CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK

In this chapter, all the methods and techniques that will help to...
obtain the necessary information to achieve the proposed objectives,
taking into account the analysis and study of all the information collected.
According to Balestrini (2005), it is 'to discover and analyze the assumptions of
study and reconstruct the data based on theoretical concepts
"conventionally operationalized" (p.113).
That is why for the development of the preventive maintenance plan
for the air conditioning units at the academic headquarters of the Institute
Polytechnic University Santiago Mariño extension San Cristóbal located in
Libertador Avenue, for further reference at the entrance of the urbanization
Torbes, a series of parameters, actions, and must be taken into account.
well-defined characteristics and all of them necessary to provide proper
compliance with the proposed investigation.
In this sense, the Degree Work Manual of the University Institute
Santiago Mariño (2006) defines the methodological framework as the place where:
... the author presents the methodology to be used to achieve
the objectives that guide the conduct of the research. What
Will it be carried out? How will it be carried out? Why will it be carried out? are the
questions that should guide the framework development
methodological. The different components that make up such
important section is organized to form Chapter III of
the proposal, and the designation of these may differ according to the
modality and type of research to be carried out as TEG. (p.22)

Research Modality
According to the problem posed and according to Cázares et al. (2007),
the modality of research is defined as that which:

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 It fundamentally depends on the information that is collected or
consultation in documents, this term being understood in a sense
broad, like all permanent material, that is to say, to which
can be used as a source or reference at any time or
place, without altering its nature or meaning, so that it contributes
information or account for a reality or event. The
Documentary sources can be, among others: written documents,
such as books, newspapers, magazines, notarial acts, treaties,
surveys and written conferences; film documents, such as
movies, slides, films; recorded documents, such as
discs, tapes and cassettes, even electronic documents such as
web pages. (p. 18).

That is why a field and documentary modality is established.

According to Arias (2006), the field research modality is the one that
it consists of collecting data directly from reality where
the events occur, without manipulating or controlling any variable” (p. 27). Contribution

which supports the Libertador Experimental Pedagogical University (2006),

who stipulates in their manual for specialization, master's degree thesis
your doctoral theses, to field research such as:
The systematic analysis of problems in reality, with the
purpose of describing them, interpreting them, understanding their nature and
constituting factors, explain their causes and effects to predict their
occurrence, using characteristic methods of anyone
of the paradigms or research approaches known in
development. (p.5)

It is said to be fieldwork since it is necessary to make visits to the area.

where the machines and equipment located in the company are
object of study, and thus collect the relevant information about their condition
actual. According to Arias (2006), documentary research or documentary design
it is a process based on searching, retrieving, analyzing, critiquing and
interpretation of secondary data, that is, those obtained and recorded by
other researchers in documentary sources: printed, audiovisual or
"electronics" (p.31). On the other hand, Cazares et al. (2007) define:

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 Documentary research fundamentally depends on the
information that is collected queryo in documents,
understood in this term, in a broad sense, as everything
permanent material, that is, which can be referred to
as a source or reference at any time or place. The
documentary research is characterized by the use
predominant graphic and sound records as sources of
information. Generally, it is associated with the management of
messages recorded in the form of manuscripts and printed materials, by
what is normally associated with archival research and
bibliographic. The concept of document, however, is more
broad. Covers, for example: movies, slides, plans and
discs. (p.196)

Therefore, the proposed research is documentary because

this work investigates the information through the manuals of
manufacturers and other bibliographic and digital sources; and certainly it is a
field research in which it is necessary to be directly on site
real where the problem occurs, where it is collected and classified the
necessary information for the development of this work plan.

Type of Research
Knowing that this work is defined as a field modality and
It is necessary to establish some kind of research to help ...
obtain results in a clearer and more accurate way. This is considered as
descriptive type and its purpose lies in that the data is taken directly
of reality. According to Hernández (1998), the purpose of a
descriptive research is 'to describe situations and events, that is how
is and manifests a certain phenomenon...” (p. 60).
It is important to know that in order to govern more effectively the
the proposal has a series of characteristics among which is the free
access to the area under study and absolute availability to all sources of
information that helps improve study because it establishes contact

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with reality, therefore it can be said that the present research
Certainly, it is of a descriptive type.
This research is also a feasible project since the
It consists of the proposal of a preventive maintenance plan for the
air conditioning units at the Avenida Libertador headquarters in the
IUPSM San Cristóbal extension. According to Barrios (1998) it says: "That within
educational research projects are defined as the
research, preparation, and development of a proposal or operational model
viable to solve problems, requirements or needs of
organizations or social groups." (p.7).
Applied research was also conducted since this
type of research is characterized by the application or use of the
knowledge that is continuously acquired both in terms of
explanatory since this type of research aims to
to respond or account for the reason behind the object being investigated.

Research Procedure
The research design constitutes the overall plan to obtain
answers to the questions and breaks down the basic strategies that are
adopt to generate accurate and interpretable information, and integrates in a way
coherent and appropriately correct, data collection techniques
expected analysis and objectives. In this line of thought, Castillo (2007),
define the research design as:
The practical and precise way that the researcher adopts to
fulfill the objectives of your study, since the design of
research indicates the steps to follow to achieve these
objectives. It is necessary therefore that prior to the selection of the
research design should have clear objectives
research. The ways to get answers to the
Questions or hypotheses posed depend on the research.
For this reason, there are different types of research designs,
one or several of which must be chosen to carry out a
private investigation. (p.71).

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 For the preparation of the maintenance plan, certain actions were carried out.
phases that must be followed to achieve the effectiveness of the results of the
research. It will be conducted using the following methodological order:

Phase 1: Data Collection: Involves gathering and analyzing all the

information obtained about the machines and equipment of the company.

Phase 2: Diagnosis of the current maintenance situation: It is based on

in the collection of data in unstructured interviews, observation
direct and questionnaires in which the systems will be evaluated
maintenance applying the COVENIN 2500-93 standard

Phase 3: Establishment of the Standard for creating the Forms: In

In this phase, the parameters of the COVENIN Standard are established.
3049-93 for the creation of the forms used for execution of the
preventive maintenance plan.

Phase 4: Development of the Maintenance Plan: Once the

maintenance forms are prepared to create the plan using all the
data collected, in order to establish all maintenance frequencies
from the machines and equipment to proceed with the introduction of the data into the
completed forms.

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 Phases according to the methodological order to carry out the plan of
preventive maintenance.

Data Collection Phase

Diagnosis Phase

Stage of Establishment of the Standard

Phase of Developing the Maintenance Plan.

Figure 24. Phases according to the methodological order to carry out the maintenance plan
estimate.

Population and Sample

Population
The population is the group of people we aim to
to investigate and know its characteristics according to Hernández (1998) states that:

It is the set of all cases that match a series of

specifications". (p.204). In this case, the population is made up of the
air conditioning units of the Polytechnic University Institute
Santiago Mariño, San Cristóbal extension located at the academic headquarters of

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Libertado Avenue. In this sense, there is a population equivalent to
fifty-one (56) air conditioners.

Sample
The sample is that part of the population or number of individuals that
scientifically selected to be studied according to Balestrini (2005): 'It is
part of the population, that is, a number of individuals or objects selected
scientifically, each of which is an element of the universe” (p.71).
This research does not require a sample, due to the size of
the population is equivalent to its total dimension and it will go to
investigate various objects.

Techniques and Instruments for Data Collection

In every research, a variety of methods are used in order to
gather data about an existing situation, such as interviews,
questionnaires, records inspection site review and observation. Each
one has advantages and disadvantages. Generally, two or three are used to
complement the work of each one and help ensure a research
complete. For this reason, Arias (2006) mentions that: 'the collection techniques
Data are the different ways to obtain information." (p.46).Of
according to the characteristics of the project, which is oriented towards a
field and documentary research, was used as the first instrument of
data collection the COVENIN Standard 3049-93 maintenance and its
definitions.
Another technique to be used in information gathering is the
diagnosis of the current maintenance situation in the Institute
Polytechnic University Santiago Mariño, which is carried out through the
COVENIN 2500-93 standard manual for evaluating systems of
maintenance in the industry is a quantitative method for evaluation

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of maintenance systems, which determines the management capacity of the
company regarding maintenance.

Review of bibliographic information

This serves as a reference to undertake the research and which
results and conclusions are relevant to it. For
it is necessary to know the sources and how to search for information from
interest in this work and for it, the information methods
bibliographic sources related to the use of secondary sources
existing research at different universities and studies by others
documented researchers in the theoretical problems specific to the
specialty or career, information from books is also taken into account,
magazines, reports, manuals, videos, among others.
According to Selltis (2008), document review is: 'The appeal to the
historical sources, to official and private statistics, to the archives,
reports, studies, and all kinds of documentation, is essential for the
achievement of the previously stated objectives as a function of the study
exploratory.” (p.34).

Direct Observation
It is a technique that consists of carefully observing the phenomenon,
fact or case, gather information and record it for later analysis. The
observation is a fundamental element of any research process; in
She supports the researcher to obtain the largest number of data.
According to the above regarding the collection techniques
data from the teams, direct observation was used according to Sabino
(2000). 'It consists of the systematic use of our senses aimed at the
capture of the reality we want to study” (p.146). Observation has
has always been used by man to gather information, in the

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this project allowed us to collect data from the machines and equipment in
study, your current condition.

Instrument: COVENIN Standard 2500-93

This standard includes a quantitative method for diagnosing,
determine the current situation and the management capacity of the company in
as far as maintenance is concerned.
This research is of great importance as it allows interaction
with the existing problem with the aim of seeing the reality to determine
the factors involved in the development of a maintenance plan
quote for the air conditioning units at the academic headquarters
from the Santiago Mariño Polytechnic University Institute San extension
Cristóbal Avenue Libertador, resulting in the collection of
information on the design processes, selection, and study of parts
mechanics.

Analysis Techniques

According to Hurtado (2010): They are the analysis techniques that deal with
relate, interpret and seek meaning from the information expressed in
verbal and iconic codes.
The research is framed as qualitative, as it
they will handle the techniques of direct observation and the interview not
structured that allowed to break down the information obtained and the
aspects to be evaluated in an orderly manner, to then establish a comparison of the
theory related to the research being conducted.

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