MPRASHANT

Topics
What is mongodb?
Installation (MAC & Windows)
Mongodb ATLAS
CRUD Operations
Operators (conditions, logical, relations)
Aggregate Framework
Data Modeling (Relationship)
Schema Validations
Indexes
Python + Mongodb
Interview questions
What is a Database?
What is a Database?

An organised collection of data.

A method to manipulate and access the
data.
Unorganized Organized
MPRASHANT

What is MongoDB?
MPRASHANT

MongoDB is a NoSQL database that stores

data in flexible, JSON-like documents,
making it easy to scale and handle large
volumes of unstructured data.
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MongoDB Structure

MongoDB stores data in collections and documents.

A collection is a group of MongoDB documents

A document is a set of key-value pairs.
 Users

Raju Sham Baburao

 collection: users

name: Raju name: Sham name: Baburao

age: 25 age: 28 age: 45
fields

documents
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Brief history and background.

MondoDB was first released in 2009. It

was developed by a company called
10gen, which later rebranded as
MongoDB, Inc.
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MongoDb Features
Scalable: Easy to distribute data across multiple machines as data
grows.

Flexible: Each document can have different number and types of

fields.

Performance: NoSQL databases are optimized for high-speed read

and write operations, making them ideal for real-time data
processing and analytics.
MPRASHANT

SQL vs NoSQL
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Scalability

NoSQL: Designed to scale horizontally by adding more

servers, distributing the load across multiple nodes.

SQL: Typically scales vertically by adding more resources

to a single server, which has limits and can be costly.
Horizontal scaling (sharding) is more complex and less
efficient.
MPRASHANT

Schema Flexibility

NoSQL: Schema-less design allows for easy storage of

diverse and rapidly changing data without needing to
alter the schema.

SQL: Requires a predefined schema. Altering the schema

(e.g., adding new columns) can be complex and time-
consuming, especially with large datasets.
MPRASHANT

Performance

NoSQL: Optimized for high-speed read and write operations,

making it ideal for real-time data processing and analytics.

SQL: Though performant, it can suffer from slower

read/write operations when dealing with very large volumes
of data due to ACID transaction overhead and complex joins.
MPRASHANT

Handling Unstructured Data

NoSQL: Efficiently handles unstructured or semi-structured

data, which is common in real-time analytics (e.g., varied
user activity types).

SQL: Best suited for structured data. Handling unstructured

data requires complex transformations or additional
systems (e.g., storing JSON data in columns).
MPRASHANT

Installation
 Default port of mongodb is 27017

To listen on different port, we can use

mongod --port 27019
Database
Creating, connect, listing, droping
CRUD
Create - New collection
Inserting data
Read - How to read data
Update data
Delete data
 MPRASHANT

Create
Database and Collection
MongoDB Atlas is a fully-managed cloud database service that simplifies deploying,
scaling, and managing MongoDB databases. Atlas provides a multi-cloud platform,
supporting deployments on AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud.
use database_name
db.createCollection("myCollection")

show dbs
show collections
MPRASHANT

DROP
Database and Collection
collection_name.drop()
db.dropDatabase()
MPRASHANT

CRUD Operations
 CRUD Operations can be performed using MongoDB Compass' GUI too

CRUD
CREATE
READ
UPDATE
DELETE
MongoDB Compass is a free, graphical user interface (GUI) for managing and
interacting with MongoDB databases. It's an alternative to the command-line Mongo
Shell, offering a more visual and user-friendly way to explore, query, and analyze
your MongoDB data.
MPRASHANT

CREATE READ
insertOne() find()
insertMany() findOne()

UPDATE DELETE
updateOne() deleteOne()
updateMany() deleteMany()
MPRASHANT

maker
model
fuel type
transmission
engine
cc
torque
features
sunroof
airbags
MPRASHANT

UPDATE
updateOne()
updateMany()
MPRASHANT
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MPRASHANT Updating Array
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Updating Multiple Values Array

Unset Field
upsert is a combination of the operations
"update" and "insert."

If no document matches the query criteria, MongoDB

will insert a new document into the collection.
MPRASHANT

Data Types
MPRASHANT

MongoDB stores data in BSON (Binary JSON)

format.
BSON includes all JSON datatypes and adds
more.
Choosing the correct datatype is essential
for efficient storage and querying.
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Operators
MPRASHANT

Case: Find the cars with engine

more than 1400cc
Relational Operators
MPRASHANT

Comparison Operators
$eq $lt $gt $lte $gte $ne
= < > <= >= !=

Example: {age:{$eq:25}}
MPRASHANT

Case: Find the cars with engine

having 1498 and 2179cc

Here we are trying search based on multiple values

MPRASHANT

$in $nin

{age:
{$in:[20,30]}
}
MPRASHANT

Case: I want a car which is

Diesel, Sunroof & Turbocharged Engine

Car with all these features

Logical Operators
 Diesel AND Turbocharged

I want a car with both Diesel and Turbocharged

Automatic OR Sunroof

I want a car with either

Automatic or Sunroof
or both will work.
 Automatic NOR Sunroof

I don’t want a car with either Automatic or Sunroof

MPRASHANT

Logical Operators
MPRASHANT

$and $or $nor $not

{$or:[
{age:{$eq:28}},
{name:"raju"}
]}
Element Operators
MPRASHANT

$exists
{age:{$exists:true}}

$type
Here we can filter the content based on BASON
type like string, bool etc
This can be useful to find field with null values
{name:{$type:"string"}}
Array Operators
MPRASHANT

$size
Return all documents that match specified array
size
db.collection.find({hobbies:{$size:4}})

$all
Return all documents that match the pattern
(all user with hobbies of play and read)
db.collection.find({hobbies:{$all:["play","read"]}})
 UseCase:

How to find no. of

records/documents?
Cursor Methods
Count
find().count()
Sort
find().sort({"name":1}) -1 is for descending order
Limit
find().limit(2)
Skip
find().skip(3)
MPRASHANT

Aggregate
Framework
Aggregation is a powerful framework for
Complex operations

like filtering, grouping, sorting, reshaping, and

summarizing data in a flexible way via pipeline.
stage 1 stage 2 stage 3
MPRASHANT

db.collection.aggregate(
[
{stage1},
{stage2}...
], {option}
)
MPRASHANT
Most commonly used stages in MongoDB aggregation:

$match
$group
$project
$sort
$limit
$unwind
$lookup
$addFields
$count
$skip
GROUPING
No. of cars of each Brand (maker)
Hyundai Tata Toyota

Honda
Suzuki
GROUP
 Syntax of ‘group’
db.collection.aggregate([
{
$group: {
_id: "$category",
totalAmount: { $sum: "$amount" },
averageAmount: { $avg: "$amount" },
minAmount: { $min: "$amount" },
maxAmount: { $max: "$amount" },
amountsList: { $push: "$amount" },
uniqueAmounts: { $addToSet: "$amount" }
}
}
])
MPRASHANT

Print all the car brands..

db.cars.aggregate([
{$group:
{_id:"$maker"}
}])
 MPRASHANT

Find no. of cars of each brand (we have to group)

db.cars.aggregate([
{ $group:
{ _id: "$maker",
TotalCars: { $sum: 1 }
}
}] )

The $sum: 1 operation counts the number of documents in each group.

MPRASHANT

Find no. of cars of different fuel_type

db.cars.aggregate([
{ $group:
{ _id: "$fuel_type",
TotalCars: { $sum: 1 }
} }] )
MATCH
MPRASHANT

Hyundai cars having engine of more than 1200cc

db.cars.aggregate(
[{$match:
{maker:"Hyundai",
"engine.cc":{$gt:1000}
}}])
COUNT
MPRASHANT

Print Total no. of Hyundai cars

db.cars.aggregate(
[{$match:
{maker:"Hyundai"}},
{$count: "Total_cars"}
])
MPRASHANT

Count no. of diesel and petrol cars of Hyundai brand

db.cars.aggregate(
[ {$match:{maker:"Hyundai"}},
{$group:
{_id:"$fuel_type",
Totalcars:{$sum:1}}
}
])
Project
MPRASHANT

Find all the Hyundai cars and only show Maker, Model and
Fuel_type details

db.cars.aggregate(
[{ $match: { maker: "Hyundai" }},
{ $project:
{ maker: 1, model: 1, fuel_type: 1,_id:0 }}
])
SORT
 MPRASHANT

For the previous output, sort the data based on Model

db.cars.aggregate(
[{ $match: { maker: "Hyundai" }},
{ $project:
{ maker: 1, model: 1, fuel_type: 1,_id:0 }},
{ $sort: {model:1}}
])

Similarly we can use { $limit: 10 }, {$skip:5}

sortByCount
MPRASHANT

Group the cars by Maker and then sort based on

count(no. of cars)

db.cars.aggregate(
{$sortByCount:"$maker"}
)
Unwind
MPRASHANT

We do have multiple owners for each car right

(owners are list of documents), now if you want to
work on each owner then we can use unwind

db.cars.aggregate([
{ $unwind: "$owners" }
])
 String Operators
$concat $toUpper $toLower $regexMatch
$ltrim $split

Document - https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/operator/aggregation/#string-expression-operators
db.collection.aggregate([
{
$project: {
fullName: { $concat: ["$firstName", " ", "$lastName"] }
// Concatenates firstName and lastName with a space
}
}
])
MPRASHANT

List down all the Hyundai cars and print the name as
Maker + Model i.e. CarName Hyundai Creta

db.cars.aggregate(
[ { $match: { maker: "Hyundai" } },
{ $project: { _id: 0,
CarName: { $concat: ["$maker", " ",
"$model"] } } }] )
 $regexMatch

Performs a regular expression (regex) pattern matching and returns

true or false.
MPRASHANT

Add a flag is_diesel = true/false for each car

db.cars.aggregate([
{ $project: { model: 1, _id: 0,
is_diesel:
{ $regexMatch:
{ input: "$fuel_type",
regex: "Die" }
} } }])
OUT
MPRASHANT

After aggregating, store the result in an another

collection 'hyundai_cars'

db.cars.aggregate(
[ { $match: { maker: "Hyundai" } },
{ $project: { _id: 0,
CarName: { $concat: ["$maker", " ",
"$model"] } } },
{$out:"hyundai_cars"}] )
 Airthmetic Operators
$add $subtract $divide $multiply $round
$abs $ceil

Document - https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/operator/aggregation/#arithmetic-expression-operators
db.collection.aggregate([
{
$project: {
sum: { $add: [2, 3] } // 2 + 3
}
}
])
MPRASHANT

Print all the cars model and price with hike of 55000
(similarly we can use $subtract too)

db.cars.aggregate(
{$project:
{model:1, _id:0,
price:{$add:["$price",50000]}}})
AddFields / Set
MPRASHANT

Print details of cars with price in lakhs (15 lakhs)

db.cars.aggregate([
{$project:{model:1,_id:0,price:1}},
{$addFields:
{price_in_lakhs:
{$divide: ["$price", 100000]}}}])
MPRASHANT

Calculate Total service cost of each Hyundai Car.

db.cars.aggregate([
{ $match: { maker: "Hyundai" } },
{ $set: { total_service_cost: { $sum: "$service_history.cost" } } },
{$project: {model:1, maker:1, _id:0, total_service_cost:1}}])
 Conditional Operators
$cond $ifNull $switch

Document - https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/operator/aggregation/#conditional-expression-operators
 The $cond operator in MongoDB is a ternary
conditional operator

{ $cond: [ <condition>, <true-case>, <false-case> ] }

Suppose we want to check if a car's fuel_type is "Petrol"
and categorize the cars into ‘Petrol Car’ & ‘Non-Petrol’

db.cars.aggregate([
{ $project: {
_id: 0, maker: 1, model: 1,
fuelCategory: {
$cond: {
if: { $eq: ["$fuel_type", "Petrol"] },
then: "Petrol Car",
else: "Non-Petrol Car"
}
}}}])
$switch
Suppose we want to categorize the price of the car into three categories:
"Budget", "Midrange", and "Premium"

db.cars.aggregate([
{$project: {
_id: 0, maker: 1, model: 1,
priceCategory: {
$switch: {
branches: [
{ case: { $lt: ["$price", 500000] },
then: "Budget" },
{ case: { $and: [{ $gte: ["$price", 500000] }, { $lt: ["$price", 1000000] }] },
then: "Midrange" },
{ case: { $gte: ["$price", 1000000] },
then: "Premium" }
],
default: "Unknown"
}
}}} ]);
 DATE Operators
$dateAdd $dateDiff $month $year $hour
$dateOfMonth $dayOfYear

Document - https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/operator/aggregation/#date-expression-operators
db.collection.aggregate([
{
$project: {
newDate: {
$dateAdd: {
startDate: new Date("2024-08-29"), // Starting date
unit: "day", // Unit to add (e.g., "day", "month", "year")
amount: 7 // Amount to add
}
}
}
}
])
Variables
System Generated Variables
Document: https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/aggregation-variables/#system-variables

db.cars.aggregate(
{$project:{_id:0,model:1,date:"$$NOW"}})
User Defined Variables

These variables allow you to store values and

reuse them within the same pipeline, making the
pipeline more readable and efficient in certain
scenarios.
Data Modeling
MPRASHANT

Relations
MPRASHANT

MongoDB is a NoSQL database, it doesn't

enforce strict schema relationships like foreign
keys in relational databases.
MPRASHANT

We can still model relationships between documents in

MongoDB using a few approaches.
The two main types of relationships are:

1.Embedded Documents (Denormalization)

2.Referenced Documents (Normalization)
Types of Relationship
One to One
One to Many
Many to Many
1:1
User Contact
1 : MANY
 Posts

User
Many : Many
Courses Students
 Raju

Java

Sham
 Python

SQL

Mongodb
Raju

Math

Sham
 How can we maintain
relationship in MongoDB?
users orders
 {
"_id": "user1",
"name": "Amit Sharma",
"email": "[email protected]",
Embedded Documents "orders": [
{
"_id": "order1",

userA "product": "Laptop",

"amount": 50000,
orderA "order_date": "2024-08-01"
},
orderB {
"_id": "order2",
"product": "Mobile Phone",
"amount": 15000,
"order_date": "2024-08-05"
}
]
}
Referenced Documents {
"_id": "order1",
{ "user_id": "user1",
"_id": "user1", "product": "Laptop",
"name": "Amit Sharma",
"email": "[email protected]",
"amount": 50000,
"phone": "+91-987654210", "order_date": "2024-08-01"
"address": "MG Road, Mumbai, Maharashtra" },
},
{
{
"_id": "user2", "_id": "order2",
"name": "Priya Verma", "user_id": "user2",
"email": "[email protected]", "product": "Mobile Phone",
"phone": "+91-987654211",
"amount": 15000,
"address": "Nehru Place, New Delhi, Delhi"
} "order_date": "2024-08-05"
}

users orders
MPRASHANT

JOIN with $lookup

db.users.aggregate([
{
"$lookup": {
"from": "orders", // The target collection to join with
"localField": "_id", // The field from the 'users' collection
"foreignField": "user_id", // The field from the 'orders' collection
"as": "orders" // The name of the new array field to add to the 'users'
}
}
])
Embedded Documents
MPRASHANT

Schema Validation
MPRASHANT

MongoDB uses a JSON Schema format to define the

validation rules.

Allows you to specify various constraints and rules

for your documents, such as required fields, field
types, and value ranges.
We can add validation while
creating collection...
we can update the existing
collection to add validation
MPRASHANT

Validation Levels:

strict: The document must fully comply with the schema validation
rules. If a document does not comply, it will not be inserted or
updated in the collection.

moderate: Only new documents and modified fields in existing

documents are validated against the schema. This allows for partial
validation and can be useful for legacy systems or gradual schema
enforcement.
MPRASHANT

Validation Actions:

error: If a document does not meet the schema validation criteria,

MongoDB will throw an error and reject the insert or update
operation.

warn: MongoDB logs a warning message when a document does not

meet the schema validation criteria but still allows the insert or
update operation.
MPRASHANT

INDEXES
MPRASHANT

An INDEX is a data structure that improves

the speed of query operations by allowing
the database to quickly locate and access the
required data without scanning every
document in a collection.
MPRASHANT

Stores the indexed fields in a sorted order,

along with pointers to the actual documents
in the collection.
MPRASHANT

name: Raju
age: 25

Index based on name

Baburao name: Sham

age: 28

Raju
Sham

name: Baburao
age: 45
MPRASHANT

db.collection.createIndex(
{ <field1>: <type1>,
<field2>: <type2>, ... }, {<options> })
MPRASHANT

db.cars.createIndex({ maker: 1 })
db.cars.createIndex({ model: 1 }, { unique: true })

db.cars.dropIndex(“maker”)
db.cars.getIndexes()
MPRASHANT

Types of Indexes:

Single Field Index

Compound Index: Involves multiple fields.

Unique Index: Index that ensures no two documents have the

same value for the indexed field.

TTL Index: TTL (Time to Live) indexes that are used to

automatically remove documents after a certain period.
MPRASHANT

Performance Considerations:

Impact on Write Operations: While indexes speed up

reads, they can slow down insertions, updates, and
deletions because the indexes need to be maintained.

Indexing Large Collections: Learn about the

considerations when indexing large collections, such as
index size and the impact on RAM.
MPRASHANT

Transaction
 A transaction in MongoDB is a sequence of
operations that are executed as a single unit,
ensuring that all operations either complete
successfully or are fully rolled back,
maintaining ACID properties across multiple
documents and collections.
Example of a Multi-Document Transaction:

You want to transfer money from one account to

another, which requires updating two documents
within a single transaction.

-1000 +1000
MPRASHANT

Replications
 Replication is a group of MongoDB servers
that maintain identical copies of data to
ensure high availability, redundancy, and data
durability, with one primary node handling
writes and multiple secondary nodes
replicating the data.
MPRASHANT

Sharding
 Sharding is a method of distributing data
across multiple servers (shards) to enable
horizontal scaling, allowing the database to
handle large datasets and high-throughput
operations efficiently.
MPRASHANT

Interview Questions
MPRASHANT

What is MongoDB, and how is it different from a relational

database?

Answer: MongoDB is a NoSQL database that stores data

in flexible, JSON-like documents, allowing for schema-
less data storage. Unlike relational databases, which use
tables and rows, MongoDB uses collections and
documents. This allows for more flexible and scalable
data models.
MPRASHANT

Explain the structure of a MongoDB document. What are its

key components?

Answer: A MongoDB document is a BSON (Binary JSON)

object that consists of field-value pairs. The key
components include fields (which are similar to columns in
relational databases) and values (which can be of various
data types, such as strings, numbers, arrays, or even nested
documents).
MPRASHANT

What are the advantages of using MongoDB over traditional

RDBMS systems?

Answer: Advantages include:

Flexibility in schema design.
Horizontal scalability via sharding.
High availability through replica sets.
Easier to manage unstructured or semi-structured data.
Rich querying and aggregation capabilities.
MPRASHANT

How does MongoDB store data? Explain the concept of

collections and documents.

Answer: MongoDB stores data in BSON format within

documents. These documents are grouped into collections,
which are analogous to tables in relational databases. Each
document within a collection can have a different structure,
allowing for flexible data modeling.
MPRASHANT

What is a replica set in MongoDB? How does it help in

ensuring high availability?

Answer: A replica set in MongoDB is a group of mongod

instances that maintain the same data set. One node acts as
the primary node, and others are secondary nodes. The
replica set ensures high availability by automatically failing
over to a secondary node if the primary node goes down.
MPRASHANT

What is a sharded cluster in MongoDB, and why is it used?

Answer: A sharded cluster in MongoDB is a method for

distributing data across multiple servers. Sharding is used to
handle large datasets and high-throughput operations by
distributing data and load across multiple machines.
MPRASHANT

Explain the differences between a find() query and an

aggregate() query in MongoDB.

Answer: The find() query is used to retrieve documents from a

collection based on certain criteria. The aggregate() query, on
the other hand, is used for more complex data processing,
allowing for data transformation and computation through an
aggregation pipeline.
MPRASHANT

How does MongoDB handle indexing, and what are the types of
indexes available?

Answer: MongoDB supports various types of indexes to improve

query performance, including:
Single field index
Compound index (multiple fields)
Multikey index (for arrays)
Text index (for searching text)
Geospatial index (for querying geographical data)
TTL index (for automatic deletion of documents after a certain
period)
MPRASHANT

What is the role of the _id field in MongoDB? Can it be

modified or removed?

Answer: The _id field is a unique identifier for each

document in a MongoDB collection. It is mandatory and
cannot be removed. However, it can be modified if
necessary, though this is not recommended as it may lead to
data inconsistency.
MPRASHANT

What is the difference between insert() and insertMany()

operations in MongoDB?

Answer: insert() is used to insert a single document into a

collection, while insertMany() allows for the insertion of
multiple documents in a single operation. insertMany() is
more efficient for bulk inserts.
MPRASHANT

Explain how MongoDB's aggregation framework works. What are

some common stages used in an aggregation pipeline?

Answer: The aggregation framework in MongoDB allows for

processing data in a pipeline, where each stage transforms the data.
Common stages include:
$match: Filters documents based on a condition.
$group: Groups documents by a specified key and performs
aggregation operations.
$sort: Sorts documents.
$project: Reshapes the documents by including/excluding fields.
$lookup: Performs a left join with another collection.
MPRASHANT

How does MongoDB handle transactions, and what is the

significance of multi-document transactions?

Answer: MongoDB supports multi-document transactions,

which allow for ACID-compliant operations across multiple
documents or collections. This ensures that either all
operations within a transaction are applied, or none are,
providing consistency and reliability in complex operations.
MPRASHANT

What are the pros and cons of embedding documents versus using
references in MongoDB?

Embedding (Pros):
Better performance for read operations.
Simpler queries.
Embedding (Cons):
Can lead to large documents and duplication of data.
References (Pros):
More normalized data structure.
Reduces duplication.
References (Cons):
Requires additional queries (joins) which can be slower.
MPRASHANT

What is the difference between updateOne(), updateMany(), and

replaceOne() in MongoDB?

Answer:
updateOne(): Updates the first document that matches the query
criteria.
updateMany(): Updates all documents that match the query
criteria.
replaceOne(): Replaces the entire document with a new one,
based on the query criteria.
MPRASHANT

How does MongoDB handle concurrency and ensure data

consistency?

Answer: MongoDB handles concurrency using a combination of locks

(e.g., collection-level locks) and journaling. It uses the WiredTiger
storage engine, which provides document-level locking, allowing for
higher concurrency. Consistency is maintained through replica sets
and transactions.
MPRASHANT

What are the different types of data modeling strategies in

MongoDB?

Answer: Common data modeling strategies include:

Embedding documents for data that is frequently
accessed together.
Referencing documents to normalize data and avoid
duplication.
Hybrid models that combine embedding and referencing
for different use cases.
MPRASHANT

Explain the concept of TTL (Time to Live) indexes in MongoDB

and when they might be useful.

Answer: TTL indexes automatically delete documents from a

collection after a specified period. This is useful for data that
becomes irrelevant after a certain time, such as session logs,
temporary data, or caching.
MPRASHANT

How would you optimize a MongoDB query for better performance?

Answer: To optimize a MongoDB query:

Use indexes effectively.
Avoid full collection scans by using selective queries.
Limit the amount of data returned by using projections.
Use the explain() method to analyze query performance.
Consider denormalization to reduce the number of joins.
MPRASHANT

Explain how to perform a backup and restore operation in a MongoDB

database.

Answer:
Backup: Use mongodump to create a binary backup of the database.
Restore: Use mongorestore to restore the data from a backup.
Additionally, for cloud deployments, MongoDB Atlas provides
automated backups.
MPRASHANT

Describe the process of migrating data from a relational database to

MongoDB. What challenges might you face?

Answer: The migration process involves:

Analyzing the relational schema.
Designing a MongoDB schema, often using denormalization and
embedding.
Exporting data from the relational database (e.g., using SQL queries).
Importing data into MongoDB (e.g., using mongoimport or custom
scripts).
Challenges: Schema design differences, handling joins, data type
conversion, and ensuring data consistency during migration.
MPRASHANT

What are MongoDB's limitations, and how can you work around them?

Answer: Limitations include:

No built-in support for joins (use aggregation or manual joins).
Limited support for multi-document ACID transactions (introduced in later
versions).
Large documents can impact performance (use references to mitigate).
Working around limitations often involves thoughtful schema design,
indexing, and understanding MongoDB's strengths.
MPRASHANT

How does MongoDB Atlas differ from running MongoDB on-premises?

Answer: MongoDB Atlas is a fully managed cloud database service that

automates deployment, scaling, and backups. It offers built-in security
features and integration with other cloud services. Running MongoDB
on-premises requires manual management of hardware, scaling,
backups, and security.
MPRASHANT

Explain the role of journaling in MongoDB. How does it help in ensuring

durability?

Answer: Journaling in MongoDB is a mechanism that logs write

operations to a journal file before applying them to the database. In
case of a crash, MongoDB can use the journal to recover to a consistent
state, ensuring durability of write operations.
MPRASHANT

How would you handle schema versioning in a MongoDB

application?

Answer: Schema versioning can be handled by:

Embedding a version field in each document.
Using a migration script to update existing documents to the
new schema version.
Designing the application to handle multiple schema versions
during the transition period.
MPRASHANT
MPRASHANT