INDUCTION ELECTRIC MOTOR DATA.

The utilization of the energy consumed by an electric motor depends on its

performance, manufacturers offer a range of powers with performances that range from
95% or higher, down to a poor 65%, this fact must be kept in mind when
choose an engine. It is easy to amortize a good engine, especially when the
Horsepower and operating hours are high. Mechanical robustness, a good
isolation and resistance to overheating are factors that are often associated
to quality engines and further increase savings due to their low maintenance.
Table 1 is calculated with a power factor of 80%.

TABLE OF NOMINAL POWER TRIPLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

3000/1500 rpm. [Cos.f0.8]

220 V. 380 V. 660 V.

KW HP I [A] I [A] I [A]
0.18 0.25 0.6 0.3 0.2
0.37 0.5 1,2 0.7 0.4
0.55 0.75 1.8 1 0.6
0.74 1 2.4 1.4 0.8
1,1 1.5 3.6 2.1 1,2
1.5 2 4.8 2.8 1.6
2.2 3 7.3 4.2 2.4
2.9 4 9.7 5.6 3.2
4 5.5 13.3 7.7 4,4
5.5 7.5 18.1 10.5 6
7.4 10 24.2 14 8.1
11 15 36.3 21 12.1
13.6 18.5 44.7 25.9 14.9
14.7 20 48.3 28 16.1
18.4 25 60.4 35 20.1
22.1 30 72.5 42 24.2
25 34 82.2 47.6 27.4
29.4 40 96.7 56 32.2
44.2 60 145 84 48.3
55.2 75 181.3 105 60.4
73.6 100 241.7 139.9 80.6
92 125 302.2 174.9 100.7
110.4 150 362.6 209.9 120.9
128.8 175 423 244.9 141
161.9 220 531.8 307.9 177.3
220.8 300 725.2 419.8 241.7

Table. 1

Basic formulas to calculate the power of three-phase induction motors, horsepower, Fig.
1, power factor, Fig. 2, consumption in KW, Fig. 3.

KW KW 1.73 x I x V x Cos.f
HP = Cos.f= x100 KW =
0.736 KVA 1000

Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3

HP = 736 W. KW = 1000 W. KVA = [I x V x 1.73] / 1000. I = nominal amperes. V = Nominal voltage.

PROTECTION AND CONTROL DEVICES FOR ELECTRIC MOTORS.

Guardmotor
Guard motors are adjustable devices designed to protect electric motors.
against short circuits, overloads, and phase failure.

Torque limiters.
Torque limiters, as their name indicates, are adjustable devices to limit the torque
electric motors coupled to reducers can restrict the working torque within
some safety margins to avoid mechanical damage in case of seizing.

Phase sequence relays.

Phase sequence relays interrupt the power supply to the motor when
a disruption in the order of the phases is detected before an inversion occurs.
direction of rotation that could in some cases have fatal consequences.

Protection against voltage drop.

The motors of spontaneous starts caused by resetting must be protected.
from the tension after a power supply interruption, provided that this fact
poses a danger to people or the motor itself. UNE Standard 20460-4-45.

Frequency drives.
Frequency converters are the best solution for comprehensive control and protection of
electric motors for various reasons. One of the main reasons is the conservation of the
mechanics of the engine itself and the machinery it drives, the soft starts that
they prolong the life of the entire set. As for the electrical part, it is
It is important to highlight the savings in consumption, as they allow for the optimization of electrical load.
necessary at all times and correct the power factor of the installation.

Static starters.
Static starters are a good alternative to the classic ones, they have a lifespan
much longer and considerably reduce the energy absorbed at startup
motor. On the other hand, its price is not excessively far from the classics, having in
considering the durability of the two devices and energy savings.

Of course, both frequency converters and static starters cover all the
requirements of the R.B.T. (Regulation of Low Voltage) regarding safety and protection
electric motors, replace, motor guards, torque limiters, and sequence relays
of the phase, including the power contactors.

Starting overcurrent.
The motors must have the start-up intensity limited when it may cause
harmful effects on the installation or causing disruptions to other receivers.

TABLE OF PROPORTIONALITY BETWEEN STARTING CURRENT AND FULL LOAD CURRENT

DC motors Alternating current motors

Rated power Rated power
From 0.75 KW to 1.5 KW 2.5 From 0.75 KW to 1.5 KW 4.5
From 1.5 KW to 5.0 KW 2.0 From 1.5 KW to 5.0 KW 3.0
More than 5.0 KW 1.5 From 5.0 KW to 15.0 KW 2.0
More than 15.0 KW 1.5

Table. 2
FORMULAS FOR ENERGY SAVING.

As we have discussed, choosing a motor with a high power factor means a

better use of energy, but it should not be excessively oversized,
since it is under full load that the highest yields are obtained, for this reason
the reason is to avoid making them work in vain for too long to avoid creating a
excess reactive energy, which as is known companies penalize with heavy
surcharges that can be 7.5% in the case of having a power factor of 80%, and
reach a 120% if it does not exceed 30%. On the other hand, the same companies offer
discounts on the invoice when the power factor exceeds 90%. If the
installation characteristics require prolonged operation of low engines.
Load, the solution involves installing equipment to compensate for the reactive energy produced,
that will be quickly amortized.

To calculate the performance of an induction electric motor, first you need to

convert your horsepower (HP) into kW and divide it by the instantaneous consumption in kW,
Multiplying the result by 100 will give us the performance in %.

Example:
To obtain the performance of a 2 HP motor, we will multiply 2 x 0.736 (1 HP = 0.736)
KW) and we will divide the result by the instantaneous consumption, assuming that this is
of 1.7 KW, it would have an efficiency of 86.5%.

1.472
x 100 = 86.5%
1.7

To know the electrical consumption of an induction motor over time, one must
multiply the instantaneous consumption in kW by 0.736, by the operating time in
hours and divide the result by the yield.

Example:
A 2 HP engine, with an estimated efficiency of 86.5%, running for 10 hours
continuously consumes a total of 14.4 KW.

1.7 x 0.736 x 10
14.4 KW
0.865

With the equation from figure 4, the increase in consumption of this engine can be calculated if
instead of a performance of 86.5% it would only be 65%, we would have an increase of
consumption of 0.56 KWh to perform the same work. Assuming it operates for 2
Hours per day, in a year the difference would be 408.8 KW consumed more.
unnecessarily.

100 100
100 100 0.736 x 2 x 0.56 KWh
dc = 0.736 x HP x 65 86.5
Cos.f1 Cos.f2
0.56 x 2 x 365 = 408.8 kW
Fig. 4

dc = Difference consumption. Cos.f1Low performance motor. Cos.f2High performance motor. HP = Horsepower.

ELECTRIC LINE CALCULATION.

When calculating an electrical line, it is necessary to consider the type of

installation, cable insulation, operating temperature, and maximum voltage drop
allowed in the lines by the R.B.T. (Low Voltage Regulation), which is 1% for the
principals and 3% in the secondaries, it will be necessary to correct the sections of table 2.
if this exceeds the margins allowed by law. With the equations of figures 5, 6 and
7, this drop can be calculated approximately, (reactance has not been considered)
line and a cable temperature of 45º C is established). The maximum intensities of
Table 3 corresponds to the type of insulation, XLPE, for other types of installations.
insulations and temperatures consult regulations.

MAXIMUM LOAD FOR COPPER CABLES IN CONSTANT SERVICE WITH INSULATION, XLPE (AFUMEX)

Section Outdoors temperature 40ºC Buried 70cm deep at 25ºC

2 Unipolar 1 Bipolar 1 Tripolar 2 Unipolar 1 Bipolar 1 Tripolar
mm2 I [A] I [A] I [A] I [A] I [A] I [A]
1.5 25 21 19 - - -
2.5 34 29 26 - - -
4 46 38 34 - - -
6 59 49 44 88 90 72
10 82 68 60 117 107 96
16 110 91 81 153 140 125
25 140 116 103 196 183 160

Table 3

Voltage drop in direct current lines:

DU = Voltage drop in volts
0.019 = Copper wire constant 45º C 0.019 x 2L x I
L = Line length in meters DU =
I = Intensity in amperes s
s = Line section in mm2
Fig. 5

Voltage drop in single-phase alternating current lines:

DU = Voltage drop in volts
0.019 = Copper wire constant 45º C
Line length in meters 0.019 x 2L x I x Cos.f
I = Intensity in amperes DU =
s = Cross-sectional area in mm2 s
Cos.f = Power factor
Fig. 6

Voltage drop in three-phase alternating current lines:

DU = Voltage drop in volts
0.019 = Copper wire constant 45º C
L = Length of line in meters 3 x 0.019 x L x I x Cos.f
I = Intensity in amperes
s = Section of line in mm2 s
Cos.f = Power factor
Fig. 7
PRIMARY PROTECTION.

In installations with resistive load (without motors), to determine the power in amperes
For a fuse, it is usually common to multiply the maximum expected load by 1.5.
In those with inductive load (with motors), this value must be multiplied by 2. In all
In case, always follow four basic recommendations for handling fuses.

- The applied voltage must be less than or equal to the nominal voltage of the fuse.
- The intensity to be endured must be less than or equal to the nominal intensity of the fuse.
- The cutoff power assigned to the fuse must be equal to or greater than the intensity of
short circuit anticipated in the inhalation where it is used.
- Never repair a blown or burnt fuse.

TABLE OF TYPES AND DIMENSIONS OF FUSES

Shape Types Size Intensity [A] Voltage [V] Power cut [KA]

DO1 2 - 16
DO DO2 20 - 63 400 50
DO3 80 - 100

DII 2 - 25
D DIII 35 - 63 500 50
DIV 80 - 100

8 x 31 2 - 20
10x38 2 - 25 / 32 400 / 500 / 690 80 / 120
Cylindrical 14x51 16 - 40 / 50
22x58 32 - 100 / 125

000/00 6 - 100 / 6 - 160

0 6 - 160
NH 1 80 - 250
Of blade 2 125 - 400 400 / 500 / 690 80 / 120
3 315 - 630
4 500 - 1000
4A 500 - 1250

Table 4