Marcos Manuel Islas Pacheco

Registration: 102683

Group: LP30

Subject: (33) THESIS SEMINAR I

Instructor: Dr. Sergio Josué Torres Zarco

Learning Activity 1. Development of protocol

San Pedro Cholula, Puebla. November 8, 2021

 1. Statement of the problem

Eating disorders encompassing all their types can lead to

to encompass
up to 4% of the population of adolescents and young adults, being more common in
the female sex and its most common age of onset before the age of 20 and students, in
many occasions do not meet the specific criteria for each disease, but already
they present signs of some of them.

Each era is marked by an aesthetic model of the body, based on certain

stereotypes and ideals, which draw the line between what is beautiful and what is not, this depends
on the formation and change of stereotypes, as well as body models according to fashion
and the era. The ideals of beauty in some people create the desire to be more
thinner than what their body naturally tends to be. In this context, the physical image
cobras importance, as an essential part for human beings.

Every day we have the practice or habit of looking at ourselves in the mirror: before going to work,
school or through personal arrangement; this practice in some people allows for experimentation
ambiguity in their feelings, as a result of that perception towards their own
image; however, there is no specific standard for this, which establishes what it is
A perfect physique, on the contrary, varies throughout life due to various situations.
that influence a person to change their self-perception (mood states,
concerns, self-esteem, obesity, beauty stereotypes among others.

Due to the many factors that can lead to the development of disorders of
eating behavior in youth, more frequently in young women of social class
tall and educated and in late adolescence and young adulthood, according to the
sources of international literature, can also have multiple consequences
psychological, social, and physiological, which can have a lifelong impact,
within these we have: depression, cognitive alterations, amenorrhea, hypothyroidism,
electrolyte imbalances, cachexia, arrhythmias, heart blockages, among many others
others.
Social influences appear from childhood, for this reference is made in the
last years, when they launch the icon of childhood beauty in princess movies and
superheroes presenting them as models of body aesthetics, manifesting that
thinness is synonymous with beauty, instilling this idea from childhood and during the
development of the individual gaining greater importance in adolescence.

The World Health Organization defines adolescence as the period of

growth that occurs after childhood and before adulthood, between the ages of 10 and
19 years. Regardless of the difficulty in establishing an exact age range, it is
the important adaptive, functional, and decisive value that this stage has is developed
cognitive aspect, which involves changes in the young person regarding perception, sensation,
identification
of problem and memory.

According to the maturity that each young person develops, so will be the way to confront the
changes that it will present, nutrition and the living conditions also influence
the adolescent is involved. It is important to note that during adolescence
there is also a need for independence from parents and belonging to groups
social, making them vulnerable to influences, through the different means of
communication those responsible for emphasizing thinness through advertisements
medications, literature, articles on the internet about how to lose weight or gain
musculature, deceptive television programs that end up promising to give the
appearance of the presenters of the programs, development of beauty contests
which establish stereotypes of how people should be.
It is common for people, including teenagers, to undergo diets to achieve the
ideal body. It is worth mentioning that a healthy diet helps to protect us from the
malnutrition in all its forms, as well as non-communicable diseases, among
diabetes, heart diseases, strokes, and cancer.
For many, following a weight loss diet is a torment of suffering in itself.
more than a transitional means to achieve an adequate state of health.
Currently, many people are struggling against supposed obesity, which today
they are called eating disorders, which commonly focus on anorexia and
bulimia nervosa; both reflect drastic body weight standards imposed by the
society about beauty by exaltating thinness.
Anorexia Nervosa: a specific syndrome, whose essential characteristics are the
described in the DSM-IV, that is, refusal to maintain a minimum normal body weight,
intense fear of gaining weight, significant alteration in the perception of shape or size
of the body and the appearance of amenorrhea in women. There are 2 subtypes of anorexia
nervous: the restrictive and the compulsive/purging.

Anorexia nervosa primarily occurs in the female gender (less than 10

% of anorexic individuals are male). For this reason, we will use the
anorexic term to refer to patients with this condition, understanding that
patients of both sexes.

The evolution of anorexia nervosa can be varied: some people recover.

completely after a single episode; others present fluctuating episodes, with
weight gain followed by relapses; and in other cases, if a program is not established
therapeutic, a progressive malnutrition development may arise with the possibility of
lead to cachectic states, and death by starvation, suicide or imbalance
metabolic

Bulimia Nervosa: it is an eating disorder characterized by episodes

repeated episodes of excessive food intake in a short period of time. This is coupled with
an excessive worry about weight control, which can lead to
use methods to control weight gain.

The person suffering from bulimia sees herself as fat, has a distorted idea of her own body.
body, although it has a normal weight and experiences persistent feelings of
body dissatisfaction, fear of gaining weight, unable to control their impulses with the
food and cannot resist the urge to binge.

Eating disorders, as noted earlier, affect the

adolescents, although there are also consequences generated by dissatisfaction of
body image, which could directly affect mood states,
specifically in the onset of depression which is defined here as: a loss of the
ability to take an interest in and enjoy things, diminishing vitality causing a
reduction of activity level and excessive fatigue, which appears after effort
minimum.
Depression arises progressively and gradually, which can establish a
mild, moderate, or severe depression. This can dramatically affect the
behavior and the relationship with others, which could possibly lead to the
teenager feels insecure, tense, full of doubts etc. Depression in some
young people could be a result of their dissatisfaction with their body since it doesn't look right to them

how would you like it to be.

 2. Research question

What are the eating disorders that cause severe complications?

in young people under 20 years old?

3. Research Objectives

General.

Determine the prevalence of eating disorders in young people

under 20 years old.

Specific.

1. Determine the prevalence of Bulimia Nervosa, Anorexia Nervosa.

2. Determine central tendency measures regarding body mass index in
the studied population.
3. Identify the possible factors associated with developing disorders of the
eating behavior.
4. Identify purging behaviors and their frequency.
5. Establish non-purging behaviors for weight loss purposes and the frequency of
these.
6. Determine the most common subtype of Anorexia Nervosa in the population.
study.
7. Identify the most common subtype of Bulimia Nervosa in the studied population.
8. Identify the frequency of subtypes of Eating Disorders
not specified in the studied population
 4. Scope and Limitations

Scopes:

Information about eating disorders will be obtained through interviews with

depth with experts on the subject.
The field research will be conducted with young people under 20 years old.
private high school
The most important factors that promote anorexia will be identified and the
bulimia.
The foundations will be laid for the creation of a social campaign for the
prevention of anorexia and bulimia based on social networks.
A support talk will be given for young people who wish to know more about the topic.

Limitations:

This study will not discuss the eating disorders that arise in
the adults.
This research will not address other types of eating disorders, which do not
they are anorexia and bulimia nervosa.
The proposal will not be implemented, so results cannot be evaluated.
The focus group will be conducted only with young high school students.
particular.
This work is based on qualitative rather than quantitative study results.
Little cooperation from the youth due to embarrassment.
 5. Summary of the main theoretical assumptions, that
they will compose a theoretical framework.

Eating disorders: Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa, are known

since the beginnings of Western civilization. Although massive intake and behavior
The purging behaviors are certainly described in Roman civilization, the disorder of Bulimia.
Nervous, as we define it today, is not well documented.
An eating disorder can be defined as a disruption
persistent dietary patterns or behavior that seeks to control weight
corporal, which exerts deleterious effects on physical health and social development, and
that are not secondary to other underlying medical or psychiatric conditions.
The most recognized eating disorders are Anorexia Nervosa (AN) and Bulimia.
Nervous (BN). The hallmark of Anorexia is the refusal to maintain a body weight.
normal minimum. Bulimia is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating
followed by inappropriate behaviors aimed at avoiding weight gain, such as
for example, self-induced vomiting. There are two other clinical forms, less
recognized as they are the Unspecified Eating Disorders by their initials in
Binge-Eating Disorder.
The term Anorexia Nervosa literally means: 'nervous loss of appetite.'
derived from the Greek orexis: appetite. The disorder was first described in the literature
medical almost simultaneously by Sir William Gull in England and Ernest-Charles Lasegue
in France, in the 1870s. Their descriptions of the main characteristics are: loss
severe weight loss, amenorrhea, psychological disturbances, and increased activity are
reflected with only small modifications in modern diagnostic criteria
most used: DSM-IV TR.
The term Bulimia is thought to originate from the Greek words bous and limos, which
literally means: 'hunger of an ox'. The excessive intake of food 'feasts',
has been a problem for humanity for millennia and the practice of self-induced vomiting
also data from the same times (14th century). However, it wasn't until 1979 that
The clinical disorder of BN was formally described in an article published by Russell.
In 1980, BN was recognized as a diagnosis in the DSM-III. Minor modifications
were carried out to allow for the criteria stipulated in the DSM-IV-TR3.

Anorexia Nervosa
Most patients suffering from Anorexia Nervosa (95%) are women.
The prevalence of Anorexia Nervosa has been estimated at approximately 1% of the
adolescent women, although it can be subclinical in up to 5-10% of women
young people between the ages of 16-25, with the most common starting age between 14 and 18
years. Although AN is typically considered to be characteristic of Caucasian races, the
eating disorders and body dissatisfaction also seem to belong to the races
African American, Asian, and Hispanic. Other risk factors for AN include
belong to a high social class, female, participation in activities in the
that thinness is overrated (for example: ballet, gymnastics, modeling), and history
familiar with eating disorders. Episodes of Anorexia Nervosa are typically
unleashed by stressful events. AN can be associated with other entities
psychiatric: including an estimated lifetime prevalence of 25% with the
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and 50 to 75% with dysthymia, 65% with depression, phobia
social 34%. Approximately 40 to 45% of anorexics recover
completely, 30% improve and 25% present chronicity. The mortality is the highest
discharge of all psychiatric disorders: 10-15%. Mortality is increased in
those with a late onset age, long duration of the disease, and weight loss
severe. A poor prognosis is associated with low weight at the onset of the disease,
inadequate intrafamily relationships, male sex, the presence of vomiting, the majority
duration of symptoms or lack of response to early treatment.
Bulimia Nervosa
The estimated prevalence of BN is 3 to 10% among adolescents and students.
university students in the United States; however, since bulimics appear to have a
good
health status, the illness is more difficult to detect. The BN, like the AN, is
more
common in the female sex, although its age of onset is a little higher than the
from the AN. The BN typically appears after an unsuccessful attempt to lose weight.
or when the patient discovers that purging, fasting, or exercise can compensate for the
gluttony. The factors associated with the onset of BN include a previous history of
sexual abuse, abuse or dependence on psychoactive drugs, family history of
alcoholism and depression. Depression and mood disorders are common among the
Bulimics. The prognosis for BN is generally better than that for AN: more than 50% have
they recover completely, a few become anorexic, approximately 30%
they maintain an unspecified eating disorder. Among those who recover,
approximately 25% retain abnormal eating habits. Many patients
identified in primary care do not meet all the criteria of the DSM-IV-TR for the
diagnosis of AN or BN, but exhibit abnormal eating and exercise patterns,
including restrictive eating or binge eating with or without behaviors of
cleansing. When these criteria are identified in young patients, they may
to represent a milder evolution of the disease, which makes it more difficult to
to detect, but that implies a better prognosis. On the contrary, in older patients
it can show chronic sequelae of partial recovery. In this last group, the
psychiatric and nutritional treatment options may have been exhausted, and the
The general practitioner will be responsible for monitoring the course of the disease. It is
note that approximately 20% of university women will experience
transitory bulimic symptoms during their university years. Although the BN
It usually occurs in individuals with a normal weight, and may have a history of
obesity.

6. Contextual framework
This research will be conducted experimentally within a high school.
specifically, for the moment as a safety measure and due to the covid-19 pandemic
you will be taking a virtual test about proper nutrition and preferences regarding it
foods, grouping foods with different caloric values, to have a
reference to what type of diet is carried out by each young person, consequently
Teachers will be asked for each student to add a comment about something.
particular case that they consider needs specific attention, since they and the
parents are those who in a way have more contact with young people.

The purpose of this research is to recognize what the eating disorders are.
more serious that can lead to a complication in young people under 20 years old,
as well as understanding the reasons that may cause any of these disorders,
in the same way to know the opinion of young people on the topic covered.
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