cat command
cat command is used to read the data from files.
and it is also used to create files with data input
SYNTAX:
#cat <operator> <file name> create a file with data input
<text> <enter>
ctrl+d to save and exit
#cat <file name> read data of file
#cat -n <file name> read file data with line no.
OPERATOR:
> single input redirector overwrite
>> double input redirector append
EG:
[root@server ~]# cat anaconda-ks.cfg read the file
# Generated by Anaconda 34.25.0.29
# Generated by pykickstart v3.32
#version=RHEL9
# Use graphical install
graphical
repo --name="AppStream" --baseurl=file:///run/install/sources/mount-0000-cdrom/AppStream
%addon com_redhat_kdump --enable --reserve-mb='auto'
[root@server ~]#
[root@server ~]# cat -n anaconda-ks.cfg
1 # Generated by Anaconda 34.25.0.29
2 # Generated by pykickstart v3.32
3 #version=RHEL9
4 # Use graphical install
5 graphical
6 repo --name="AppStream" --baseurl=file:///run/install/sources/mount-0000-
cdrom/AppStream
8 %addon com_redhat_kdump --enable --reserve-mb='auto'
10 %end
11
12 # Keyboard layouts
13 keyboard --xlayouts='us'
[root@server ~]# cat /root/.bashrc
# .bashrc
# Source global definitions
if [ -f /etc/bashrc ]; then
. /etc/bashrc
fi
# User specific environment
if ! [[ "$PATH" =~ "$HOME/.local/bin:$HOME/bin:" ]]
then
PATH="$HOME/.local/bin:$HOME/bin:$PATH"
fi
export PATH
# Uncomment the following line if you don't like systemctl's auto-paging feature:
# export SYSTEMD_PAGER=
# User specific aliases and functions
alias rm='rm -i'
alias cp='cp -i'
alias mv='mv -i'
[root@server ~]# ls
abc1 class1sectionB class3sectionB Music redhat Videos
abc{1...3} class1sectionC class3sectionC newfile redhat.txt xyz1.txt
abc2 class2sectionA Desktop Pictures rhel xyz2.txt
abc3 class2sectionB Documents Public sample xyz3.txt
anaconda-ks.cfg class2sectionC Downloads red Templates
class1sectionA class3sectionA file1 'red abc' test
[root@server ~]# cat > sample1.txt
HELLO world
Press (ctrl+d) save and exit
[root@server ~]# ls
abc1 class1sectionB class3sectionB Music redhat test
abc{1...3} class1sectionC class3sectionC newfile redhat.txt Videos
abc2 class2sectionA Desktop Pictures rhel xyz1.txt
abc3 class2sectionB Documents Public sample xyz2.txt
anaconda-ks.cfg class2sectionC Downloads red sample1.txt xyz3.txt
class1sectionA class3sectionA file1 'red abc' Templates
[root@server ~]#
[root@server ~]# cat sample1.txt
HELLO world
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[root@server ~]# cat >> sample1.txt use to append
HELLO INDIA
Press (ctrl+d) save and exit
[root@server ~]# cat sample1.txt
HELLO world
HELLO INDIA
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[root@server ~]# cat > sample1.txt use to overwrite
REDHAT CERTIFIED
[root@server ~]# cat sample1.txt
REDHAT CERTIFIED
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[root@server ~]# cat >> sample2.txt
SYSTEM ADMINISTRATOR
Press (ctrl+d) save and exit
[root@server ~]# cat sample2.txt
SYSTEM ADMINISTRATOR
[root@server ~]# cat sample1.txt sample2.txt read multiple files
REDHAT CERTIFIED
SYSTEM ADMINISTRATOR
[root@server ~]# cat sample2.txt sample1.txt
SYSTEM ADMINISTRATOR
REDHAT CERTIFIED
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[root@server ~]# cat sample1.txt sample2.txt > sample3 merge multiple file into
single
[root@server ~]# ls
abc1 class1sectionC Desktop Public sample1.txt xyz2.txt
abc{1...3} class2sectionA Documents red sample2.txt xyz3.txt
abc2 class2sectionB Downloads 'red abc' sample3
[root@server ~]# cat sample3
REDHAT CERTIFIED
SYSTEM ADMINISTRATOR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[root@server ~]# cat >> sample3
HELLO WORLD tab space has been used
HELLO INDIA
[root@server ~]# cat sample3
REDHAT CERTIFIED
SYSTEM ADMINISTRATOR
HELLO WORLD
HELLO INDIA
[root@server ~]# cat -n sample3 print with line no.
1 REDHAT CERTIFIED
4 SYSTEM ADMINISTRATOR
6 HELLO WORLD
7 HELLO INDIA
[root@server ~]# cat -E sample3 $ shows end of line
REDHAT CERTIFIED$
SYSTEM ADMINISTRATOR$
HELLO WORLD$
HELLO INDIA$
[root@server ~]# cat -T sample3 show tab space used in file
REDHAT CERTIFIED
SYSTEM ADMINISTRATOR
HELLO^IWORLD
HELLO INDIA
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
REDIRECTOR
> (single input) --> overwrite
>> (dounle input) --> append
1> output redirector (overwrite)
1>> output redirector (append)
2> error redirector (overwrite)
2>> error redirector (append)
[root@server ~]# ls
abc1 class1sectionC Desktop Public sample1.txt xyz2.txt
abc{1...3} class2sectionA Documents red sample2.txt xyz3.txt
abc2 class2sectionB Downloads 'red abc' sample3
abc3 class2sectionC file1 redhat Templates
anaconda-ks.cfg class3sectionA Music redhat.txt test
class1sectionA class3sectionB newfile rhel Videos
class1sectionB class3sectionC Pictures sample xyz1.txt
[root@server ~]#
[root@server ~]# ls /
afs data etc home lib64 mnt opt redhat sample sys var
bin dev file.txt kali media net proc root sbin tmp web.sh
boot dhparams.pem grras lib misc nfsdata red run srv usr
[root@server ~]# ls / /abcd there are two arguments for ls command
one is giving output and the another is giving error
ls: cannot access '/abcd': No such file or directory error
/: output
afs data etc home lib64 mnt opt redhat sample sys var
bin dev file.txt kali media net proc root sbin tmp web.sh
boot dhparams.pem grras lib misc nfsdata red run srv usr
[root@server ~]# # ls / /abcd > lsoutput # output redirector
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[root@server ~]# ls / /abcd 1> lsout output redirector redirects the
output in file as an data
ls: cannot access '/abcd': No such file or directory
[root@server ~]# ls
abc3 class2sectionC Public sample1.txt xyz2.txt
anaconda-ks.cfg class3sectionA file1 red sample2.txt xyz3.txt
class1sectionA class3sectionB lsout 'red abc' sample3
class1sectionB class3sectionC lsoutput redhat Templates
[root@server ~]# cat lsout
afs data etc home lib64 mnt opt redhat sample sys var
bin dev file.txt kali media net proc root sbin tmp web.sh
boot dhparams.pem grras lib misc nfsdata red run srv usr
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[root@server ~]# ls / /abcd 2> error.txt error redirector redirects the error in
file
/:
afs data etc home lib64 mnt opt redhat sample sys var
bin dev file.txt kali media net proc root sbin tmp web.sh
boot dhparams.pem grras lib misc nfsdata red run srv usr
[root@server ~]# ls
.txt
abc3 class2sectionC error.txt Public sample1.txt xyz2.txt
class1sectionA class3sectionB lsout 'red abc' sample3
class1sectionB class3sectionC lsoutput redhat Templates
[root@server ~]# cat error.txt
ls: cannot access '/abcd': No such file or directory
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[root@server ~]# cat rehat.txt
cat: rehat.txt: No such file or directory error of command cat rehat.txt
[root@server ~]# cat rehat.txt 2>> error.txt appending the new error to existing
error file
[root@server ~]# cat error.txt
ls: cannot access '/abcd': No such file or directory
cat: rehat.txt: No such file or directory
echo command
echo command is use to print. it is also use to add text to file and create a file. mostly used is shell
scripting.
syntax:
#echo <string/sentance> used to print
#echo <string/sentance> <operator> <file name> use to add data in file
operator:
> overwrite
>> append
eg:
[root@server ~]# echo redhat
redhat
[root@server ~]# echo "Redhat Certified System Administrator"
Redhat Certified System Administrator
[root@server ~]# echo "Redhat:user"
Redhat:user
[root@server ~]# echo {1..10}
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
[root@server ~]# echo {A..Z}
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
[root@server ~]# echo "Redhat:user@SYSTEM#admin"
Redhat:user@SYSTEM#admin
[root@server ~]# echo Redhat:user@SYSTEM #admin
Redhat:user@SYSTEM
[root@server ~]# echo "Redhat:user@SYSTEM #admin
Redhat:user@SYSTEM #admin
[root@server ~]# echo "Redhat:user@SYSTEM #admin"
Redhat:user@SYSTEM #admin
[root@server ~]# echo Redhat:user@SYSTEM \#admin need to print # in the
sentence so user backslash (\) before the #
Redhat:user@SYSTEM #admin
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[root@server ~]# echo Redhat:user@SYSTEM \#admin > echofile create the with data
[root@server ~]# ls
abc2 class2sectionB Downloads newfile rhel Videos
abc3 class2sectionC echofile Pictures sample xyz1.txt
anaconda-ks.cfg class3sectionA error.txt Public sample1.txt xyz2.txt
[root@server ~]# cat echofile
Redhat:user@SYSTEM #admin
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[root@server ~]# echo {A..Z} >> echofile append
[root@server ~]# cat echofile
Redhat:user@SYSTEM #admin
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[root@server ~]# echo {1..100} > echofile overwrite
[root@server ~]# cat echofile
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69
70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ECHO WITH ESCAPE SEQUENCE
-e escape sequence
\n new line
\t horizontal tab
\c continue
\v vertical tab
\b back space
EG:
[root@server ~]# echo "HELLO USER, YOU ARE REDHAT CERTIFIED"
HELLO USER, YOU ARE REDHAT CERTIFIED
[root@server ~]# echo "HELLO USER,\nYOU ARE \nREDHAT CERTIFIED"
HELLO USER,\nYOU ARE \nREDHAT CERTIFIED
[root@server ~]# echo -e "HELLO USER,\nYOU ARE \nREDHAT CERTIFIED\n"
HELLO USER,
YOU ARE
REDHAT CERTIFIED
[root@server ~]# echo -e "HELLO USER,\tYOU ARE \tREDHAT CERTIFIED\n"
HELLO USER, YOU ARE REDHAT CERTIFIED
[root@server ~]# echo -e "HELLO USER,\vYOU ARE \vREDHAT CERTIFIED\n"
HELLO USER,
YOU ARE
REDHAT CERTIFIED
[root@server ~]# echo -e "HELLO USER,\b YOU ARE\b REDHAT CERTIFIED\b "
HELLO USER YOU AR REDHAT CERTIFIE
[root@server ~]# echo -e "HELLO USER,\v YOU\t ARE\n REDHAT CERTIFIED\b "
HELLO USER,
YOU ARE
REDHAT CERTIFIE
[root@server ~]# echo -n "HELLO USER,\v YOU\t ARE\n REDHAT CERTIFIED\b "
HELLO USER,\v YOU\t ARE\n REDHAT CERTIFIED\b [root@server ~]#
[root@server ~]# echo -e "HELLO USER,\c YOU ARE\c REDHAT CERTIFIED\c "
HELLO USER,[root@server ~]#
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[root@server ~]# echo hello ; echo world
hello
world
[root@server ~]# echo -e "hello \c " ; echo world
hello world
[root@server ~]# echo -e "hello \c" ; echo world
hello world
[root@server ~]# echo -n "hello " ; echo world
hello world
[root@server ~]# echo -n "hello " ; echo world
[root@server ~]# echo -e "hello \c" ; ls
hello abc1 class1sectionC Desktop lsoutput redhat Templates
abc{1...3} class2sectionA Documents Music redhat.txt test
abc2 class2sectionB Downloads newfile rhel Videos
abc3 class2sectionC echofile Pictures sample xyz1.txt
anaconda-ks.cfg class3sectionA error.txt Public sample1.txt xyz2.txt
class1sectionA class3sectionB file1 red sample2.txt xyz3.txt
class1sectionB class3sectionC lsout 'red abc' sample3
[root@server ~]# echo "hello" ; ls
hello
abc1 class1sectionC Desktop lsoutput redhat Templates
abc{1...3} class2sectionA Documents Music redhat.txt test
abc2 class2sectionB Downloads newfile rhel Videos
abc3 class2sectionC echofile Pictures sample xyz1.txt
anaconda-ks.cfg class3sectionA error.txt Public sample1.txt xyz2.txt
class1sectionA class3sectionB file1 red sample2.txt xyz3.txt
class1sectionB class3sectionC lsout 'red abc' sample3
[root@server ~]# echo "hello" ; touch class.txt ; ls ; cd /
hello
abc1 class1sectionC class.txt lsout 'red abc' sample3
abc{1...3} class2sectionA Desktop lsoutput redhat Templates
abc2 class2sectionB Documents Music redhat.txt test
abc3 class2sectionC Downloads newfile rhel Videos
anaconda-ks.cfg class3sectionA echofile Pictures sample xyz1.txt
class1sectionA class3sectionB error.txt Public sample1.txt xyz2.txt
class1sectionB class3sectionC file1 red sample2.txt xyz3.txt
[root@server /]#
[root@server /]#
[root@server /]# cd
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[root@server ~]# echo "hello"
hello
[root@server ~]# echo $0
bash
[root@server ~]# echo $SHELL
/bin/bash
[root@server ~]# echo $HOME
/root
[root@server ~]# echo $HOSTNAME
server.example.com
[root@server ~]# echo $USER
root
[root@server ~]# echo $PWD
/root
[root@server ~]#
