PCB Report
Uploaded by
ScribdTranslationsPCB Report
Uploaded by
ScribdTranslationsINTRODUCTION
In the first instance, a circuit, in a general concept, is a
electric circuit that contains at least one closed path. There are various
and very varied types of circuits, among them we find the circuits
prints, representing the topic to be discussed soon. A circuit
Printed is a surface made up of paths or tracks of material.
laminated conductors on a non-conductive base, these are used for
electrically connect and mechanically support a set of
electronic components.
The inventor of the printed circuit was probably the engineer
Austrian Paul Eisler, who, while working in England, made one.
around 1936, as part of a radio. Then, approximately in
In 1943, the United States began to use this technology on a large scale.
to manufacture radios that were robust, to be used in the Second
World War. After the war, in 1948, the U.S. released the invention.
for commercial use. Printed circuits did not become popular in the
consumer electronics until the mid-1950s, when the process of
self-assembly was developed by the United States Navy.
Originally, each electronic component had copper pins or
metal several millimeters in length, and the printed circuit had holes
drilled for each pin of the component. The pins of the components
They passed through the holes and were soldiers to the tracks of the printed circuit.
1949, Moe Abramson and Stanilus F. Danko developed the self-
assembly where the pins of the components were inserted into a
copper sheet with the interconnection pattern, and then they were soldered. With the
development of card laminating and engraving techniques, this concept
I evolve in the standard manufacturing process of used printed circuits.
currently.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Printed Circuit
A printed circuit or in English Printed Circuit Board (PCB) is a
card or plate used to carry out the placement of the different
elements that make up the circuit and the electrical interconnections between
they
In the past, the manufacturing of printed circuits for the
system design using homemade techniques, however this practice has
has been decreasing over time. In recent years, the size of the
the electronic components have been considerably reduced, which
it implies less spacing between pins for high integration circuits
density. Also taking into account the current frequencies of
operation of the devices, a very good precision is necessary in the
printing process of the plate with the aim of ensuring tolerances
minimums.
The simplest printed circuits correspond to those that
they contain copper pathways only on one of the surfaces of the
board. These boards are known as single-layer printed circuits, or
in English, 1 Layer PCB. The most common printed circuits today
they are 2 layer or 2 Layer PCB. However, depending on the
complexity of the physical circuit design (or PCB layout) can reach
to be made of 8 or more layers.
BASIC CONCEPTS OF PCB
Soldier mask
To mount the electronic components on the printed circuits
an assembly process is required, which can be manual or
through specialized machinery. The assembly processes require
the use of welding to secure the components to the board. For
to prevent the welding from accidentally short-circuiting two tracks
belonging to different nodes a soldier's mask is used, or
soldermask in English. This solder mask is a varnish that is applied to
the printed circuits during the manufacturing stage and can be of various types
colors.
Screen printing
Silkscreen printing is the process where printing is done on the stencil of
soldier information leading to facilitate the assembly work and of
posterior verification. It is generally printed to indicate points of
test as well as the position, orientation and reference of the
components that make up the circuit. It can also be used for
any purpose the designer requires, such as for the
product name
The silkscreen can be on both outer layers or faces of the printed circuit.
Pads
A pad is a copper surface on a printed circuit board or PCB that
allows soldering or attaching the component to the board. There are two types of pads; the
thru-hole and SMD (surface mount). The thru-hole pads are
designed to introduce the pin of the component to then solder it on
opposite side to which it was introduced. This type of pads is very similar to a
viathru-hole.
Copper roads
A track is a copper conductor path that serves to connect a
pad (where the pin or terminal of a component rests) to another. The tracks
they can be of different widths depending on the currents that flow to
through them.
It is important to note that at high frequencies it is necessary to calculate the width of
track so that there is an impedance adaptation throughout its
route (more on this topic in a future publication).
STEPS FOR PCB DESIGN
Creation of the track design
Through a PCB design program like Proteus, the
design of the PCB, in order to transform the simulation of a circuit to PCB or
create it from scratch and using a laser printer the printing is done
of the design on glossy photographic paper; the color of the toner at the moment of the
the print has to be dark enough so that when you
apply the acid this does not remove easily.
Preparation of the plate
Once the design is completed, the preparation of the blank plate begins.
cut from the plate, adjusting its size to that of the design made, using
for this the appropriate tool (metal saw, shear, among others)
others). Having the piece cut, it is cleaned of any
impurity that is adhered to the surface of copper. For this process, it
Use steel wool and acetone, this process should be done as well as possible.
possible, since if the plate is not clean it will never fix the toner on it
same. After finishing cleaning, the plate is dried with a piece of clean cloth and
clean again without putting your fingers on the copper, as they leave
grease. The cleaning of the plate will only be effective when it becomes shiny and
with grooves in a circle for better toner adhesion.
Transfer of tracks to the board
To transfer the paper design to the board, an iron is used to
adhere the toner through heat evenly; the paper must be
face with the design to the board and leaving a piece of paper underneath the
tips for handling it and avoiding touching the design. When the paper is done
totally stuck a the plate, it proceeds a to immerse it in
completely fill the time necessary for the paper to be completely
soaked with water and can be removed easily.
Engraved on the plate
In this procedure, the unnecessary copper will be removed from the board.
in such a way that it only remains in the places where it is meant to exist
electrical connection between the different components. It can be made in a
container or plastic tray where a part of acid will be placed
hydrochloric, two of hydrogen peroxide and three of tap water. Once the
the plate has been introduced into the solution, after a few minutes it
will absorb part of the copper from it, except for the tracks. It must be
take special care when handling these chemical compounds,
they can cause severe burns on the skin.
Cleaning and drilling of the plate
Once the acid plate is removed, it must be rinsed with
abundant water so that the acid does not keep eating it, then it dries with
a clean cloth. Once dry, the toner will be soaked with acetone and
scrape with a toothbrush or with steel wool, thus removing everything
the toner of the board. Next, proceed using a nail and a
hammer marks the spots where drilling will subsequently take place,
this way the drill bit does not slip and cuts the grooves
GENERAL RULES IN PCB TRACK DESIGN
1. Acute angles should always be avoided, that is, more than 0º and less than
of 90º, in the direction changes of a track or in the
intersections between two tracks.
2. For tracks that carry high frequency, equal to or greater than
At 1MHz, 90º angles should be avoided, keeping them short and
lines.
3. When more than two tracks run parallel, the distance between them
separate must be uniform.
4. Two or more pads should not be directly joined. This joining must be
to carry out through a track, even if it is of small length among the
pads.
5. A maximum of four tracks can only be held in each pad without
to form acute angles between them.
6. For the overall design of the tracks, they should be done as much as
as simple as possible, focusing on short and direct.
7. For the width of each track, the current must be taken into account.
this must support. Examples: with a thickness of the copper layer of
35um, 4mm wide for 8 or 10A; 1.5mm for 2 and 4A and 0.2mm
for 0.5A.
8. The minimum track separation for low working voltage is
of 0.3mm.
9. A minimum separation space must be left between the tracks and the
edge of the plate from 2 to 3mm.
10. The minimum width of the feed tracks will be between 1 to 2mm
regardless of the current that the circuit will consume.
CONCLUSION
Printed circuits consist of tracks. of conductive material
placed on a non-conductive base, which is generally usually
bakelite or fiberglass, these are used for mounting and interconnection of
the components of an electronic circuit. In a more technical concept, the
Printed circuits are those formed by a copper board mounted
on a base of Bakelite or fiberglass, and tracks are engraved on it that
they will electrically interconnect the components of the circuit. These plates,
after the clues have been printed on them, they are introduced into a solution
of iron perchlorate or another corrosive or acidic substance, which is responsible for
remove the copper that will not be useful, leaving only the marked copper and by
finally, the tracks that will make up the final printed circuit, this process is
known as chemical attack.
The art or design of the circuit can be etched onto the copper board.
three different ways: through screen printing, which consists of
manually draw the circuit design directly on the blank board,
using indelible or acid-resistant ink; through photogravure, using a
transparency of the pattern in negative, to transfer it to the plate using light
UV; or through printing on thermal paper, a technique that consists of
in applying heat to transfer the pattern from a thermosensitive material to the
virgin plate. These three aforementioned methods can be referred to
manuals, since they can be made at home, with easily available materials
access, with screen printing being the lowest cost, however, when
doing it manually, the results are usually not very accurate, or not so
precise like those obtained in an industrial process.
In addition to being able to be done manually, these techniques of
manufacturing is also implemented by industries, due to its wide
accessibility, however, are carried out in an automated manner, in
this aspect is worth mentioning a fourth manufacturing technique: milling,
in which a specialized machinery with 2 or 3 axes is used to
remove the copper from the substrate, following a prior schedule, and leaving
only the clues of the established design.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anonymous. Available at:
http://www.pcb.electrosoft.cl/04-articles-printed-circuits-development-
systems/01-concepts-printed-circuits/concepts-printed-circuits-
pcb.html
Anonymous. Available at:
No text provided for translation.
Anonymous. Available at:
The provided input is a URL and does not contain translatable text.
Anonymous. Available at:
The provided text appears to be a URL and does not contain translatable content.