the area that
extends from 100 Km into the coastline to a depth of 200m.

6
 1.4. Evolution of Scope

According to SILVA (2004), during the 1980s, there was a spread of programs of
coastal management with the rapid development of new conceptual instruments, the debate
increasingly intense between the scientific community, the narrowing of relations between it and
the political sphere and the pioneering work of the United Nations.

Coastal areas play a relevant role in socioeconomic development in

all the continents and for this reason we increasingly observe the growing pressure
anthropic in these areas. This growth, gradual and at the same time disorderly, causes the
increased environmental vulnerability in these areas, putting both preservation at risk
of the environment as well as the socioeconomic activities installed there. This
happens because these regions host ecosystems of high environmental sensitivity that
are subject to significant changes in short time intervals.

For ANTUNES (2001), coastal zones constitute unique and irrecoverable ecosystems.
on a human scale, resulting from a long evolution, of many millions of years. If the
estuaries and coastal lagoons have always been the subject of intense human occupation, already
on our sandy oceanic coasts, due to being inhospitable, this occupation only took place
significantly from the mid-19th century, and with greater acuity in the second
mid-twentieth century.

The abrupt intensification of the use of coastal areas occurred simultaneously with the
development of various interventions in the watersheds and on the coast whose impacts
generally translate into a decrease in sediment supply and consequent erosion
coastal.

These two incompatible phenomena (occupation of coastal areas and coastal erosion)
they developed without the management bodies being properly prepared for it
prepared. The awareness of the new reality and its consequences and the attempt to
the adaptation of management structures took several decades. To make the occupation and the
sustainable development emerged in the final decades of the 20th century, the concept of Management
Integrated Coastal Zone.

7
Conclusion

Currently, there is a focus on the protection of coastal areas and the reduction and management of
coastal risks, especially the risk of flooding, inundation, and erosion. In the future, the
medium and long term, when the impacts of climate change on coastal areas will
we will become more notable, it is very likely that the expression will be used more frequently
adaptation to climate change.

The work identified the need to create mechanisms that facilitate sharing
information collected from different studies that allows for data comparison
coming from different sources. This may be possible through the adoption or creation of
best practice guides that can also contribute to raising the quality of information
provided by the different monitoring and modeling initiatives of coastal evolution

8
Bibliography

ANTUNES, P; SANTOS, R. Integrated management of the oceans. Ecological Economics,

v. 31, n. 2, p. 215-226, 2001;

CANAVEIRA, P. and R. Papudo (2013). Coastal Zones In: "Progress Report of

National Adaptation Strategy to Climate Change – Integrated Report. Agency
Environmental Portuguese, Amadora, Portugal, pp. 191-212;

MANTOVANI, W. A. The vegetation over the restinga in Caraguatatuba, SP. 2nd Congress
national on native essences. Forest Institute, São Paulo, 2000;

SILVA, I. F. T. Basic Notions of Cartography.

IBGE. Rio de Janeiro, 2004. 127p;