Contents MATHEMATICS-I

MODULE-1: Calculus 1 PAGE NO.

Rolle's theorem, Mean value theorems ******** .(03 to 16)
Expansion of functions by Maclaurin's and Taylor's for one variable,
Taylor's theorem for function of two variables ……………………………….
.(16 to 37)
Partial Differentiation *****
..(38 to 55)
Maxima & Minima (Two and three variables), Method of Lagranges
Multipliers .(55 to 68)
MODULE-2: Calculus 2

Definite Integral as a limit of a sum and its application in summation

of series *******
‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒
..(69 to 86)

Beta and Gamma functions and their properties ‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒ .(86 to 104)

Applications of definite integrals to evaluate surface areas and volumes

of revolutions..............
▪▪▪▪▪▪▪………… .(105 to 110)

Multiple integral …………………..

.(111 to 126)

Change the order of the integration......….…….…... ..(126 to 136)

t

Applications of multiple integral for calculating area and volumes of

the curves. .(136 to 144)

MODULE-3: Sequences and Series

Convergence of sequence and series, Tests for convergence, Power
series...
www.
‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒ (145 to 161) a

Taylor's series, Series for exponential, Trigonometric and logarithm

..(161 to 167)
functions.......…... *********

Fourier series - Half range sine and cosine series, Parseval's

-

theorem .......... ..(167 to 196)

MODULE-4: Vector Spaces

Vector Space, Vector Sub Space, Linear combination of vectors ….. ..(197 to 213)
.(213 to 217)
Linearly Dependent, Linearly Independent. ‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒ ‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒

.(217 to 230)
Basis of a vector space ▪▪▪▪▪

..(230 to 240)
Linear transformations
MODULE-5: Matrices
Rank ofa matrix.
…....…...
***▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪ .(241 to 256)

Solution of simultaneous linear equations by elementary

.(256 to 273)
transformation, Consistency of equation.............
Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors, Diagonalization of matrices, Cayley
Hamilton theorem and its applications to find inverse............ (273 to 304)
 MODULE

1
CALCULUS-I

ROLLE'S THEOREM, MEAN VALUE THEOREMS

Rolle's Theorem -

Statement If f(x) be a function such that

-

(i) f(x) is continuous in the interval a ≤ x ≤ b.

(ii) f'(x) exists for every point in the interval a < x <b, and

(iii) f(a) = f(b),

then there exists at least a point c at which f'(c) = 0,where a < c < b.

Proof. Since f(a) = f(b), therefore when x takes values greater than a (i.e.
if we start from the point A in the fig. 1.1) then since f(x) again takes a value
f(b) = f(a) it must cease to increase at some point C where x = c such that
a <c<b and begin to decrease thereafter.
Y

X = C
f'(c) = 0

X = a x = b
B

C'

f(a) f(c) f(b)

X'
 DOWN

4 Mathematics-l

At this point x = c, there is a maximum value of the function and so

f(c +h)-f(c) and f(c-h) - f(c) are both negative, h being small and positive.
f(c+h)-f(c) f(c-h)-f(c)
<0 and >0

h -h

So as h→0, the above expressions tend to negative and positive

respectively unless each of them is zero.
If they have different limits, then Rf'(c) # Lf'(c). i.e., f'(c) does not
exist which is against the hypothesis.
Hence each of the above limits must be zero,
i.e., f'(c) = 0, where a < c < b.
Hence the theorem is proved.

Note - There may be more than one point like c at which f'(x) vanishes
i.e. if we start from the point A' instead of A in fig. 1.1, i.e. we take x = a at A',
we find that f'(x) vanishes at C' and C i.e. at two points between A and B i.e.
between x = a and x = b, hence the expression there exists at least a point c in
the statement of the Rolle's theorem.
Geometrical Significance of Rolle's Theorem - If the graph of the
function f(x) be drawn between x = a and x = b, then it is a continuous curve
between x = a and x = b having a unique tangent at all points in the above
interval and f(a) = f(b). Rolle's theorem asserts that there exists at least one
point x = c on the curve between x = a and x b at which the tangent to the
curve is parallel to the axis of x (see fig. 1.1).
Algebraic Interpretation of Rolle's Theorem - If f(x) be a polynomial in
x and x = a, x=b be the two roots of the equation f(x) = 0, then from Rolle's
theorem we find that at least one root of the equation f(x)= 0 lies between a and b.
Lagrange's Mean Value Theorem
Statement - If f(x) be a function such that -
(i) f(x) is continuous in the closed interval a ≤x≤ b, and
(ii) f'(x) exists in the open interval a < x < b, then there exists at
least one point c such that
) f'(c), where a ≤ c ≤ b.
X

.(i)
Proof. Let (x) = f(x) - Ax
be an auxiliary function, where A is a constant, so chosen that
(b) = o(a)

From equation (i), we have

f(b) - Ab= f(a) – Aa
f(b) f(a) = Ab-Aa
f(b)-f(a)
A= ...(ii)
or b-a
 Calculus-1 5

From equations (i) and (ii), we have

þ(x) = f(x). -{f(b) = f(a)}x ...(iii)

with the help of equation (iii) and the given conditions we find that p(x) is
continuous in a ≤ x ≤ b, differentiable in a < x < b and o(a) = (b), hence all
the conditions of Rolle's theorem are satisfied
Hence o'(c)= 0, where a < c < b ...(iv)

From equation (i)

o'(x) = f'(x) - A
.. From equation (iv)
o'(c) = f'(c)-A=0
f(b)-f(a)
or f'(c) = A==

[From equation (ii)]

b-a

or (b-a)f'(c) = f(b) – f(a) ...(v)

or f(b) = f(a) + (b − a) f'(c) ...(vi)

The equation (v) is called 'first mean value theorem of differential calculus'
Also the equation (vi) is known as Lagrange's form ofthe mean value theorem.
Since c lies in (a, b) so we can write
c = a + (b-a)0, where 0 < 0 < 1.

From equation (vi), we get

f(b) = f(a)+(b-a)f'[a+(b − a)0] ...(vii)
where 0 << 1

Putting b = a + h or b - a = h in equation (vii), we have

f(a+h) = f(a) + hf'(a + 0h), where 0 < 0 < 1 ...(viii)

This equation is an alternative form of the mean value theorem.

Geometrical Significance of Mean Value Theorem - -

Let A and B be two points on the graph of y = f(x) such that x = a at A and
X == b at B.

Then the coordinates of A and B are [a, f(a)] and [b, f(b)] respectively.
From A and B draw AM and BN perpendiculars to x-axis and also draw AK
perpendicular to BN.

If O be the inclination of AB to x-axis, then we have

BK f(b)-f(a)
tan 0 tan ZBAK =
=

AK b-a

From mean value theorem equation (v) or (vi) we have f(b) – f(a) = f'(c)
b-a
 6 Mathematics-/

So we have
tan 0 = f'(c)
i.e., the slope of the
tangent to the curve at x =
= C,
T

from the definition of f'(x) or

dy
P

dx K

Hence from mean value

theorem we conclude that there

exists some point P on the arc X' -X

M N
O
AB ofthe curve, given by the fig.
1.2 of y = f(x), the tangent at Y'
Fig. 1.2
which is parallel to the chord AB.

Cor. If f(x) be a function such that f'(x) = 0 for all x in (a, b) then f(x)
reduces to a constant in (a, b).

Ifx₁, x₂ be any two values of x in (a, b), then from mean value theorem,
we have
f(x₂)-f(x₁) = (x₂-x₁)f'(c), a≤c≤ b = 0
f'(x)=0x in (a, b).
Thus f (x₁) = f(x₂) i.e. f(x) has the same value for every value of x in (a, b).
Q.1. Write statement of Rolle's and Lagrange's theorem and explain
(R.G.P.V., Dec. 2017)
their geometrical meaning.
Ans. Refer to the matter given on page 3, 4 and 5.

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

Prob.1. Verify Rolle's theorem for the function f(x) = x² in (-1, 1).
(R.G.P.V., Nov. 2018)
Sol. Given that,
f(x)=x²
Also f(-1)=(-1)2 = 1
and f(1) = 1² = 1
f(-1) = f(1) = 1
…...(i) ·
f'(x) = 2x
f(x+h)-f(x)
Now Rf'(x) = lim
h
h→0

(x+h)²-x² h² +2hx lim (h+2x)

lim
= lim h→0
h→0 h
h→0
 Calculus-1 7

or Rf'(x) = 2x
2

and
f(x-h)-f(x) (x-h)²-x²
Lf'(x) = lim lim
h->0 -h h→0 -h

h² - 2hx
=
lim lim (-h+2x)
h→0 -h h→0

Lf'(x) = 2x
Thus Rf'(x) = Lf'(x)

f'(x) exists for all values of x in (-1, 1)

Also f(x) is continuous for all values of x in (-1, 1) since f(x) is differentiable
for all values of x in (-1, 1)

Hence all the three conditions of Rolle's theorem are satisfied.

.. f'(x) = 0 for at least one value of x in (−1, 1).

From equation (i), equating f'(x) to zero, we get x =

= 0.

Evidently x == 0 lies in (-1, 1)

Prob.2. Verify Rolle's theorem for the function f(x) = x² + 2x − 8 in the

interval (-4, 2). (R.G.P.V., May 2018)

Sol. Given that,

f(x) = x² + 2x - 8

Also f(−4) = (-4)² + 2(-4) - 8 = 16 - 8 - 8 = 0

and f(2) = (2)² + 2(2) − 8 = 4 + 4 - 8 = 0

f(-4)= f(2)=0

f'(x) = 2x + 2 ...(i)
f(x+h)-f(x)
Now Rf'(x) = lim
h→0 h

= lim {(x +h)² + 2(x + h) − 8} −(x²

+h)-8)= (x² + 2x − 8)
h→0 h

lim {(x + h)² − x²} +2{(x + h) − x}

-

h→0 h

(x+h)²-x²2 (x+h)-x
=
lim + 2 lim
h→0 h h→0 h
d d
-(x²)+2- -(x) (by definition)
dx dx

Rf'(x) = 2x + 2
 10 Mathematics-/

lim
(x+h)³ -X - 12 lim
(x+h)-x
h→0 h h→0 h

d -(x³)-12-(x) (by definition)

dx dx

3x² - 12

f(x-h)-f(x)
and
Lf'(x) = lim
h→0 -h

lim
{(x − h)³ – 12(x − h)} – (x³ − 12x)
-

h→0 -h

lim
{(x − h)³ - x³} −12{(x − h) − x}
-

h→0 - h

(x-h)-x³ 3 3
(x - h)-x
= lim - 12 lim
h→0 -h h→0 -h
=
3x² 12, as above
Thus Rf'(x) = Lf'(x) = 3x² - 12
: f'(x) exists for all values of x in (0, 2√3).
Also f(x) is continuous for all values of x in (0,2√3) since f(x) is
differentiable for all values of x in (0, 2√3).
Hence all the three condition of Rolle's theorem are satisfied.

: f'(x) = 0 for at least one value of x in (0,2-√√3).

From equation (i), equating f'(x) to zero, we get x = +2.
Evidently x = 2 lies in (0,2√3)
Prob.5. The function f is defined in (0, 1) as follows -

f(x)=1 for 0<x< 1-2

=2for 1/2 ≤x≤1
Show that f(x) satisfies none of the conditions of Rolle's theorem yet
f'(x) = 0 for many points in (0, 1).
Sol. Here we find that

1 whereas
√(1²+ 0)= 2
i.e.
(12-0) + f(1+0), though f(1+0)=2 () so the function f(x) is
#

discontinuous at x =
-IN
2
 Calculus-1 11

Also the continuity being a necessary condition for the existence of a

finite derivative, the function f'(x) does not exist for every point in 0≤x≤ 1.

Also f(0) = 1 and f(1) = 2 (Given)

So f(0) = f(1)

Hence all the conditions of Rolle's theorem are not satisfied by f(x) in (0, 1)

Here f(x) being a function free from x (i.e. constant) in (0, 1), there is
possibility of the values of f'(x) to be zero at many points in (0, 1).

Prob.6. Verify Rolle's theorem, where f(x) = 2x³ + x² − 4x – 2.

(R.G.P.V., Dec. 2015)
Sol. Given that,
f(x) = 2x³ + x² - 4x - 2 ...(i)
Here f(x) = 0 gives 2x3 + x² - 4x - 2 = 0
or x²(2x + 1) − 2(2x + 1) = 0
or (2x + 1) (x² - 2) = 0

or X =-1/2
√2,-√2

Now f(---)- 2(-) + (-³²-4--2+2-2-0

= =

f(√2) = 2(√2)³ +(√2)² − 4√2 −2 = 4√2 + 2 − 4√2 − 2 = 0

and f(−√√2) = 2(−√2)³ + (−√2)² −4(−√2)−2= 4√2+2+4√2−2=0
Thus, we find that f(-√2)=0=f(√2)
Differentiating equation (i), we get
x= 6x² + 2x − 4
f'() ...(ii)

f(x+h)-f(x)
Also Rf'(x) =
lim
h→0 h

3
[{2(x + h)³ + (x + h)² − 4(x + h) −2} − (2x³ + x² - 4x − 2)
=
lim
h→0 h

= lim
2{(x + h)³ − x³} + {(x + h)² − x²} − 4{(x + h) − x}
h→0 h

2
(x+h)³-x3 (x+h)²-x² (x +h)-- X
=
=
2 lim + lim - 4 lim
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h

d d d
= 2 = (x²³) + (x²)-4 -(x) (by definition)
dx dx dx

or Rf'(x) = 6x² + 2x - 4
 12 Mathematics-l

f(x-h)-f(x)
and Lf'(x) H

lim

{2(x − h)³ + (x − h) ² − 4(x − h) — 2} - (2x ³ +x² - 4x-2)

1
W
X

2
lim
-h

2{(x-h)³-x³}+{(x-h)²-x²}-4{(x-h)-x}
lim
-h

2
(x-h)³-x³3 (x-h)
² -x²2 (x-h)-x
H 2 lim + lim - 4 lim
h→0 -h h→0 -h

d d d
1 -(x ³) +· -(x²)—4—(x) (by definition)
dx dx dx

or Lf'(x) = 6x² + 2x − 4
Thus Rf'(x) = Lf'(x) = 6x² + 2x − 4
f'(x) exists for all values of x in (-√2, √2)
Also f(x) is continuous for all values ofx in (-√√2, √√2) as it is differentiable
for all values of x in (-√2, √2).
Hence all three conditions of Rolle's theorem are satisfied, and so f'(x) = 0
for at least one value of x, where -√2<x<√2.
From equation (ii) equating f'(x) to zero, we get
6x² + 2x -4 = 0
Or 3x²+x-2=0
Or 3x² + 3x-2x - 2 = 0

or 3x(x + 1) − 2(x + 1) = 0
-

or (x + 1) (3x − 2) = 0
2
or X = -1,
3
2
Evidently x = -1 and x =
3
lie in (-√2, √2).

Prob.7. Verify Rolle's theorem for the function f(x) = x³ − 6x² + 11x − 6.
[R.G.P.V., Nov. 2019 (0)]
Sol. Given that,
f(x) = x² - 6x² + 11x − 6 ...(i)
Here f(x) = 0 gives x² - 6x² + 11x - 6 = 0
(x − 1) (x2 − 5x +6)=0
-

or (x − 1) (x − 2) (x − 3) = 0
or x = 1, 2, 3

f(1) = f(2)= f(3) = 0

 Calculus-1 13

Also f'(x) = 3x² − 12x + 11 ...(ii)

f(x +h)-f(x)
Now Rf'(x) = lim
h→0 h

(x + h)³ − 6(x + h)² +11(x + h) − 6} − (x³ − 6x² + 11x − 6)

-

=
lim
h→0 h

[{(x + h)³ - x³} −6{(x + h)² − x²} +11{(x+h) −x}

X -

=
lim
h→0 h

3
(x + h)³ X (x+h)²-x2 (x+h)-x
=
lim 6 lim +11 lim ...(iii)
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h

d d d
=

dx
-(x³) – 6
dx -(x²)+11-dx (x) (by definition)

= 3x² - 12x + 11

f(x - h)-f(x)
and Lf'(x) = lim h→0 -h

3
(x-h)³-xX 3
(x-h)²-x²
2
(x-h) - x
= lim 6 lim +11 lim
h→0 -h h→0 -h h→0 -h

[Replacing h by - h in equation (iii)]

3x² 12x +11, as above
1

Thus Rf'(x) = Lf'(x) = 3x² - 12x + 11

.. f'(x) exists for all values of x in (1, 3).

Also f(x) is continuous for all values ofx in (1, 3) as it is differentiable for
all values of x in (1, 3).
Hence all the three conditions of Rolle's theorem are satisfied, and so

f'(x) = 0 for at least one value of x in (1, 3).

From equation (ii), equating f'(x) to zero, we get

3x² 12x + 11 = 0

-(-12) ± √(-12)² - 4.3.11

or X =
2.3

12√144-132 12+√12
=

6 6

√3 1.732
= 2± = 2± =
= 2.577, 1.423
3 3

Both these values of x lies in (1, 3).

 14 Mathematics-/

Prob.8. Verify the mean value theorem in interval (0, 4) for thefunction
f(x) = (x - 1) (x − 2) (x − 3).
Sol. Given that,

f(x) = (x - 1) (x - 2) (x − 3)
= (x − 1) (x2 − 5x + 6)
= x³ - 6x² + 11x - 6

f'(x) = 3x² - 12 x + 11
So f'(c) = 3c²12c + 11 ...(i)
Let a = 0, b = 4, then f(a) = f(0), f(b) = f(4)
where f(0) = (0 - 1) (0 − 2) (0 – 3) = − 6
and f(4) = (4 − 1) (4 − 2) (4 − 3) = 6
We know that

(ba) f'(c) = f(b) – f(a)

(4-0) f'(c) = 6 - (- 6) = 12
or f'(c) = 3
From equation (i), we have
3=3c²12c + 11

Or 3c²12c +8=0

C =
−(−12) ± √(-12)² – 4.3.8 12+√144-96

2.3 6

12+√48 12+4√3 2
2±
6 6 √3
= 2 ± 1.155 = 3.155, 0.845
Both these values of c lies in (0, 4) and hence mean value theorem is
verified for the given function f(x) in (0, 4).

Prob.9. Find the value of c in the Lagrange's mean value theorem f(b) -
f(a) = (b-a) f(c), iff(x) = Ax² + Bx+ C, where A, B, C are constants and A +0.
Sol. Given that,
f(x) = Ax² + Bx + C ...(i)
f'(x) = 2Ax + B
So f'(c) = 2Ac + B

From equation (i), we have

f(b) = Ab²+ Bb + C, f(a) = Aa² + Ba + C

We know that
(b a) f'(c) = f(b) – f(a)
(b − a) (2Ac + B) = (Ab² + Bb + C) − (Aa² + Ba + C)
or 2Ac(b − a) + B(b − a) = A(b² − a²) + B(b-a)
-
 Calculus-1

or 2Ac(ba) = A(b² - a²)

or A(ba) [2c (b + a)] = 0

(a + b) Ans.
or
C= .: A # 0 and ab

Prob.10. Verify the Lagrange's mean value theorem for the function
f(x) = x² - 2x + 4 in the interval [1, 5]. (R.G.P.V., Dec. 2016)
...(1)
Sol. Given, f(x) = x² - 2x + 4
f'(x) = 2x - 2
...(ii)
and so f'(c) = 2c-2
Let a 1

1 and b = 5, then from equation (i), we have

f(a) = f(1) = (1)² − 2.1 + 4 = 1 − 2 + 4 = 3
-
f(b) = f(5) = (5)² - 2.5 + 4 = 25 - 10 + 4 = 19
From Lagrange's mean value theorem, we have
f(b) = f(a) + (b − a) f'(c)
-

or f(5) = f(1) + (5 – 1) f'(c)

or 19 = 3 + 4f'(c)

or f'(c) = 4
From equation (ii), we have
4 = 2c-2

or 2c=6

or C = 3

C = 3 which lies in the interval (1, 5) and hence Lagrange's mean value
theorem is verified in the interval (1, 5) for the given function.

Prob.11. Verify Lagrange's mean value theorem for the function f(x)
2x² - 7x + 10 in the interval [2, 5]. (R.G.P.V., May 2019, June 2020)
Sol. Given f(x) = 2x² - 7x + 10 ...(i)
.. f'(x) = 4x - 7
and so f'(c) = 4c-7 ...(ii)

Let a =

2 and b = 5, then from equation (i), we have

f(a) = f(2) = 2(2)² - 7.2 + 10 = 8 - 14 + 10 = 4
f(b) = f(5) = 2(5)² -7.5 + 10 = 50-35 + 10 = 25
From Lagrange's mean value theorem, we have
f(b) = f(a) + (b − a) f'(c)]
or f(5) = f(2) + (5 — 2) f'(c)
or 25 = 4 + 3f'(c)
or
f'(c) = 7
 16 Mathematics-/

From equation (ii), we have

7=4c-7

W
or 4c = 14

14 7
or C = =
3.5
4 2

c = 3.5 which lies in the interval (2, 5) and hence Lagrange's mean value
theorem is verified in the interval (2, 5) for the given function.

Prob.12. Write the statement of Lagrange's mean value theorem and a

verify itfor the function f(x) = x² − 4x − 3 in the interval [1,4].

, June 2017)

Sol Statement - Refer to the matter given on page 4.

Proof - Given, f(x) = x² - 4x - 3 ...(i)

f'(x) = 2x − 4
and so f'(c)=2c-4 ...(ii)
Let a = 1 and b = 4, then from equation (i), we have
f(a) = f(1) = (1)² - 4. 1-3 = 1-4-3=-6
f(b) = f(4) = (4)² – 4.4 -3 = 16 - 16-3 = -3
From Lagrange's mean value theorem, we have
Co
f(b) = f(a)+(b− a)f'(c)
or f(4) = f(1) + (4 − 1) f'(c)
or - 3= −6+3f'(c)
or f'(c) = 1
From equation (ii), we have
1=2c-4

or 2c = 5

5
or C= = 2.5
2.

c=2.5 which lies in the interval (1, 4) and hence Lagrange's mean value
theorem is verified in the interval (1, 4) for the given function.

EXPANSION OF FUNCTIONS BY MACLAURIN'S AND

TAYLOR'S FOR ONE VARIABLE, TAYLOR'S THEOREM FOR
FUNCTION OF TWO VARIABLES

Maclaurin's Theorem -

Statement - If f(x) be a function of x can be expanded in ascending

powers of x, then
x2
X x"
f(x) = f(0)+xf'(0) + -f"(0)+..... -f" (0)+.....
2! n!
 Calculus-1 17

Proof. Suppose, f(x) = A + A₁x + A₂x² + A3x³ + ...(i)

where, A0, A1, A2, ..... etc., are constants to be determined.

By successive differentiation, we get

f'(x) = A₁ + 2A₂x + 3A3x² + ... ...(ii)

f"(x) = 2A₂ + 3.2.A3x + ...(iii)

and f"(x) = 3.2A3 + 4.3.2 A4x + ...(iv)

Substituting x = 0, in equations (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get

f(0) = A₁, f'(0) = A₁, f"(0) = 2A₂

f"(0) = 3.2A3

f" (0) f"" (0)

A₁ = f(0), A₁ = f'(0), A₂ =

A3 and so on.
2! 3!

Putting the values of A0, A₁, A2, A3, ... in equation (i), we get

2 n
X X X
f(x) = f(0) + xf'(0) + ...+ -ƒ¹ (0)+…..
-f" (0) + -f" (0)+..
2! 3! n!

This result is known as Maclaurin's theorem.

If we take f(x) = y; f(0) = (y)o; f'(0) = (y₁)o;

f "(0) = (y₂)0; f "(0)

= (y3)0, then the Maclaurin's series (or theorem) takes the form as

x²2 x3
X xn
y = (y)0 +x(Y1)0+ (Y2)0 + -(Y3)0+...+(n)o +...
2! 3! n!

Proved

Taylor's Theorem for Function of One Variables - -

Statement - If f(x + h) be a function of x or h which can be expanded

in powers of x or h then
h² hn
f(x + h) =

f(x) + h f'(x) + -f"(x)+...+·

2!
-f"(x)+...
n!
2
X
or f(x + h):=
f(h) + xf'(h) + ·f"(h)+...+·
2! n!
-f"(h)+...
(x-a)² (x-a)n
or
f(x)= f[a+(x-a)] = f(a)+(x-a)f'(a)+ -f"(a)+...+ f"(a)+...
2! n!

Proof. Suppose,
f(x + h) = A + A₁h + A₂h² + A3h³ + A₂h4 +...+ A₂h¹ +... ...(i)
18 Mathematics-l

By successive differentiation of equation (i), with respect to h, we have

f '(x + h) = A₁ + 2A₂h + 3A3h² + 4A4h³ + ...(ii)

f "(x + h) = 2A₂ + 3.2 A3h + 4.3 A₂h² + ...(iii)

f"(x + h) = 3.2.1. A3 + 4.3.2.A4h + ...(iv)

Substituting h = 0 in equations (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get

f(x) = Áŋ; f'(x) = A₁; f'(x) = 2A₂; f'(x) = 3.2.1.A3
1
介 A₁ = f(x); A₁ = f'(x); A₂ ³ = -f''(x)
2!

A3 = -f'''(x) and so on.

3!

Putting these values in equation (i), we obtain the Taylor's theorem as

h² h3 hn
f(x + h) = f(x) + hf '(x) + -f"(x) + -f'(x)+.... -f"(x)+.... ...(v)
2! 3! n!
Proved

Note 1. Substituting x = a in equation (v), we get

2
h² hª
f(a+h)= f(a) + hf'(a) +· -f"(a)+....+· -ƒ¹(a)+....
n!
2!

Note 2. Substituting a = 0 and h=x in Note 1, we get the Maclaurin's theorem

2
X xn
f(x) = f(0) + xf'(0) + ·ƒ"(0)+....+· -ƒª (0)+....
2!n!

Note 3. Substituting x = h and h = a in equation (v), we obtain

2 n
a² a

f(a+h)= f(h)+af'(h)+ -f”(h)+....+· -f¹(h)+....

2! n!

Note 4. Substituting h = x - a in Note 1, we obtain

f(x) = f [a + (x − a)] (x-a)² (x-a)n
= f(a)+(x− a)f'(a) + f"(a)+.... + -f¹(a)+....
·
·

2! n!

Taylor's Theorem for Function of Two Variables - th

Statement If f(x, y) and all its partial derivatives upto the n'
-

order are finite and continuous for all points (x, y)

where a ≤x≤a+h and b ≤ y ≤ b + k

Then f(a+h, b + k) = f(a, b) + (₁how+kor f(a, b)

əx ду
2 3
ə ə 1 ə ə
+ h +k f(a, b) + h + k f(a, b) +
2! əx ду 3! əx ду
 Calculus-I 19

Proof. Considering f(x + h, y + k) as a function of a single variable x

where y is assumed as constant.
For one variable expanding by Taylor's theorem, we get
8x a
f(x + 8x, y + y) = f(x, y + dy) + -f(x, y + y)
1! Əx

(8x)² 8²
+ -f(x, y + dy)+.
2! Əx²
Now expanding for y, we have

(Sy)² 8²
- frox
=
f(x, y) +&
dy f(x, y) +
ду 2! Jy2-f(x,
f y)
ə
+8x= f(x, y) + dy f(x,
əx ду
f(x,y)+...)
+(3x)² 82 (1(x,y)++8y.
2!
8+ ду
F(x,y)+...+...
8²
= {f(x, y) + ay =дуf(x,-y)=+(by)²
(y)2! ² ay²-f(x,+y)+...
y).

+B[2(x,y)+69,80,((x,y)). (2x)²(2²
af

Əx
Sy.
дх ду
+
2! 2
2x²
-f(x, y)
3)+...+

= y)+{ör
=
f(x, y).
ngay
8x
af(x, y)
Əx
+ Sy
af(x, y)

Sy
+ (8x)²
2!
a²f(x, y)
Əx²

+ 28x.dy.
a²f(x,y)+
Әх ду
·(dy)² d²f(x,y).... +

Oy²
af af
or f(a+h, b + k) = f(a, b) k
+k
əx ду

a²f a²f a²f

+ h² + 2hk.
·+k². +
2!
0x2 дх ду dy²
ə
or f(a + h, b + k) = f(a, b) + h- + k
əx
Zrca
ду
f(a, b)

2
ə
+ +k f(a, b)+...
2! Əx ду
 20 Mathematics-/

Another form f(x, y) = f(a, b) + - {(x-a) = + (y - b)= f(a, b)

Əx

ə
(x-a). +(y-b) f(a, b) +.....
18
+
2! dx

or
f(x, y) = f(a, b) + {(x − a) f、(a, b) + (y – b) fy(a, b)}

{(x − a)² fxx(a, b) + 2(x − a) (y − b) fxy(a, b)

-

2!

+ (y − b)² fyy(a, b)} +. ...

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

Prob.13. Expand f(x) = e* in Maclaurin series. [R.G.P.V., Nov. 2018(0)

Sol. Given that,

f(x) = ex ...(i)

By Maclaurin's theorem, we know that

X
x²2
X
n

f(x) = f(0))+
+=f'(0)
f'(0) +
+ -f''(0) + + -fn (0) ..(ii
.

1! 2! n!

Here f(x) = ex ⇒ f(0) = 1

f'(x) = ex ⇒ f'(0) = 1
f"(x) = ex ⇒ f"(0) = 1

f""(x) = ex ⇒ f"(0) = 1

f¹(x) = ex ⇒ f¹(0) = 1

Substituting these values in equation (ii), we get

X
x2
X X
3

f(x) = ex = 1+(1) + -(1) + ∙(1) + ..... + · -(1)

1! 2! 3! n!

2
X x³3 n

ex = 1+x+ + ·+..... + Ans.

2! 3! n!

Prob.14. Expand the function f(x) = cos x in Maclaurin series an

hence find approximate value of cos 18°. (R.G.P.V., May 2018
Sol. Given that,
f(x) = cos x ...(i)
 Calculus-1 21

By Maclaurin's theorem, we know that

2 3 n
X X X X

f(x) = f(0) + -f'(0) +2!-f"(0) + -f''(0) + + -f¹ (0) +.

1! 3! n!

...(ii)

Here f(x)== cos x = f(0) = 1

f'(x) = sin x ⇒ f'(0) = 0
f"(x) = cos x ⇒f"(0) = -1
f""(x) = sin x ⇒ f"(0) = 0
fiv(x) = cos x ⇒ fiv(0) = 1

na na

f"(x) =
= COS X + ⇒ f¹(0) := COS
2 2

Substituting these values in equation (ii), we get

2 3 4
X X X X X₂n na

f(x) = cos x = 1 + (0) +· −1) + -(0) + (1) + + COS-+...

·

2! 3! 4! n! 2

X X
x2m
COS X = 1 + + + (−1)m + ..... ∞ Ans.
2! 4! (2m)!

Now putting x = 18°, we get

(18⁰)2 (18⁰)4 (18⁰)6

cos18° = 1 + +

2! 4! 6!

2 4 6

1- (18× 1 )² +2 (18× 1 ) - (18× 150)

1 TU 1
= +.....
180 24 180 720

=
1 0.049348 +0.00040587 -0.00000133526 +

= 0.9510565347 Approx.
=
Ans.

Prob.15. Ify = sin(m sin¯¹ x),

d²y dy
prove that (1-x²) - X + m²y = 0. (R.G.P.V., Dec. 2015)
dx² dx
Sol. Here, y = sin(m sin¯¹x) ...(i)
Differentiating equation (i) with respect to x, we get
dy
=

cos(m sin¹x). m.
dx 2
- X

2 dy
or - X -

m cos(m sin¯¹x)
dx
 22 Mathematics-/

Squaring both sides, we have

(1-x²)(dy)² = m² cos²(m sin¯¹x)

-x²)(dx)²
dy
= m²[1 - sin²(m sin~¹x)]
2 dy
(1 = m²(1 - y²) [From equation (i)]
dx

Again differentiating with respect to x, we have

dy d²y dy
(1-x²)2
dx dx²
+

dx
(-2x) = -2m²y dydx

dy
Divided by 2 both side, we have
dx

(1-x²)d²y-xdy =-m²y
X
dx

ΟΙ (1-x²) d²y- dy + m²y=0

dx
2
X-

dx
Proved

Prob.16. Find the Maclaurin's expansion of log (1 + x).

(R.G.P.V., June 2011
Sol. Given that, f(x) = log (1 + x) ...(i

By Maclaurin's theorem, we know that

x² v3 Xn
+ · f"(0)++
)+=f'(0) + ²³-f""
ff"(0) +
X X
f(x)=f(0)+—f'(0) + -f¹ (0) +
2! 3! n!

Here,

f(x) = log (1 + x) = f(0) = 0

f'(x)= (1 + x)-1 ⇒ f'(0) = 1

f "(x)= −(1 + x)-² ⇒f"(0) = −1

f "(x) = 2(1 + x)-³ ⇒f"(0) = 2

fiv(x) = − 6(1 + x)4 ⇒ fiv(0) = −6

f(x)= (-1)n-¹ (n-1)! (1+x)-n

f(0) = (-1)-¹(n-1)!
 Calculus-1 23

Substituting these values in equation (ii), we get

2
X X X X

log (1 + x) = 0 + −(1)
1!
+ -(−1) +· -(2) + -(-6) +....
2! 3! 4!

xn
+ -(−1)n-¹ (n − 1)! + .....
n!

•+(−1)ª−1xª

+
X

00
........
log (1 + x) = x- + Ans.
2 3 n
+0
Prob. 17. Expand esin x by Maclaurin's series upto the terms containing
x4. (R.G.P.V., June 2007)
Or

Expand esin x in powers of x upto the terms containing x4.

(R.G.P.V., June 2009, Feb. 2010)

Sol. Let, y = esin x

Then
y₁ = esin x. cos x = y. cos x
X

Y2 = y₁ cos x - y sin x

Y3 Y2 cos x - 2y₁ sin x - y cos x

Y4Y3 cos x - 3y₂ sin x - 3y₁ cos x + y sin x; etc.
Substituting x = 0, we get

(y) = esin 0 = eº =
1

(y₁)o = (y)o cos 0 = 1, (Y₂)0 = (y₁)o cos 0 − (y) sin 0 = 1 -

(Y3)0 = (y₂)0 cos 0 - 2(y₁)o sin 0 - (y)o cos 0 = 0

(Y4)0 = (Y3)0 cos 0 - 3 (y₂)o sin 0 – 3(y₁)o cos 0
+ (y)o sin 0 = -3
By Maclaurin's theorem, we get
4
X X X
esin x =
(y)o + x(y₁)0 + (Y₂)0 + -(Y3)0 + -(Y4)0 +......
2! 3! 4!
1 2 1 4
or esin X = 1+X+-X --X +...... Ans.

Prob.18. Expand by Maclaurin's theorem ex cos x as far as the term x³.

(R.G.P.V., Dec. 2015)
Sol. Let, y = ex cos x

Then ex cos x[cos x x sin x] = y(cos x - x sin x)

У1

Y2 = y₁(cos x - x sin x) + y[- sin x- (sin x + x cos x)]

= y₁(cos x - x sin x) − y(2 sin x + x cos x)

Y3 = y2(cos x - x sin x) + y₁[- sin x - (sin x + x cos x)]

- y₁(2sin x + x cos x) − y[2cos x + (cos x - x sin x)]

= y2(cos x - x sin x) - y₁(4 sin x + 2x cos x)

- y(3 cos x - x sin x)
24 Mathematics-1

Putting x = 0, we get
(y)=e⁰= 1
(y1)0= (y)o (cos0 - 0.sin0) = 1(1 - 0) = 1
(y2)0 = (y1)0 (cos0 - 0.sin0) - (y)o (2 sin 0 + 0.cos0)
= 1(1-0)-1(0 + 0) = 1
(Y3)0 = (y2)o (cos0 – 0.sin0) – (y₁)o (4 sin0 + 2.0 cos0)
- (y)o (3cos0 – 0.sin()
= 1(1 - 0) — 1(0 + 0) 1(3-0) = 1-3 = -2
-

By Maclaurin's theorem, we get

3
x² X

ex cos x = (y) + X(1) + (92) +3!(Y3)0 +

2!
2
x²x3
X X
= 1+x+ Ans.
=

2 3

1+x
Prob.19. Expand log in powers of x using Maclaurin's theorem
1-x
(R.G.P.V., June 2014)
1+x
Sol. Let, y = log " (y) = log 1 = 0
1-x

-x (1-x)1-(1+x).(−1) 1-x 2 2

Yı 2
1+x
(1 −x)² 1+x (1-x)² 1-x²

(y₁)o =2
(1-x²)y₁=2 ...(i)

Differentiating w.r. to x

(1-x²) y₂ - 2xy₁ = 0
(Y₂)0 = 0
Differentiating equation (ii) n times by Leibnitz's theorem, we get

[(1-x²)
-x²)yn+2 +nc₁Yn+1(-2x) + nc₂yn(-2.1)]2[xyn+1 + n₁₁.1] = 0
= 0
(1-x²)yn+2 - 2nxYn+1 − n(n − 1)yn − 2xyn+1 - 2nyn
-
=

(1-x²)+2 - 2(n + 1)xYn+1 − (n² − n + 2n)y₁ = 0

(1-x²)+2 - 2(n + 1)x Yn+1 − n(n + 1) = 0
Putting x == 0
...

(Yn+2) = n(n + 1) (n)o

Putting n = 1, 2, 3, ..... in equation (iii), we get

(Y3)0 = 1.2(y₁)0 = 2 × 2 = 4
(Y4)0 = 2.3(Y₂)0 = 0
(Y5)0 = 3.4(y3)0 = 12 × 4 = 48 etc.
 Calculus-1 25

By Maclaurin's theorem, we get

x3
log(1+x)=
X

(y)o + x(y₁)0 + -(Y₂)0 + (Y3)0 +.....

·
- X 2! 3!

X X X
4
x5
X
=
0+ x.2 + .0 + -4+ ∙.0 + 48+
2! 3! 4! 5!

4 3
48 5
= 2x + ·X + ·X + Ans.
3! 5!

Prob.20. Using Maclaurin's theorem prove that -

2 3
X X

eax cos bx = 1 + ax + (a² − b ²). ·+ a(a² − 3b² ). +..

2! 3!

(R.G.P.V., Dec. 2008)

Sol. Here, y = eax cos bx ...(i)

Put x = 0, we get (y) = eaxo cos b × 0 = 1.1 = 1

Now differentiating equation (i), with respect to x successively, we get
y₁ = eax(- sin bx. b) + cos bx. eªx.a
У1 - beax sin bx + ay
or Yı-ay-beax sin bx ...(ii)
y2-ay₁ = b[eax cos bx.b + sin bx.eªx.a]
Y2 - ayı - b² eax cos bx -
ab eax sin bx

Y₂ − ay₁ = − b²y + a(y₁ − ay)

Y₂ − ay₁ = (- b² − a²) y + ay₁
or Y₂ − 2ay₁ + (a² + b²) y = 0
Y3 − 2ay₂ + (a² + b² ) Y₁ = 0
and so on.

Putting x = 0, we get
(y₁)o = a
(Y₂)0 = a²-b²
(Y3)0 = a(a² − 3b²), and so on.
Substituting the values of (y)o, (Y₁)0, (Y₂)0, (Y3)0.... etc. in the Maclaurin's
series, we get
2 3
2, X
eaxcos bx =

1+ ax + (a² − b ²). ·+ a(a² − 3b²) 1² +..... Proved

2! 3!

Prob.21. If f(x) = log (1 + x), x > 0, using Maclaurin's theorem, show

that for 0 <0<1
+² +³3
log (1 + x) = x + -

2
3(1+0x)³
2
X X
Deduce that log(1+x) < x + for x>0. (R.GP.V., June 2010)
2 3
 26 Mathematics-/

Sol. Given that, f(x) = log (1 + x)

By Maclaurin's theorem, we know that 3
X

f(x) = f(0) + xf'(0) + -f"(0) + -f""(0x) ...(ii)

2! 3!

Here f(x)= log(1 + x), f(0) = 0

1
f'(x) = f'(0) = 1
1+x

1
f"(x) = f"(0) = 1
>

(1+x)²
2 2
and f""(x) 9 f"(0x) =

(1+x)³ (1+0x)³
Substituting these values in equation (ii), we get

X x3
X

log(1 + x) = x ——
+ Proved
2 3(1+0x)³
Since x>0 and 0 > 0, 0x > 0
1
(1 + 0x)³ > 1 i.e., <1
3
(1+0x)³
2
X
x3
X X

X <X +
2 3
2
3(1+0x)³
3
X X

Hence, log (1 + x)< x − + [from equation (iii)

2 3

Prob.22. Use Maclaurin's series to prove -

4
x²2 X

log (1 + e*) = log2+=+ 192

·+.....
2 8

(R.G.P.V., Jan./Feb. 2008, Dec. 2013

Or

)
FindSol
.
the Maclaurin's
Suppose
, y = expansion
log
(1 +e*) of log
0 (1 + e*).[R.G.P.V., Nov. 2019 ( )

Putting
x =0 in equation
(
i), we
i get...(
and (y)o = log (1 + eº) = log 2
By successive differentiation of equation (i), we obtain
ex 1

Y1
1+ e* (1+e*)
ex ex 1
-1

Y2= •[+]=a+²=a+²)(+²)
1 ex =x1(1-3) (1+e*) (1+e*)
(1-y₁)

Y3Y2 (1-₁) + Y₁ (-₂)=Y₂-2 Y1 Y₂ 2

and Y4=Y3-2 Y1 Y3-2 y₂² etc.
 Calculus-1 27

By Maclaurin's theorem, we have

4
x² X
3
X

log (1 + e*)= (y) + X(Y1), +7

2!
(Y2), +7
3!
(Y3)0 +7
4!
(4) +..........(ii)
Putting x = 0, in y₁, y2, Y3 and y4, we get

(Y₁)0 =

11/12
(32)0 = (3₁)0[¹-(3₁)] = [1
(Y3)。 = (Y2), −2(Y1)o(Y2)。 =—-2x = x=-=-=0 X

(Y4)0 = (Y3)0 −2(Y3) (Y₁) −2(y₂),² -2(Y2) = -2(1) 2

Substituting the values of (y)o, (y₁)0, (Y2)0, (Y3)0, (Y4)0, in equation

(ii), we get
2 3 4
1 X X X
1

log (1 + ex) = log2 + x. + + ..0+ +.

2 2! 4 3! 4! 8

2 4
X X X

or log (1+ex) = log2+ + -

·+..... Ans.
2 8 192

Prob.23. Apply Maclaurin's theorem to prove that

2
1 1 6
.4
log sec x = 17/11
-x² +
12
x² +
45
X + .....
(R.G.P.V., June 2015)

Sol. Given that, f(x) = log sec x ...(i)

By Maclaurin's theorem, we know that

2 3
X X x³ x"
n

f(x)=f(0)+—f'(0) +· -f'(0) +· -f''(0) + + -f¹ (0)+..... ...(ii)

1! 2! 3! n!

Here, f(x) = log sec x

f(0) = 0
1
f'(x) =
.sec x tan x = tan x ⇒ f'(0) = 0
sec x

: =
sec²x ⇒ f"(0) = 1
f"(x) = 2 sec²x tan x⇒ f"(0) = 0
fiv(x) = 2 sec¹x + 4 sec²x tan²x ⇒ fiv(0) = 2
f(x) = 16 sec¹x tan x + 8 sec²x tan³x ⇒ f(0) = 0
fvi(x) = 8 sec¹x tan² x + 16 secºx + 16 sec²x tan¹x ⇒ fvi(0) = 16
and so on.
28 Mathematics-/

Substituting these values in equation (ii), we get

5 6
x³
4
хо
-0%(0)+7() +· -(0)-+ -(2) +·
X X X

log sec x = 0 (0) +

1! 2! 3! 4! 5!
(0)+(16)+...
14 1 6
log sec x= + ·X + ·X +..... Prove
45

Prob.24. Expand eª sin ¹x in ascending powers ofx.

[R.GP.V., June 2008(N), April 2009, Dec. 2011

a sin ¹x
Sol. We have, y=

Differentiating equation (i), with respect to x, we get

-1
a sin ¹x a
-
ay
=
У1
√1-x² 2
√(1-x²)
ог (1-x²) y² = a²y²

Again differentiating

(1-x²) 2y₁y2 + (-2x) y² = 2a²yy₁

Dividing by 2y₁, we get
(1-x²) Y₂ - xy₁ − a²y = 0
Differentiate it n times by Leibnitz's theorem, we get

(1 − x²)yn+2 − (2n + 1)xYn+1 − (n² + a²) y₁ = 0

Putting x = 0,
(Yn+2) = (n² + a²) (yn)o ...(iv

From equations (i), (ii) and (iii), we get

(y) = 1, (y₁)0 = a, (y₂)0 = a²
Putting n = 1, 2, 3... in equation (iv), we get
(Y3)0 (12+ a²) (y₁) = a(1²+ a²)
=

(Y4) =(2²+ a²) (Y₂)0 = a²(2² + a²), and so on.

Substituting these values in the Maclaurin's series,
(y₁)0 (Y2)0 2 (Y3)03
y = (y)o + X+ X² + X + (Y4)0,4 X +....
·

1! 2! 3! 4!

We get,
2
a
2
a(1².
+ a²) a² (2²+ a²) 4
easin¯¹x = 1+ ax + 15 2+ + -x³+
3
X +....
2! 3! 4!
Ans
 Calculus-1 29

Prob.25. Expand sin 'x is power ofx by Maclaurin's theorem.

(R.G.P.V., Dec. 2017)
Sol. Suppose, y = sin ¹x ...(i)
Putting x = 0 in equation (i), we get
(y) = sin ¹0 = 0
Differentiating equation (i), with respect to x, we get
1
Yı ...(ii)
2
√1-x² X

Here we apply different approach for differentiating complicated form of

function.
1

У1
2
√1

yỉ 1-x²
x²) = 1
Again differentiating

(1-x²)2y₁y2 + (−2x)y} = 0
Dividing by 2y₁, we get
(1-x²)y₂ - xy₁ = 0 ...(iii)
Differentiating in n times by Leibnitz's theorem, we get

(1-x²)yn+2 +"C₁(-2x)Yn+1+"C₂(-2)yn -(xYn+1 +"C₁.1.yn)=0

(1− x²)ỵn+2 − 2nxYn+1 − (n² − n)Yn − XYn+1 −¤¥n = 0

-

(1 − x²)yn+2 − (2n +1)xYn+1 −n²y₁ = 0 ...(iv)

Putting x =
0,

(Yn+2)0 = n²(yn)o ...(v)

From equations (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
(y)o= 0, (y₁)o = 1, (Y₂)0 = 0
Putting n = 1, 2, 3, in equation (v), we get
.....

(Y3)0 = 1²(y₁)0 = 1.1 = 1

(Y4)0 = 2²(y₂)0 = 4.0 = 0
(Y5)0 = 3²(y3)0 = 3².1², and so on.
By Maclaurin's theorem, we know that
2
X X x3 4
X
8 y=(y) + 1!(31) +2!(92) +3! (93)
-(Y3)0 + (Y)....(vi)
-(Y4)0
4!
30 Mathematics-/

Substituting the values of (y)o, (y₁)0, (Y2)0, (Y3)0, (Y4)0, in equatio

(vi), we get

2 4 5
X
.0+ .1+ .0+ .3².1² +
X
sin ¹x = 0+1+ Ans
1! 2! 3! 4! 5!

Prob. 26. Prove that

2 2.2² 2.2².4²

+
x
.6

...
(sin ¹x)² = +²
=
+ -x² +
2! 4! 6!
and hence deduce

sin²0 2 sin¹0.
0² = 2
2!
+22
4!
+242 2 sin 6!
+

(R.G.P.V., June 201

Sol. Let, y = (sin¯¹ x)² and (yo)o = (sin¯¹0)² = 0

. Differentiating y w.r.t. x, we get
1
Y₁ = 2(sin¯¹x). and (y₁)0 = 0
2
- X

(1-x²)y = 4y
Again differentiating

(1-x²)2y₁y2 - 2xy = 4y₁

(1-x²)y2 - xy₁ = 2 and (y₂)0 = 2

By Leibnitz's theorem, we get
2
(1 − x² )Yn+2 − (2n +1)xYn+1 − n²y = 0

Putting x = 0 in equation (i), we get

(Yn+2)0 = n²(yn)o
Putting n = 1, 3, 5 we get

(Y3)0 = (Y5)0 = (y7)0 == 0

Putting n = 2, 4, 6 we get

(Y4)0 = 2² (y₂)0 = 2².2

(Y6)0 ==4²(y4)0
4 = 42.22.2 and so on.
, we get
3 4 5

(sin¹x)² -0+x0+2+0+2²2+0+4²2²2
X X X

2! 3! 4! 5! 6!
POSTA

2x²x 2.2² -x+ + 2.2².4² -x6+.....

+
21 4! 6!
 Calculus-1 31

Now, putting x = sin 0 in equation (iii), we get

2 sin²0 2 sin¹0 2 sin60
0² - +2². +2².4². ·+..... Proved
2! 4! 6!

Prob.27. Using Taylor's series, show that -

कर x³
log (x+h) = logh+ + (R.G.P.V., Jan./Feb. 2007)
h 2h² 3h³
Or

3
X x² t
Show that log (x + h) = log h+ + + .....

h 2h² 3h³
(R.G.P.V., June 2015)
Sol. Suppose,
f(x + h) = log (x + h) ...(i)

Substituting x = 0, in equation (i), we get

f(h) = log h ...(ii)

By Taylor's series, we have

x² x3
f(x + h) =
f(h) + xf'(h) + f"(h) + 4 (h)+. ...(iii)
·

2! 3!

By successive differentiation of equation (ii), we get

1 1 2
f'(h) =

2 f"(h) = 2
f"(h) =

3
2
h h h³

Putting the values of f(x + h), f(h), f'(h), f'(h), f''(h), in equation
(iii), we get
X X
2 x3
log (x + h) =
logh + + Proved
h
2h2 3h
3

Prob.28. Use Taylor's theorem to prove that -

+
(

)
³
.
·

sine sin 20
hsin0

-1 -1 sin 30
tgn (x+h) = tan x+hsin 0. --(hsin0)².
1 2 3

sin no
+(-1)-1(h sin0)". +
n

where, 0 cot -¹ x. (R.G.P.V., Sept. 2009)

Or

Prove that -
sinz (h sin z)²
an¹(x + h) = tan¯¹ x + h sin z. -.sin 2z+.....
2

where, z = cot-¹x. (R.G.P.V., June 2012)

 32 Mathematics-/

Sol. Suppose,
f(x + h) = tan¹ (x + h) 9

Substituting h=0 in equation (i), we get

f(x) = tan-¹ x
Differentiating equation (ii), n times with respect to x, we get
fn(x)= Dn (tan-x) = (−1)n−1 (n − 1)! sin”0 sin no
where, 0 = cot ¹x
For n= 1,f'(x)= (-1)º 0! sin 0 sin 0 = sin 0 sin
For n = 2,f"(x) = (-1)¹ 1! sin²0 sin 20
For n = 3, f''(x) = (-1)² 2! sin³0 sin 30

By Taylor's theorem, we have

h² n
h"
f(x + h) = f(x) + hf'(x) +
2!
·f"(x)+.....+·
n!
-fn(x)+…..... ...(i

Putting the values of f(x + h), f(x), f'(x) .......

in equation (iii), we ge
-1
h²
tan¯¹(x+h) = tan x+hsin 0.sin 0 .sin² 0.sin 20
2!

h³ hn
+ -2 sin³ 0 sin 30 + + -(−1)n−1(n−1)!sin" 0 sinn0 +
3! n!
t

-1
sin 0 sin 20
or tan¹(x + h) = tan¯¹x + h sin 0. -(h sin 0) ².
2
a

3 sin 30 sinne
+ (h sin 0)³. +(−1)n−1(hsin 0) +.... a

3 n

Prove

Prob.29. Calculate the approximate value of log 1.1 correct to fo

decimal places using Taylor's expansion. (R.G.P.V., Nov./Dec. 200
Or

Expand log x in powers of(x-1) and hence evaluate log (1.1) corr
to four decimal places. (R.G.P.V., Dec. 2002, March/April 201
Or

Using Taylor series find value of log (1.1) correct upto three decin
place.
(R.G.P.V., Nov. 201
Or

Expand log x in power of (x - 1) by Taylor's theorem and hence fi

the value of log 1.1. (R.G.P.V., Nov. 201

Sol. Let, f(x) = log x, f(1) = 0

f'(x) = ==
f'(1) = 1
X
 Calculus-1 33

f"(x): f"(1) = -1
2
X

f""(x)= 3 f""(1)=2
X

6
f(iv) (x) =
X
4 f(iv) (1) = −6
etc. etc.

Substituting these values in the Taylor's series

(x-1)² (x - 1)³
f(x) = f(1) + (x − 1)f'(1) + -f''(1). -f'''(1) +
·
2! 3!

(x-1)² (x-1)³ (x-1)4

We get, log₂x = (x − 1) – + +....
2 3

Now putting x =
1.1 so that x -
1 = 0.1, we have

1
log 1.1=0.1 (0.1)² + (0.19³-(0.1)*+...
2 3
=
0.1 0.005 0.00033 0.000025 + .....
= 0.0953
=
Ans.

Prob.30. Write one main condition when Maclaurin's theorem fails.

Expand f(x) = sin x, in ascending powers of (x - 2) using Taylor's
theorem. (R.G.P.V., Dec. 2005)

Sol. Suppose, f(x) is any function. Maclaurin's expansion of f(x) fails if

any of the functions f(x), f '(x), f "(x), ...... becomes infinite or discontinuous
at any point of the interval [0, x] or if R₁ does not tend to zero as n → ∞.
t -17.
Here, f(x) = sin x, we want to expand f(x) in powers of x-=-=-π. We can write
=-

5(x) - + (+x+(x- 1)]

= f

Now expanding f π+ X -π
by Taylor's theorem in power of

[(x-1) 2 we get

f(x) -
π+ X-T

)+(-D) HO
π
= f X f' +

2 2!

+ (x-1) (1) +.…...

3!
...(1)
34 Mathematics-/

Now, f(x) = sin x. Therefore

f(x/2) = sin π/2 = 1

f'(x) = cos x, f' (π/2) = cos π/2 = 0

f"(x) = sin x. so that f" (π/2) = sin л/2 = - 1

f"(x) = cos x, so that f" (π/2) = сos π/2 = 0 etc.

Substituting these values in series (i), we get

2
1 1
sin x= 1+ X
1+(x − -π.0 + XIIF (−1).....
2!
An

Prob.31. Find Taylor's expansion of y = sin x about point x==

2
.

[R.G.P.V., Nov. 2019 (0

Sol. Refer to Prob.30.

Prob.32. Expand sin x in powers of(x-7/2). Hence, find the value

sin 91° correct to 4 decimal places. (R.G.P.V., Dec. 201
π
refer to Prob.30.
Sol. For expansion of sin x in powers of x -

To find value of sin 91° put x = 91° in Prob.30, we get

1 1
sin 91° 1+(91°-90°)(0) +2!(91°-90°)²(-1) +3!(91°-90°)³(0)
2
π
=
= 1+0+ 1x (−1)+0+....
180

-1-(0.0175)²
2
Al
= 1-0.00015 = 0.9998 V

Prob.33. Find the Taylor series expansion of log cos x about the po
x = 0. (R.G.P.V., Dec. 201
Sol. Given, f(x) = log cos x

By the Taylor's series, we have

(x-a)²
-f''(a) +
(x-a)³ f'''(a) +.
f(x) = f(a) + (x − a) f'(a) +
- -
·

a
2! 3!

(x-a)n
+ -f"(a) +
n!

where, a = 0.
 Calculus-1 35

By successive differentiation of equation (i), we get

sin x
f'(x) = -tan x
COS X

f"(x):==
sec²x -1 - tan²x

f"(x) = 2 tan x sec²x

- 2 tan x(1 + tan²x) = -2 tan x - 2 tan³x

and so on.

Substituting x = 0 in above, we get

1

f(0) = log cos 0 = 0

f'(0) = -tan 0=0
f "(0) = − 1 − tan²(0) = −1
f"(0) = -2 tan(0) - 2 tan³(0) = 0

(x-0)² (x-0)³
⇒ f(x) = f(0) + (x − 0) f'(0) + · f''(0) + - ƒ'''(0) + .....
2! 3!
2

or log cos x = + Ans.

2!

Prob.34. Find the Taylor's series expansion of the function about the
point 7/3 -

f(x) = log cos x (R.G.P.V., Dec. 2003, June 2011)

Sol. Given, f(x) = log cos x ....(i)

By the Taylor's series, we have

(x-a)² (x-a)³
f(x) = f(a)+(x − a)f'(a) + -f"(a) + -f''(a)+......
2! 3!

(x-a)n
+ ·ƒª(a) +.. ...(ii)
n!
where, = π/3
a =

By successive differentiation of equation (i), we get

sinx
f'(x) =
= -tan x
COS X

f"(x) sec²x = -1 - tan²x

f""(x) =
- 2 tan x sec²x - 2 tan x (1 + tan²x)
= - 2 tan x 2 tan³ x
-

and so on
Substituting x = π/3 in above, we get
TU TU 1
=
logcos log.
3 3
 36 Mathematics-/

f'(7)
(²) -- tan= =-√3
3 3

f" (3)--1-tan² = -4
=
2 T

+---2 tan-2tan²-8√3
=

3 3 3

<-7-²
X

(x) = { [3; + ( x − 3 )] − ( 3 ) + (x − 3 ) ² ( 3 )+ F"(7)

T

(x) = f =
- f"
2!

7)
(3 3)
X

+ f"" +....
3!

(+-)²
T
X X
TU 3 3
or log cos x = log 1/1/1-√3(x - 3 2!
-8√3.
3!
-+....

AI

Prob.35. Compute the approximate value of √√II to four decimalpla

by taking the first five terms of an approximate Taylor's expansion.
(R.G.P.V., Dec. 201
Sol. Let, f(x) = x1/2
Differentiating equation (i) successively w.r. to x, we get

f'(x) = --x-1/2

-3/2
f"(x) = -—-x²1
3
f""(x) =
2x-5/2
-X

15 -7/2
fiv(x) =
X and so on.
16

By Taylor's series

h² h³ he
f(x+h)-f(x) + hf'(x) + -f''(x) +· -f'''(x) + fiv x)+...
2! 3! 4!

A
 Calculus-1 37

3
h³
+ √(-/-x-¹²2²) + ²/2² (²)(- )ײ³¹/² + 1² (12)
1/2 -3/2
(x+h)1/2 = x¹
·:
X hl X X

2! 2 2 3!

h4
(X)*²*XX-XX-XX-9².
-5/2 -7/2
+
+.....
4! 2
3
h 1 h² 1 h³ 1 5h4 1
√x+h==√x + + +

2√x 8 x√x
x√x 16 x²√x
X 128 x³√x
X

Substituting x = 10 and h = 1 in above equation, we get

1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1
√10+1 √10+ =
+ +

2 √10 8 10√10 16 100/10 128 1000/10

√11 = 3.16227 +0.15811 – 0.00395 +0.0001976 -0.0000123 +

= 3.3166153 = 3.3166 (Approx.) Ans.

Prob.36. Expand f(x, y) = x²y + 3y - 2 in powers of (x − 1) and (y + 2)

by Taylor's theorem.
Sol. Here a 1, b = -2
f(x, y) = x²y + 3y - 2
f(1, −2) = (1)² (-2) + 3(−2) − 2 = −10
fx(x, y) = 2xy .. f、(1, −2) = 2(1) (−2) = − 4
I fy(x, y) = x² + 3 f(1, -2)=(1)² + 3 = 4
fxx(x, y) = 2y fx(1, -2) = 2(-2) = -4
a

fxy(x, y) = 2x fxy(1, −2) = 2(1) = 2

01 fyy(x, y) = 0 fyy(1, -2) = 0
fxxx(x, y) = 0 fxxx(1, -2) = 0
fxxy(x, y) = 2 fxxy(1, -2)=2
fxyy(x, y) = 0 fxyy(1, -2) = 0
fyyy(x, y) 0 =
fyy(1, -2) = 0
By Taylor's theorem, we have

f(x, y) = f(a, b) + {(x − a) f(a, b) + (y−b) f(a, b)} + 2!

{(x − a)² f(ª, b)
+ 2(x − a) (y − b) fxy(a, b) + (y − b)² f(a, b)} + ..... ...(i)
Putting a =

1, b = -2 and above values in equation (i), we get

1
x²y + 3y - 2 = -10 + {(x − 1) (− 4) + (y + 2) (4)} + {(x − 1)² (-4)
2!
1
+ 2(x - 1) (y + 2) (2) + (y + 2)² (0)} + {(x - 1)³(0)
3!

+ 3(x - 1)² (y + 2) (2) + 3(x − 1) (y + 2)² (0) + (y + 2)³ (0)}

x²y+3y-2=-10-4(x-1) + 4(y + 2) -2(x − 1)² + 2(x - 1) (y + 2)
+ (x - 1)² (y + 2) Ans.
 38 Mathematics-/

PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION

Function of Two Variables - Suppose z is a symbol which has a definite

value of every x and y then z is said to be a function of two independent
variables x and y and we write z = f(x, y) or p(x, y).
If z is a function of three or more variables x, y, t, ........ are denoted by the
relation z = f(x, y, t, ......).
Limits of a Function of Two Variables - The function f(x, y) is said to
tend to the limit / as x→a and y → b if the limit / is independent of the path
followed by the point (x, y) as x → a and y → b. Then

limit f(x, y) = 1
x→a

y➜a

If corresponding a positive a number & E (a, b), there exists another positive
number 8, such that

f(x, y) - 1|< &, for 0 < (x-a)² + (y - b)² < 82 for every point (x, y) in R.
Continuity of a Function of Two Variables -

A function f(x, y) is
called continuous at the point (a, b), if
limit f(x, y) exists and f(a, b) =

X-a

y→b

If a function is continuous at all points of a region, then it is called

continuous in that region. A function which is not continuous at a point is
called discontinuous at that point.

Partial Derivatives - Suppose z = f(x, y) is a function of two variables.

Now let us vary x while y is kept constant. Then z is a function of x only.
The derivative of z with respect to x treating y as constant is said to be the
partial derivative of z with respect to x, and is represented by one of the
symbol
əz Əf
2
fx(x, y), Dxf.
Əx' əx

Similarly, the derivative of z, with respect to y treating x as constant is

said to be the partial derivative of z with respect to y and is represented by one
of the symbol,
az af
fy(x, y), Dyf.
dy dy

a²z²z²z a²z
-and
We also represent 2
by fxx; fyy; fxy; fyx.
ax² ay axay əyəx
 Calculus-1 39

For the function of more than two variables on the same lines, these
definitions can be applied.
It can easily be verified that, in all ordinary cases
a²z z²z
əxəy əyəx

əz əz a²z a²z 2²z

and P,- 9, =
= r, = S, = t
əx
ду Əx² дхду ay²
Which Variable to be Treated as Constant -

Suppose, x = r cos 0, y = r sin 0 ....(i)

ər
To find we need a relation between r and x. Such a relation will
2

Əx'

contain one more variable 0 or y, for we can eliminate only one variable out of
four from the equation (i). Thus the two possible relations are -
r = x sec 0
…..(ii)
and r² = x² + y² ..(iii)
Differentiating equation (ii) partially with respect to x keeping as constant
ər
= sec 0
...(iv)
əx

Differentiating equation (iii) partially with respect to x keeping y as constant

Ər Ər X
2r = 2x or = cos 0 .(v)
əx əx r

Ər
From equation (iv), we have = sec 0 and from equation (v), we
əx
dr ər
have cos 0. These two values of make confusion.
Əx əx

To avoid the confusion we use the following notations -

ər
Notation (i) represent the partial derivative of r w.r.t. x,
əx
0
ər
keeping as constant, from equation (iv), we have = sec 0.
Əx 0
ər
(ii) represent the partial derivative of r w.r.t. x keeping y
əx
as
constant. y
From equation (iv), we have
ər
= cos 0.
əx
y
 40 Mathematics-/

(iii) When no indication is given regarding the variables to be treated

as constant.

ə ə ə
resent
represent represent
Əx Əx dy ду
y X

(2) represent (2) and (2)

or
represent
(a).
Homogeneous Function -

The function in which the degree of each term is same is said to be a

homogeneous function, for example if we consider the function
z = f (x, y) = axª + a₁xª −¹1 y + a₂x¹ − 2 y² + + any,

it is a homogeneous function of degree n.

n

2=f(x, y) = x² {2₁+3,²2+3(2²)
(3)³²* ...*(2)"}- ** (3)
y y n y
+. +a .
z a₁ a2 say.
X X X
X

Therefore f(x, y) is a homogeneous function of nth degree and þ(y/x) is

a homogeneous function of zeroth degree.
Note- If z is a homogeneous function of x and y of degree n, then function
əz əz
y
sin-1 is a homogeneous function of degree 0. Then əx
and are

X ду
homogeneous functions of degree (n − 1) each.
Euler's Theorem on Homogeneous Functions
Statement - Suppose u = f(x, y) is a homogeneous function of x and
y of degree n, then we have
ди ди
X +y = nu

əx ду

Proof. Since u = f(x, y) is a homogeneous function ofx and y of degree n

so it can be written as

u = f(x, y) = x¹ (3)
X
´…(i)

where, (y/x) is a homogeneous function of zero degree.

Differentiating equation (i) partially with respect to x and y respectively,
we get

()+((7)
du -y
= nx …..(ii)
X
əx

1 y
du y n-1

and
= xo' = X '0'| ….(iii)
XX X
ду
 Calculus-1 41

Multiplying equation (ii) by x and equation (iii) by y, and add we get

ди ди ди ди

(*)
y
X +y nxo or x +y- = nu Proved
əx ду X əx ду
Note - Let uu (x₁, x₂ Xn), where u is a homogeneous functions of
X1, X2, X3, . Xn of degree n, then
.....

ди ди ди
X1 + X2 ·+...+xn = nu
Əx1 0x₂ Əxn
Cor. 1. Let u be a homogeneous function of degree n, then

ลิ้น au du
(i) x- +y -
(n-1)
əx² дхду əx

² au du
(ii) x ·+y (n-1)=
дхду oy2 ду

²u a²u 8²₁
(iii) + 2xy- +-y². = n (n − 1) u.
2x² дхду Əy²
Important Deductions from Euler's Theorem

(i) If z is a homogeneous function of x, y of degree n and

z = f(u), then
ди ди f(u)
X-+y- = n
əx ду f'(u)
(ii) If it is a homogeneous function of x, y of degree n, then
² 2
²
x². + 2xy ·y².
+
=g (u) [g'(u)-1]
2x² дхду Əy²
f(u)
where, g(u) = n
f'(u)
Q.2. Define homogeneous functions and establish the Euler's theorem
on homogeneous function. (R.GP.V., June 2014)

Ans. Refer to the matter given on page 40.

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

du du du
Prob.37. If u = f(y-z, z-x, x - y), prove that + + 0.

дх ду дъ
(R.G.P.V, May 2019, June 2020)

Sol. Let X=y-z, Y = z - x and Z = x - y ...(i)

 42 Mathematics-l

Then u = f(X, Y, Z), where each one of X, Y, Z is a function of x, y, z.

From (1), differentiate partially, we get

ax ax ax
0, = 1, =-1
ax ôz

ay ay az az

Əx
11 -1, 0,
əz
-= 1 and
əx
= 1,
28 -1,
дz
0

Now, since

ди du əx du ƏY au əz
11 + +

əx Əx əx ΟΥ ΟΧ əz əx
du du du ди ди
|| -(0) +· -(-1) + -(1) = +
...(ii)
ax ay az 龍
ΟΥΖ

du ôn ôX ôu ôY ôu ÔZ
= + +

ду ax ay ay ay az dy
ди ди ди ди ди
= -(1) +· -(0) + (−1) =

...(iii)
ax ΟΥ az ax az

ди ди ах du ƏY ди дZ
|| + +
əz əx əz OY az az əz

ди ди du ди ди
|| -(−1) + -(1) + -(0) +
...(iv)
ax ΟΥ əz ax ΟΥ

Now adding equations (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get

Ju du du ди ди ди ди du ди
+ + = + + +

əx
X Oy oz ay az ax az ax ay

du du du 1

+ + 0 Proved
əx ду дz

Prob.38. If u = log₂ (x³ + y³ + z³ − 3xyz), then prove that –

du du du 3
+ +
əx ду. дъ x+y+z

(R.G.P.V., June 2007)

Sol. Here, u = log (x³ + y³ + z³ − 3xyz)
है

du 3x² -3yz
...(i)
।

||

əx
है x³ + y² + z³ - 3xyz
du
है
3y² - 3xz
Similarly, 3 3 3
...(ii)
है
ду +y³+z³ -3xyz

है
ди 3z² -3xy
and 3 3
..(iii)
है x² + y² + z³-3xyz
 Calculus-1 43

Now adding equations (i), (ii) and (iii), we get

2 2 2
ди
+
ди
+
ди
=
3(x²+ y² + z' - xy-yz-zx)
Әх ду əz 3 3
x3+ y³ + z³ - 3 xyz
3(x² + y2 + z² - xy - yz - zx)
(x+y+z) (x² + y2 + z² - xy - yz - zx)
ди ди ди 3
or + + Proved
дх ду дz (x + y + z)

Prob.39. If u = log (x³ + y + z3 - 3xyz), show that

2
Ә Ә ә 9
+ + и =
Әх ду дъ
(x+y+z2
(R.GP.V., June 2005, Jan./Feb. 2008, Feb. 2010)
Sol. From Prob.38, we get
ди Ju ди 3
+ + =

Әх ду дz (x+y+z)
2
ə Ә ә Ә ə ди ди ди
Now,
дх
+

ду
+

дz
u =

Әх
+ +

ду дz Х Әх
+ +

ду дz

-(11312)
3
+ +

дх ду дz x+y+z

++»
Ə 1 Ә 1 ә
.

1
=
3 + +

Ox (x + y +z) ду (x+y+z) dz (x )
1 1 1 -9
=
3 =

(x+y+z)2 (x+y+z)2 (x+y+z)2 (x+y+z)2

2
Ә ә ә 9
i.e., + + u
=
Proved
дх ду дz (x + y + z) 2
ди ди
/Prob.40. If u = f\ (2) X
then show that x- +y = 0.
əx ду
[R.GP.V., Dec. 2014, Nob. 2019 (O)]
Sol. Given, u = f| (2) X
...(i)

Differentiating equation (i) partially with respect to x, we get

ди

Әx F(x)(-)
f'
У у

ди
X

дх - -Z-.r
У.f'
(2) X X
...(ii)
 44 Mathematics-l

Differentiating equation (i) partially with respect to y, we get

22 X

du
Yf
dy
...(iii)
X X

Now adding equations (ii) and (iii), we get

du
x²²+y
X +you =_-²₁
əx
*f¹
Əy
(2) +Y²p(²) X X X X

du ди
Hence x- +y =
Proved
Әх Əy
2
y² z
Prob.41. Ifu = |x - y 7, then evaluate -
1 1 1

du du du
+ + (R.G.P.V., Dec. 2010)
Әх дуу дъ
Sol. Given, 2
X y² Z

u=X y Z
1 1

u= x² {y-z} - y² {x − z} + z² {x − y} ...(i)
or

Differentiating equation (i) w.r.t. x, y and z respectively

है है

du
= 2x (y-z) - y² + z² ...(ii)
।
है

ди
...(iii)
है

= x² - 2y (x - z) - z²

है
du
· x² + y² + 2z (x − y) ...(iv)
है
əz

On adding equations (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get

du du du
+ + = 2x (y-z)- y² + z² + x²-2y (x-z) - z²
Әх ду дz
- x² + y² + 2z (x - y)
=
2x (y-z) - 2y (x - z) + 2z (x - y)
=
2xy - 2xz-2xy + 2yz + 2xz - 2yz
Ju du du Ans.
+ +
-

дх ду дz
 Calculus-1 45

Prob.42. If u(x, y, z) = log (tan x + tan y + tan z), prove that -

du du du
sin 2x + sin 2y- + sin 2z = 2
əx ду дъ
(R.G.P.V., June 2013)

Sol. Given, u = log (tan x + tan y + tan z) ...(i)

Partially differentiating equation (1) with respect to x, y and z respectively, we get
ди sec² X
...(ii)
Əx (tan x + tan y + tan z)

ди sec² y
||
...(iii)
ду (tan x + tan y + tan z)

ди sec²z
and ...(iv)
əz (tan x + tan y + tan z)

Multiplying equation (ii) by sin 2x, equation (iii) by sin 2y and equation
(iv) by sin 2z, and adding, we get
ди ди ди
sin 2x + sin 2y + sin 2z
əx ду дz
1
1 1
sin 2x. sin 2y. sin 2z.

COS X
+
COS² y +
cos² z
2

(tan x + tan y + tanz) (tan x + tan y + tanz) (tan x + tan y + tan z)

2 tan x 2tany 2 tan z
+ +

(tan x + tan y + tanz) (tan x + tan y + tanz) (tan x + tany+ tanz)

(tan x + tan y + tanz)
2.
=
2 Proved
(tan x + tan y + tanz)

✓Prob.43. If z(x + y) = (x² + y²), show that -

(05-02)²-14(1-0²-0²)
дъ дъ
dy
=
дъ

ду
(R.G.P.V., June 2011)

Sol. Given, z(x + y) = (x² + y²)

x² + y²
or Z= ...(i)
x+y

Differentiating equation (i) partially with respect to x and y, we get

дz (x+y)(2x) − (x² + y²).1
Əx
(x + y)²

2x² + 2xy-x² - y² x² - y² + 2xy

X

...(ii)
S₁
(x + y)² (x+y)²
46 Mathematics-/

дz (x+y)(2y)-(x² + y²).1
and
Əy
(x+y)²
2 2
2xy + 2y² - x² - y² _ y² - x² + 2xy
(x+y)² (x+y)²
əz дz
Taking R.H.S. 41
Әх ду

x² -− y² + 2xy)_ (y² − x² +2xy)]-

(x + y)² (x + y)²
x² + y² + 2xy-x² + y² - 2xy-y² + x² - 2xy
2

1x². (x+y)²
X +
y²-2xy_4(x - y)²
(x + y)² (x + y)²
Now

LHS. - [OF DE) ² - (x³²-y² + 2xy_y² - x² + 2xy (²

2
əz əz X
= =

дх ду (x + y)² (x+y)²
2
2 2
x² - y² + 2xy-y² + x² - 2xy
X (2x²-2y²)²
=

(x + y)² (x+y)4
4(x−y)²(x+y)²___ 4(x−y)² Prove
= R.H.S.
(x+y)4 (x+y)²
Prob.44. If x = C, then show that at x=y=z,
8²%
=
-{x(logex)}-¹
əxəy
[R.G.P.V., Dec. 2004, 2006, June 2008 (O), May 2018
Or

Ifx = C, then show that -

8²%
==
-(x log ex)-1 (R.G.P.V., Dec. 2013, 2014
Әхду
Or

Ifx= C, then show that

a²z
-(xlogex) for x=y=z [R.G.P.V., Nov. 2018 (0)
Əxdy
 Calculus-1 47

Sol. Here, xx y z² 1

C ...(1)

Taking logarithm on both sides of equation (i), we get

x log x + y log y + z log z = log C

Differentiating equation (ii), partially with respect to x, (z is a function of

x and y here), we get
əz
(x₁-/-+
X
‹) + (₁ ² + 1
x.+ 1.logx + z.+ 1.log z
Z əx
0

dz
or (1 + log x) + (1+ log z) = 0
-

əx

əz (1 + logx)
or ...(iii)
əx (1+ logz)
Similarly,
əz (1 + logy)
...(iv)
ду (1 + log z)

Now differentiating equation (iv), partially with respect to x, we get

a²z д (дz ə 1+ logy 1

дхду дх ду
=

əx 1+ log z
− (1+logy).
26 Ox 1+log z)

-1 1 əz (1+logy) 1 dz
==
- (1+logy).
(1+logz)² z Ox (1+logz)²*z ox
1+logy 1/1 + log x
[by equation (iii)]
(1 + log z)² z 1+ logz
ve
(1+logy)(1+ log x)
3
...(v)
z(1+logz)³
Since x = y = z, so that equation (v) become
a²z (1+ log x)(1+ log x) 1

3
дхду x(1 + logx)³ x(1 + log x)

2²z 1 1
or
дхду x(log e+logx) x log (ex)

a²z
Hence, -[xlog(ex)]-¹ Proved
Əxay
x + y
Prob.45. If u = sin¯¹ , prove that -
√√x + √y
ди ди 1
x + y = tan u
(R.G.P.V., Sept. 2009, Dec. 2011)
əx ду 2
 48 Mathematics-/

x+ y
Sol. Suppose u=sin-¹z, where z= is a homogeneous function
X +

of x and y of degree 1/2.

Then, z = sin u

Now applying Euler's theorem on z, we get

əz əz 1
X +y =-Z

Əx ду 2 ...(i)

Putting the value of z in equation (i), we get

ə ə 1
X

əx
(sinu) + y (sinu) = (sin u)
ду 2

ди du 1
or X COS u
+ y cos u sinu
əx 2
ду
ди ди 1 sin u
or X =

ду 2 cosu
du ди
1
Hence, =
tan u Proved
əx Əy 2

x+y
Prob.46. If u = sin-¹ prove that -
√x + √y
zu zu 2²u sin u cos 2u
x² + 2xy +
2
p².
ax² Әхду ay² 4 cos³u
(R.G.P.V., Dec. 2011)
Sol. We know

a²u a²u a²u

x². +2xy. +y² = g(u){g'(u)-1}
əx² дх ду ay²
1 1 sin u 1
=

2
tan u -secu
-1} =

2 cos u 2 cos u

1 sin u 1-2 cos² น sin u cos2u

=
Proved
2 cos u 2 cos² u 4cos³u

2 2
-1 x² + y ди ди 1
Prob.47. If utan show that x +y = sin 2u.
x-y əx ду 2
2 2 (R.G.P.V., Dec. 2011
X +y²
Sol. Suppose, u = tan-¹z, where z= is a homogeneous function
x -y
of x and y of degree 1.
Then z = tan u
 Calculus-1 49

Now applying Euler's theorem on z, we get

əz əz
X +y = Z ...(i)
əx ду
Putting the value of z in equation (i), we get
a tan u a tan u
X
+y = tan u
əx ду

2 du 2 ди du ди tan u
X sec u +ysec² uu tan u or
X
+y
Əx əx
ду sec²u
212 212

1
X +y -.2 sin u cos u
ду 2

ди 1
+y -sin 2u
X-Əx ду 2
Proved

2 2
-1 x² + y² ди ди
Prob.48. If u = sin 9
then show that x ·+y. tan u.
x + y Əx ду
(R.G.P.V., Nov./Dec. 2007, June 2009, Nov. 2018, 2019, June 2020)
x² + y²
l. Suppose, u = sin-¹z, where z = is a homogeneous function
x+y
ad y of degree 1.
en z = sin u

ow applying Euler's theorem on z, we get

дz əz
X +y = Z
...(i)
əx ду

ting the value of z in equation (i), we get

asin u a sin u
X
+y = sin u
əx ду
ди ди
X COS U + y cos u.
-
sin u
əx ду
ди ди sin u
X +y =

əx ду COS u

ди ди
X- +y = tan u Proved
əx ду
9. Verify Euler's theorem for the function
2

sin
+y²
x + y
(R.G.P.V., May 2018)
 50 Mathematics-/

2 2
x² + y²
Sol. We have sin
x + y

Here, u is not a homogeneous function but if

2
x² + y²
v = sin u =
x+ y
...(1)

then v is a homogeneous function in x, y of degree 1.

Hence we have to prove
Əv av
X +y. = V
Əx

x² + y²
Now V =

x + y

Əv (x+y).2x-(x² + y²).1
əx
(x + y)²
2
2x² + 2xy-x² - y²__ x² - y² + 2xy
(x + y)² (x + y)²
8/8 8/8

x³ -xy² + 2x²y
ΟΙ
X

.(x + y)² PA
||
(x+y).2y—(x² + y²).1
Again
(x + y)²
2xy + 2y²-x² - y² = x² + y² + 2xy
-

(x+y)² (x + y)²
3
-x²y+y³ + 2xy²
or 818
ду
++ (x+ y)²
Now adding equations (ii) and (iii), we get
3
Əv Əv X -xy² + 2x²y-x²y+y³ + 2xy²
X +y
əx ду (x+y)²
3 2
x³ + xy² + x²y+y³
(x + y)²
2 2
(x+y)(x² + y²)_x² + y² =
X
= = V

(x + y)² x + y
Əv Əv
i.e. X- +y = V

əx ду
Hence theorem is verified Proved
 Calculus-1 51

3
x³ - p³3
Prob.50. If u = sec then prove that
x+ y

Ju Ju
X +y 2cot u.
(R.G.P.V., Dec. 2015)
Əx 2

3 3
X

Sol. Given, u sec

x+y

3 3
x³ - y³
X

or sec u = ...(i)
x+ y

Equation (i) is a homogeneous function of degree 2 in x and y.

Suppose, Z= sec u

Now applying Euler's theorem on z, we get

əz

x(OZ) + y
ду
= 2z
=

...(ii)

Putting z = sec u in equation (ii), we get

ə ə
X (sec u) + y -(sec u) = 2 sec u
əx ду
ди du
x. sec u. tan u + y sec u. tan u =2 sec u
=

əx ду
ди ди 2 ди ди
X +y +y == 2cot u Ans.
=
or X
əx ay tan u əx ду
4 4
X + y ди ди
Prob.51. If u = log 9
show that x- +y : 3.
=

x+y əx ду

[R.G.P.V., Dec. 2016, Nov. 2018 (0), 2019 (0)]

4 4
X + y
Sol. Let, =Z

x+ y
4
X +y4 3 1+ (y/x)4
Then z = eu = = X

x +y 1+ (y/x)
..z is a homogeneous function of degree 3 in x and y.
By Euler's theorem, we get

əz az=3z
X +y ...(i)
əx ду
əz du əz ди
But, eu and eu
əx əx ду ду
 52 Mathematics-/

Hence equation (i) becomes

du du
X.eu +y.eu. 3eu
Əx

du ди
or X +y =
Proved
əx ду
3 du du
x² + y²
Prob.52. If u = log 2
then find X-
Əx
+y
ду
X - y

(R.G.P.V., June 2017

3 3
x³ +y³
Sol Let, =Z
2 2
X

3
x³ +y³ 1+ (y/x)³
=X.
Then z =eu
= = 2 2
X y 1-(y/x)²
z is a homogeneous function of degree 1 in x and y.
By Euler's theorem, we get
дz əz
X +y =Z
əx ду
əz ди əz u
ди
u

But ||
-and- =e
əx əx ду
Hence equation (i) becomes
du ди u
ди ди
Ans
x.eu +y.eu. = e or X +y
əx dy əx ду

Prob.53. If u = x² tan-¹(y/x) - y² tan-¹(x/y), evaluate

8²u a²u #20²u
x²5 + 2xy +y² (R.G.P.V., March/April 2010
əx² Əxdy ay²
Sol. Given,

-¹(²)-y²₁
X
u = x² tan y² tan = U₁ - U₂
X

U₁
x²2 tan and u₂ = y² tan
X

Clearly u₁ is a homogeneous function of degree 2. Therefore

theorem,
By Euler'sx².êu + 2xy
²
4y²
+
8Pu1
= 2 (2-1) u₁
2x² дхду Əy²

âu1 + 2xyPu1 -y² êu + =

2u1
....(
or
əx² Əxay Əy²
 Calculus-1 53

Also u₂ is a homogeneous function of degree 2. Therefore

By Euler's theorem,

x²20²2 + 2xy
a u2 +y² 12
28¹43 = 2 (2-1) U₂
Əx² дхду Əy²

a u2 a²u₂ a u2
or
X . ·+y² = 2u₂ ...(iii)
Əx² oxdy Əy²

9 On subtracting equation (iii) from equation (ii), we get

+
(
−
)
-

2²
42 02
u₁

u₂

2xy

-(µ₁ − U₂) + y² - -(µ₁ − U₂) = 2u₁ – 2u₂

Əx² Әхду dy2
№²u a²u
or
x². + 2xy. +
h? 2u [(from equation (i)] Ans.
əx² axdy əy²
Prob.54. If u = x(y/x) + y(y/x), then that
prove -

²u 2²u
x².â u + 2xy. + y²
2
=0
2

(₁)
2x² axay

(R.G.P.V., June 2012, Dec. 2012)

Sol. Here u = x (y/x) + y(y/x) ¸ ...(i)

Differentiating equation (i), partially w.r. to x, we get

du

- Z • (3) + • (1)- ZZ« (²1)

y y
2
əx X X X X

Again
'

a²u
Y
'

y y y 2y
-$" +
4
+
3
Əx² +3 X
* X

u y²
ײ ³²
x².
2x2
- 4+ (1)- ~ () +²√ (3)
X
+

X
2y
X X
...(ii)

Again differentiating equation (i) partially w.r. to y, we get

ди 1 у

ду • (-) + = ~ (1)
X X
y'
X
...(iii)

Again

2-1 (2)+(3)
1 y
=
$"
Əy² X X X

a²u
.
dy
-4
X
(3) 5 (3)-$' +
y

X
X
2 X
...(iv)
 54 Mathematics-/

Now differentiating equation (iii), w.r.t. "x", we get

2 -7+(3)-3 ) —~(3)
u 1
-y y y
2
əxdy X

2xyS² - 2x² (2) 2x² (2) - ()

y 2y
u
Y
...(
oxdy X X X
X X

Adding equations (ii), (iv) and (v), we have

a²u a²u a²u

x² + 2xy. +y². 0 Prove
əx² oxdy Əy²
2

3 3
−1x³ + y²
Prob.55. If u = tan , prove that -

du du
(i) x- +y. = sin 2u
əx ду
(R.G.P.V., Dec. 2002, 2003, 2005, April 200
zu zu zu
(ii) x² + 2xy +„‚2. = 2 cos 3u sin u.
+y²
ax² дхду ay²
(R.G.P.V., Jan./Feb. 2008, April 200
Sol. (i) Given,
3 3 3 3
x + y X +y
u = tan or tan u =
X--y x - y

Equation (i) is a homogeneous function of degree 2 in x and y.

Suppose, z= tan u
Now applying Euler's theorem on z, we get

əz əz
+ = 2z
=

əx ду

Putting z = tan u in equation (ii), we get

ə ə
x (tan u) + y (tanu) = 2 tan u
əx ду a

ди Ju
or x sec² u + y sec² u =
2 tan u
əx
ду

Ju ди ди ди
|

2 tan u
or X +y. or
X +y =

2 sin u cos u
əx dy 2
sec² u əx ду
8 |6

du Ju
or X +y =
sin 2u
...(iii) Prow
ду
 Calculus-1 55

(ii) Differentiating equation (iii) partially with respect to x, we get

ลน ди a²u
= 2 cos 2u
ди
...(iv)
X + +y
д×2 дх əxəy Əx

Again differentiating equation (iii) partially with respect to y, we get

a²u ลน du
= 2 cos 2u
ди
...(v)
X +y +
əyəx дуг ду ду

Multiplying equation (iv) by x and equation (v) by y, then adding we get

a²u a²u a²u du ди ди Ju
2+ + 2xy ·+y². + X- + =
2 cos 2u x +y
əx²
2
axay Əy² əx ду əx ду

a²u ²u a²u
or
+ 2xy + ‫جمل‬ + sin 2u 2 cos 2u sin 2u
Əx² дхду dy2
a²u a²u 0²
or
x². + 2xy -y²
+ 2 cos 2u sin 2u - sin 2u
ox2 Əxay ду

² a²u 8²u
+ y².
-2xyaxdy
+ sin 4usin 2u
or X

əx Əy²

ลใน ²u ²u
2
Hence x². + 2xy + y² 2 cos 3u sin u Proved

2x² дхду Əy²

MAXIMA AND MINIMA (TWO AND THREE VARIABLES),

METHOD OF LAGRANGES MULTIPLIERS

Maxima and Minima -

Definition - A function f(x) is called to have a maximum value at x = a,

there exists a small number h, however small, such that

f(a)> both f(a - h) and f(a+h)

A function f(x) is called to have a minimum value at x = a, if there exists
mall number h, however small, such that

f(a) < both f(a - h) and f(a+h)

Procedure for Finding Maxima and Minima –
(i) Firstly, put the given function f(x)
(ii) Find derivative of function f(x) [i.e., f'(x)] and equate it to zero.
e this equation and let its roots be a, b, c,...........
(iii) Find f"(x) and putting in it by turn x = a, b, c,
 56 Mathematics-/

If f"(a) is negative then f(x) is maxima at x = a.

If f(a) is positive then f(x) is minima at x = a.
(iv) Sometimes f"(x) may be difficult to find out or f "(x) may¡
zero at x = a.

In such case, we see that, if f'(x) changes sign from positive to negati
as x passes through a, then f(x) is maximum at x = 0.
A

If f'(x) changes sign from negative to positive as x passes through

f(x) is minimum at x = a.
If f'(x) does not change sign while passing through x = a, then f(x)
neither maximum nor minimum at x = a.

Two Variables Connected by a Relation - Let the function whose maxim

and minima are to be obtained is expressed as a function of two variable
connected by a given relation, one of the variables should first be eliminated
Maxima and Minima of Function of Two Variables -

Definition - A function f(x, y) is said to have a maximum or minimum

x = a, y = b according as -

f(a+h, b + k) < or > f(a, b)

whatever be the relative values of h and k, positive or negative, provided ha
k are finite and sufficiently small.
Considering, z = f(x, y) as a surface, maximum value of z occurs att
top of an elevation (e.g. a dome) from which the surface descends in eve
direction and a minimum value occurs at the bottom of a depression (
example, a bowl) from which the surface ascends in every direction. Besid
this, we have such a point of the surface, where the tangent plane is horizon
and the surface falls for displacement in certain directions and rises
displacements in other directions. Such a point is said to be a saddle point
af af
and and equate each to zero. Sol
Working Rule – (i) Find
əx ду

these as simultaneous equations in x and y. Suppose (a, b), (c, d) .........

the pairs of values.
a²f 2²f a²f
t = for ea
(ii) Calculate the values of, r = Əx²
2 2
S=
дх ду Əy²

pair of values.
(a) Ifrt-s²>0 and r <0 at (a, b) then f(a, b) is a maximum valt
(b) Ifrt-s²> 0 and r> 0 at (a, b), f(a, b) is a minimum valu
(c) If rt - s² <0 at (a, b), f(a, b) is not an extreme value i
(a, b) is a saddle point.
(d) If rt - s² = 0 at (a, b), the case is doubtful and needs furth
investigation.
Similarly, examine the other pairs of values one by one.
 Calculus-1 57

Note Stationary Value

-

f(a, b) is called a stationary value of

-

f(x, y), if fx(a, b) = 0 and fy(a, b) = 0 i.e., the function is stationary at (a, b).
Maxima and Minima of Function of Three Variables - Assume f(x, y, z)
of of
is a given function of three independent variables x, y and z. Evaluate
Əx' dy'
af af of af
and solve the simultaneous equation = 0, = 0, = 0. All the triads
əz əx dy əz
(a, b, c) of the values of x, y and z determined on solving these equations will
give the stationary values of f(x, y, z) i.e., will give the points at which the
function f(x, y, z) may be a maxima or a minima.

To discuss the maximum or minimum of f(x, y, z) at any point (a, b, c)

af af of
determined on solving the equations = 0, = 0, = 0, we find the values
əx ду əz
at this point of the six partial derivatives of second order of f(x, y, z)
symbolically denoted as given below -
a²f a²f a²f a²f 8²f a²f
P= Q= R =
S= T and U = -

oy2.
2

Əx² dz²: ��удz əz əx Əxoy

If the expressions

PUT
P
P, UQ S
U Q
T S R

all positive, we shall have a minimum of f(x, y, z) at (a, b, c) and if these

pressions be alternately negative and positive, we shall have a maximum
f(x, y, z) at (a, b, c), whilst if these conditions are not satisfied, we shall
general have neither a maximum nor a minimum of f(x, y, z) at (a, b, c).
Lagrange's Method of Undetermined Multipliers -
(i) Write F(x, y, z) = f(x, y, z) + 20(x, y, z)
OF OF OF
(ii) Find the equations 0, = 0 and =0
=

əx ду dz

(iii) Solve the above equations together with p(x, y, z) = 0.

The values of x, y, z so found will give the stationary value of f(x, y, z).

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

Prob.56. Find the maximum and minimum value of the function

= x² - 4x + 5 in the interval 1 ≤x ≤4. (R.G.P.V., Dec. 2005)

Sol. Here, f(x) = x² - 4x + 5

f'(x) = 2x - 4
 58 Mathematics-1

For maximum and minimum

f'(x)=02x-4 = 0

X=2

2 lies in the interval 1 ≤ x ≤ 4.

Now f"(x)=2>0
f(x) is minimum at x = 2
Then minimum value of f(x), at x = 2 is
f(2)= (2)² - 4 × 2 +5=4-8+5 = 1 An

Prob.57. Show that sin x (1 + cos x) is a maximum when x = .

[R.G.P.V., June 2008(N), 200

Sol. Let, f(x) = sin x (1 + cos x)

Then f'(x) = cos x (1 + cos x) + sin x (- sin x)
= cos x (1 + cos x) - (1 - cos² x)
= (1 + cos x) (2 cos x - 1)

1
f'(x) = 0, when cos x = = or - 1 i.e., x = π/3 or
2

Now, f"(x)=sin x (2 cos x -− 1) + (1 + cos x) (-2 sin

=
- sin x (4 cos x + 1)

3√3
So that f" (π/3) = -and f"(T) = 0
2

Hence, f(x) has a maximum at x = π/3.

Since f"() is 0, let us see whether f '(x) changes sign or not.
When x is slightly <ñ, f'(x) is -ve, when x is slightly > ï, f '(x) is ag
-ve i.e., f '(x) does not change sign as x passes through í. So f(x) is neit
maximum nor minimum at x = π. Pro

Prob.58. Find the largest and smallest values ofx3³ - 18x² +96x inl
interval (0, 9). (R.G.P.V., Jan./Feb. 20
Sol. Let, f(x) = x³ - 18x² + 96x
On differentiation, we have

f'(x) = 3x² - 36x +96

and f"(x) = 6x - 36

Equating f '(x) to zero, we get

x²36x +96=0

or x² 12x +32-0

or (x-8)(x-4)= 0
or x = 4, 8, both of which lie in (0, 9) a
 Calculus-1 59

When x = 4, f "(4) = 6(4) - 36 = 12 = -ve

... f(x) is largest, when x 4 and its maximum value

=
(4)³ − 18(4)² +96(4) = 64 − 288 + 384
Ans.
=
448 288 160 =

When x = 8, f "(8)= 6(8) - 36 12 = +ve

f(x) is minimum when x = 8, and its minimum value
=
(8)³ – 18(8)² +96(8) = 512 - 1152 + 768 = 128 Ans.

Prob.59. Show that the diameter ofthe right circular cylinder ofgreatest
urved surface which can be inscribed in a given cone is equal to the radius
f the cone. (R.G.P.V., March/April 2010)
Sol. Let r be the radius OA of the base and a the semi-vertical angle of
e given cone. Inscribe a cylinder in it with base-radius OL = x.
Then the height of the cylinder LP
=
LA cot a = (r- x) cot a
a

The curved surface S of the cylinder

=
2лx.LP = 2лx (r - x) cot a
-

= 2π cot α (rx - x²)

ds
= 2лcotα (r - 2x)=0 for x -=-
= -=
=

dx

d²s A
- 4π cot α
dx2 r

Hence S is maximum when x = -

2 Fig. 1.3

Prob.60. Find the maxima and minima of the following function

sin x + siny+ sin(x+y) in 0≤x≤ (3) in[0≤x≤ 127,05

9
,0 ≤<y ≤./7/7]
2

(R.G.P.V., June 2012)

ol. Here given function
et, f(x, y) = sin x + sin y + sin (x + y)
@f(x,y)
p= = cos x + cos (x + y)
əx

af(x, y)
q= = cos y + cos (x + y)
ду
maxima and minima

af(x, y) af(x, y)
-

0, = 0
əx ду
cos x + cos (x + y) = 0 ⇒ cos (x + y): -
COS X ...(i)

cos y + cos (x + y) = 0 ⇒ cos (x + y): ==

cos y ....(ii)
 60 Mathematics-/

From (i) and (ii), we have

COS X cos y
or
x =y

a²f(x,y)
Now sin x - sin (x + y)
2x²
a²f(x,y)
=L
- sin y - sin (x + y)
Əy²
a²f(x,y)
S= ==
sin (x + y)
Əxay
At (0, 0) r = 0, s = 0, t = 0
From (iii) rt - s² = 0 and therefore further investigation is required.
At [/2, π/2] r = -1, s = 0, t=-1 ...(iv)
rt-s²=(-1) × (-1)-(0)² = 10
Hence f(x, y) has a minimum at (π/2, π/2) and minimum value at (л/2, ™
f(π/2, π/2) = 1.
For points along the time y = x.
f(x, y)= 2 sin x + sin 2x
which is positive.
Thus in the neighbourhood of (0, 0), there are points where f(x, y) <
≤ f(0,0
and there are points where f(x, y) > f(0, 0).
Hence f(0, 0) is not a extreme value.

Prob.61. Discuss the maxima and minima of –

f(x, y) = x³y²(1-x
-x- y) (R.G.P.V., June 2010
Or

Discuss the maxima and minima of the function u = x³y² (1 - x - y)

[R.G.P.V., Nov. 2018 (0
Or

Discuss the maximum and minimum value of u = x³y²(1 - x - y).

(R.G.P.V., May 201
Sol. For maxima and minima of f(x, y), we find
af
=0 3x²y² - 4x³y² - 3x²y³ = 0
əx

⇒x²y²(3-4x - 3y) = 0
of
= 0⇒ 2x³y - 2x^y - 3x³y² = 0
ду
⇒ x³y (2 – 2x − 3y) = 0
On solving equations (i) and (ii), we get
1
X= 121₁y =
y=
 Calculus-1 61

a²f
Now, we find r = = 6xy² - 12x²y² - 6xy³
-

дж2
a²f
S= 6x²y - 8x³y - 9x²y²
дхду
a²f
t= 2x³ - 2x4 - 6x³y
ây²
1 1
=
1113and y
2
-
r = - 1/9, s =
12
and t
8

Now for maxima and minima, we calculate

2
1 1 1

rt- -()
- s² =
12 72 144
=

144
+ve

Since r <0 and rt - s²> 0 therefore f(x, y) has a maximum at (1/2, 1/3)
Maximum value of
2

y)-(-:-)
f(x, y) =

- 1/2(6-3-²)= 1/2*
1 1
= X Ans.
72 72 6 432

Prob.62. Prove that if the perimeter ofa triangle is constant, its area is
Emum when the triangle is equilateral. (R.G.P.V., June 2013)

Sol. Let a, b, c be the sides of a triangle whose perimeter 2s is constant.

.. 2s = a + b + c⇒c=-a-b + 2s ...(i)
We know

A =
√√s(sa)(s—b)(s—c) √s(s-a)(s-b)(a + b-s)
=

equation (i)]

_et, z= ▲² = s(s-a)(s — b)(a + b −s) = f(a,b)

-
(say)
af ə
=
fa = s(s-b) [(s − a)(a + b − s)]
да да
=
s(sb)[-(a+b-s) + (s-a)] = s(s-b)(2s-2a - b)
af ə
=
f₁ = s(s—a)——[(s−b)(a + b − s)]
-

ab ab
=
s(s-a)[-(a+b-s) + (s−b)] = s(s-a)(2s-a-2b)
2²f
= r = faa = -2s(s-b)

²f

a ab
s=fab = s[-(2s-a-2b) - (s-a)] = s(2a + 2b-3s)

2 = t = fbb = -2s(s-a)
 62 Mathematics-/

Now for maxima and minima, we have

f = 0 and f = 0

s(s-b)(2s-2a - b) = 0 and s(s-a)(2s-a-2b) = 0

(s-b)(2s-2a-b) = 0 ...(ii)
(s-a)(2s-a-2b) = 0 ...(iii)
From equation (ii), s = b or 2s = 2a + b
When s= b, from equation (iii), we get
(b − a) (-a) = 0 or b = a

When 2s = 2a + b, from equation (iii), we get

b
(a - b)=0 or a =
=b

Similarly we get b = c
2s
a = b= c =
3

2s²
Now r= -2s
-2(²-) -- 3/²/ <0
3 3

4s 4s
-35)={(---)-=-1/³-²/
S

S= S +
- S-
3 3 3

S 2s²
t = -2s HI

3 3
4 4 4
4s4 S S
Now it-s² = > 0 and r < 0
9 9 3
2s
A is maximum when a = b =C= when the triangle is equilateral.
=

3.⁹
Proved

Prob.63. Discuss maxima and minima of the function

f(x, y) = x³ - 4xy + 2y². (R.G.P.V., Dec. 2016)
Or

Discuss the maximum or minima of the function

f(x, y) = x³-4xy + 2y².
(R.G.P.V., Nov 2019, June 2020)
...(i)
Sol. Given, f(x, y) = x³ − 4xy + 2y²
Differentiating equation (i), we have
af
fx = =
= 3x² - 4y
Əx

af
fy =
- 4x + 4y
ду
and r = fxx = 6x
S = f
fxy=-4, t = fyy= 4
=
 Calculus-1 63

Now for maxima or minima, we must have fx = 0, y = 0, we have

3x² - 4y = 0 ...(ii)
- 4x + 4y = 0
-

...(iii)
Colving equations (ii) and (iii), we get
4
3x² - 4x = 0 or x(3x - 4) = 0 or x = 0,
3
How from equation (iii), we have
4 4
x=0⇒ y = 0 and when x = →y
3 3
4
hus the required stationary points are (0, 0) and

4 4
t point (1)
3'3
r = 6x = 8, s=-4, t = 4
3
rt - s² = 8 × 4 -

(-4)² = 32 16 = 16 > 0 and r > 0

4 4
ence, f(x, y) has a minima at

point (0, 0) r = 6 x 0 = 0, S -4, t = 4

rts² =0(-4)² = -16=-ve

ce there is neither maxima nor minima at (0, 0).

nimum value of f(x, y) = [x³ −-4x

4xy ++2y²]
2y² 4
= 4

3
4 44
=
-4. +2.
3 3

64 64 32 64-192 +96 32
+ Ans.
27 9 9 27 27

b.64. Discuss the maxima and minima of the function f(x, y)

³ - 3xy. (R.G.P.V., June 2017)
Or

euss the maximum and minimum of x³ + ³ 3xy.

(R.G.P.V., June 2015, Dec. 2017)
Given, f(x, y) = x³ + y³ - 3xy ...(i)
erentiating equation (i), we have
of
fx =
-3x² -3y
=

əx

af

fy
=
-
:3y2 - 3x
ду
r = fxx 6x

s = fxy -3

t =
fyy = 6y
 64 Mathematics-/

Now for maxima or minima, we must have fx = 0, fy = 0, we have

x² - y = 0 ...(ii)
and Ju²_
-X= 0 ...(iii)
Solving equations (ii) and (iii), we get
(²)²-y=0
or y y - 1) = 0
or y = 0, 1
Now from equation (ii), we have
when y=0⇒ x = 0 and when y 1⇒x=±1
But x = 1, y = 1, do not satisfy equation (iii) hence are not solutions.
Hence, the solutions are x = 0, y = 0 and x = 1, y = 1
At x = 0, y = 0, we have
r = 0, s=--3, t=0

rt – s² = 0 − (−3)² == ve
:

and hence there is neither maximum nor minimum at (0, 0).

At x = 1, y = 1, we have
r = 6, s =-3, t = 6

rt – s² = 6.6 − (−3)² = 36 – 9 = 27 > 0

Also, r = 6x = 6 x 1=6>0

Hence f(x, y) has a minimum at (1, 1)

Substituting (1, 1) in the equation (i), we get minimum value of f(x, y) =
(1)³ + (1)³ – 3.1.1
= 1+1-3 = -1 Ans.

Prob.65. Discuss the maxima and minima of the function

f(x, y) = x³ +³ - 3x - 12y + 20 [R.GP.V., Nov. 2019 (0)
...(i)
Sol. Given, f(x, y) = x³ + y³ − 3x - 12y + 20
Differentiating equation (i), we have
af 2
=3x²-3
=

fx =

əx

of
= 3y² - 12
fy= ду

and r = fxx =
6x

S=
FXY 0

t=
fyy = бу
Now for maxima or minima, we must have fx = 0, fy = 0, we have
x²-1=0 ...(ii)

y²-4 = 0 ...(iii)
Solving equations (ii) and (iii), we get
x = ± 1 and y = ± 2
 Calculus-1 65

= 1, y = 2, we have
-

r = 6x = 6 x 1 = 6

s = 0

t = 6y=6 × 2 = 12
rts² = 6 x 12 -0 = 72 > 0 and r> 0
e f(x, y) has a minimum at (1, 2).
1, y = 2, we have
r == 6x = 6 × (-1) = − 6
= 0
=

= 6y = 6 × (-2) = - 12
(− 6) × (- 12) - 0 = 72 >0 and r< 0
f(x, y) has a maximum at (- 1, - 2). Ans.

66. Discuss the maximum and minimum value ofx³ + y³ − 3axy.

(R.G.P.V., Dec. 2013)
Or

ss the maxima and minima of the function x³ + ³ − 3axy.

(R.G.P.V., Dec. 2014, Nov. 2018)
Or

extreme values of the function x³ + y³ − 3axy. -

(R.G.P.V., June 2014)

Or

The maximum and minimum value of the function x³ +³ -3axy.

(R.G.P.V., May 2018)
-iven, u = x3 + y³ - Заху .(i)
entiating equation (i), we have
du

Əx
- 3x² - 3ay, q =
ди :3у2-3ах
=

oy

8²u
น ²u a²u
=
6x, s = =-3a and t = : бу
0x² dx dy Əy²
or maximum or minimum of u, we must have
ди ди
=
0 and =:0
əx
ду
ди
m
0, we get x² ay = 0 ...(ii)
əx

ди
0, we get y² — ax = 0 ...(iii)
ду
equations (ii) and (iii), we get
a)² ay = 0 or y4 - a³y = 0 or y (y³ - a³) = 0 or y = 0, a
om equation (ii), we have
x = 0, and when y = a⇒ x = ±a
 66 Mathematics-/

But x = -
-a, y = a, do not satisfy equation (iii) hence are not solutions.
Hence, the solutions are x = 0, y = 0 and x = a, y = a
, we have
r = 0, s = 3a, t= 0

... rt - s² = 0 - (-3a)² = -ve

and hence there is neither maximum nor minimum at x = 0, y = 0.
At x = a, y = a, we have

r = 6a, s = 3a, t = 6a
rt – s² = (6a) (6a) − (− 3a)² = 36a² – 9a² > 0
-

Also, r =
= 6a > 0, if a > 0 and r<0, if a < 0.
Hence, there is maximum or minimum according to a <0 or a > 0. Ans.
Prob.67. Locate the stationary points ofx4 + y4 − 2x² + 4xy – 2y² and
determine their nature. (R.G.P.V., Dec. 2015)
Sol. Here, f(x, y) = x4 + y4 − 2x² + 4xy – 2y² ...(i)
Differentiating equation (i) partially w.r. to x and y respectively, we have
af
fx = -
:4x² - 4x + 4y
ox

af

fy=
=

4y³ + 4x - 4y
ду
and r = fxx = 12x² − 4
S = fxy = 4, t = fyy = 12y² – 4
When fx = 0, fy = 0, we have
4x² - 4x + 4y = 0
or x³ = x+y=0
and 4y³ + 4x - 4y = 0
ΟΙ y² + x - y = C
Adding equations (ii) and (iii), we get
x³ + y² = 0
(x + y) (x² - xy + y²) = 0
x = - y

Putting in equation (ii), we get

x³ - 2x = 0

x=0, x=√√2
y = 0,y = -√2
Thus the required stationary points are (0, 0) and (√2,-√√2)
Case-I - At point (√2, -√2)
r = 12(√2)² - 4 = 12 × 2-4 = 24-4 = 20 >0

s = 4 and t = 12(-√√2)² - 4=24 - 4 = 20

rt - s² = 20 × 20 – (4)² = 400 – 16 = 384 > 0
Therefore f(x, y) is minimum at (√2,-√√2)
 Calculus-1 67

Case-II - At point (0, 0)

12(0)² - 4 =-4 <0
r =

S= 4 and t = 12(0)2 - 4 = - 4
rt – s² = (– 4) (− 4) - (4)² = 16 - 16 = 0
The condition is doubt full and further investigation is needed.
Prob.68. Ifp = x cos a + y sin a, touches the curve
n n

00 xn-1

a
+
yn-1

p" = (a cos a)" + (b sin a)n

= 1, prove that -

(R.G.P.V., Dec. 2011)

n/(n-1) n/(n-1)

(1) + (3)
X y
Sol. Let, f(x, y) =

-1=0 ...(i)
a

Differentiating equation (i), we get

1/(n-1)
af 1/x

dy əx a a

dx af 1/(n-1)
1(y
ду bb

Now, the equation of the tangent at (x, y) is

1/(n-1)

1)
X

a a

Y-y -(X - x)
1/(n-1)

(1) y

1/(n-1) 1/(n-1) n/(n-1) n/n-1

+¹1x(1) +(3)
X X
y y
- 1x (1) a
X
a
=

a
+

1/(n-1) 1/(n-1)
X 1
X + Y = 1 ...(ii)
a a b b

n/(n-1) \n/(n-1)
(~- (~)~(~-~")+(2)(-1))= ₁
a
=1

Let, the line X cos a + Y sina = p touches the curve then it should be

cal with equation (ii).

a cos a b sin a
р
ence
1/(n-1) 1/(n-1)

(3)
X y

a b
 68 Mathematics-l

ph (acosa)" (bsina)"
11
n/(n-1) n/(n-1)
1

A (3)
X
y

n
(a cos a)" + (bsin a)" (a cosa)" + (bsin a)ª
n/(n-1) n/(n-1) 1

(3)
X
+

p" = (a cosa) + (b sina)" Proved

Prob.69. Discuss the maximum or minimum values of u where

u = x² + y² + z² + x − 2z - xy
Sol. For a maximum or a minimum of u, we must have

ди ди ди
= 2x -y + 1 = 0, = -x +2y = 0 and = 2z-2=0
əx ду əz

Solving these equations, we get

2
X=-—, y = Z=

2 1
>
1 is the only point at which u is stationary i.e., at which
3 3

may have a maximum or a minimum.

№²u a²u a²u a²u ลใน a²u
Now -= 2, =2, 2, :0, 0, =-1

2x2 ay² əz² дудz əzəx дхду

If P, Q, R, S, T and U denote the respective values of these six part
2
derivatives of second order at the point >
then P = 2, Q=2, R=

S = 0, T = 0, U = -1.
Now we have

P = 2

P 2 -1
=2×2−(−1)×(-1)=4-1=3
U =-1 2/7
PUT 2 -1 0

UQ S -1 2 0=2(4-0)+1(−2 −0) +0=8-2=6

and
SR 0 0 2

Since these three expressions are all positive, we have a minimum ofu w
2 1

x=-3²₁) -—-₁2=1 Y -, Z=1

 MODULE

2
CALCULUS-II

DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS A LIMIT OF A SUM AND ITS

APPLICATIONIN SUMMATION OF SERIES

Definite Integral -

The integral [f(x) dx is said to be the definite integral off(x) with

a

respect to x between the limits a and b or from a to b.

where, a and b are called its lower and upper limits. The interval (a, b) is said
to be the range of integration.

Note - To distinguish it from a definite integral, the function F(x) i.e., [ f(x) ¹x
is some times said to be the indefinite integral of f(x). It would be noticed that
an indefinite integral can be written, if necessary, as a definite integral. F

f*f(x) dx.
a

is equal to F(x) – F(a), and so, the identical with the indefinite integral of :),
viz. F(x) + c, if c ==
- F(a).

Property I. Jo
f(x) dx = f(t) dt

(It means that, the value of a definite integral depends on the limi: d
not on the variables of integrations)
Let,
[f f(x)dx = $(x);
[ f(x) dx = (b) – o(a) i)

Then
ff(t)dt = $(t)
f²f(t)dt = 4(4² i)
7
ond (ii), hence the
72 Mathematics-l

[ f(x) dx = mh[f(a) + f(a+h) + f(a + 2h)+...+f[a + (n − 1)h] −

when, n→∞, h→0 and nh → b - a

n-1

hohhΣf(a+rh), where n → ∞ as h → 0 and nh

lim
Thus [*f(x) dx =
r=0

remains equal to b-a. We call [f(x) dx as the definite integral of f(x) with
respect to x between the limits 'a' and 'b'.
Summation of Series - The summation definition of a definite integral
enables us to express the limits of sums of certain types of series as definite
integrals which can be easily evaluated. We have defined
n-1

[ f(x)dx= hh.[f(a+rh), where nh = b - a.

r=0

Write down the general term [say rth or (r - 1)th term etc., as convenien

of the series, put in the form 10 n

Then the series can be written a

lim 1 r

Σ(5) (1) replace by x,

lim r

n→∞
Now to calculate n→∞
n n
n n
r=0

lim
dx and n→∞
Σ by the sign of integration i.e., by J.

The lower limit of the definite integral will be the value of r/n for the fir
term as n → ∞ and the upper limit will be the value of r/n for the last termi
n→∞0.

lim
BE1/1(1) = f(f(x) dx
n n
r

r=0

To Find Limit of a Product by Integration - Suppose,

A lim (given product)
n-8

Taking logarithm on both sides of above equation, so that

log A lim (a series) = k (say)
=

n→∞

Then A= ek.
 Calculus-11 73

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

Prob.1. Prove that 1log(1+x) -dx =

T

log
log2. (R.G.P.V., June 2015)
1+x² 8

1 log(1+x)
Sol. Let, I= St -dx
1+x²
Putting x = tan 0 so dx = sec2²0 de
T

and limit 0 → 0 to
4

TU

log(1+tan 0)
I = -sec- Ꮎ dᎾ
0 1+tan ²0
T

I=
Sª log(1+tan)sec²0 de
0 sec²0
π

I=
√4 log(1 + tan 0) de ...(i)
'0

ƒ*ª log[{1+tan[ - •)]a» [~ £* f(x) dx = £* f(a−x) dx]

π
4
I = de
0 4

[log1.1an-tan
π
0
4
1+ de
tan A-tan B
I= T
1+tan-tan0 .• tan(A − B)=
4 1+tanAtanB
TC

1- tan 0
I= log 1+ de
1+tan 0
T

2
I=
√410
410g 1+tan 0
de

TC

I= [¹ [log2-log(1+tan 0)] de
T

or
I= log2f4d0-1 de-I
[By equation (i)]

or 21 = log2[0]™/4 = TC
log2
4
π
I log 2 Proved
8
74 Mathematics-/

Prob.2. Evaluate [x dx from the definition ofintegral as a limit ofsum,

(R.G.P.V., Dec. 2017)
Or

Evaluate [x dx directly from the definition as the limit ofsum.

[R.G.P.V., Nov. 2019 (0))
Sol. We know that

[ f(x) dx = lim h[f(a) + f(a+h) +...+ f {a + (n − 1)h}]

a h→0

Here, f(x) = x, so that f(a) = a, f(a + h) = a + h, f(a + 2h) = a + 2h, etc.

fbx dx =
'x dx lim h[a + (a+h)+(a +2h)+.…..... + {a + (n − 1)h}]
-

:
a h→0

=
lim h2a + (n-1)h} (Sum of A.P.)
h→0

b-a
=
lim [2a +(b-a)-h] ( :: nh = b −a)
h→0 2

= [2a¹+(b-a)] = (b=a), (b+a) = — (b²-a²)

b-ª[2a Ans
2 2

Prob.3. Evaluate 5x²dx on limit ofsums. (R.G.P.V., May 2019)

Sol. We know that

[ f(x)dx = limh[f(a) + f(a+h). +.….…...+ .[{a + (n − 1)h}]

h→0

Here f(x) = x², so that f(a) = a², f(a+h) = (a + h)², f(a + 2h) = (a + 2h)², et
b

f³x²dx =
lim h[a² + (a + h)² + (a +2h)². + {a + (n − 1)h}²]
h→0
.....

1 lim h[a² (1+1+1+.…....+1) +h² (1² +2² +3² +..... + (n −1)

h→0
+ 2ah{1+2+3+. (n-1)}

lim hna² +h² n(n − 1)(2n − 1)

h→0
6
+ 2ah
n(n − 1)
2

n
n-1

PEP n(n − 1)(2n-1) ¹₁ = n(n-1)

2

6 2
i=1 i=1

lim (nh)a2. (nh)nh.

lim|(nh)a~+−(nh)(nh-h)(2nh-h)+a(nh)(nh−h)
h→0

1
=
lim (b-a)a²+(b − a)(b-a-h){2(b − a) — h} + a(b − a){(b − a)-h}
6
h→0
(: nh= b
 Calculus-II 75

= [(b-a)a² + (b-a)(b—a)2(b-a) + a(b—a)(b-a)9]

6

1
= (b-a)a² +
3
(b− a)³
(b-a)³ +a(b-a)² = −(b−a)[3a² +(b− a)² +3a(b− a)]
(b-a) (3a² + b² −2ab + a² +3ab-3a²)
3

-(b − a)(a² + ab
= (b-a)(a) + b²) = —— (b³ --a³)
ab+b²) Ans.
3 3

Prob.4. Evaluate S'bex dx

a
as limit ofsum. (R.G.P.V., Dec. 2015)
Or

Evaluate S'e
a
et dx from the definition of integral as limit of sum.
(R.G.P.V., Dec. 2016)
Or

Using definition of integral as limit of sum, evaluate Soex

exdx.

(R.G.P.V., June 2017)

Sol. We know that

f f(x) dx =

lim h[f(a) + f(a+h) + ..... + f {a + (n − 1)h}]

h→0

Here, f(x) = ex, so that f(a) = eª, f(a + h) = ea+h etc.

[exdx = lim h[eª + ea+h
a
+ e
a+2h
+....+ea+(n-1)h]
h→0

=
lim hea[1+eh +e²2h + -e(n-1)h]
..... te
h→0

nh
e

Tim her - - - - ²(enh

(0 - 1)
h
a
-
=
lim
h→0 h
h→0 e

=
lim
h→0 eh h7Jeª[e(b-a) -1]
(:: nh = b − a)

limfe1/hea[e(b
(EAE)
h
lim eh
h→0L h→0 eh h→0

= 1.eª[e(b − a) - 1] = eb - ea Ans.

Prob.5. Evaluate So cos x dx as limit of sums. (R.GP.V., June 2015)

Sol. We know that

.b

ſº f(x)dx = lim h[f(a)+ f(a+h) + .....+ f{a + (n − 1)h}]

h→0
76 Mathematics-l

Here, f(x) = cos x, so that f(a) = cos a, f(a+h) = cos(a + h), etc.
•b

cos x dx = lim h[cos(a)+cos(a + h) + cos(a + 2h)+.....

h→0

+ cos{a + (n − 1)h}]

nh nh nh h

2 205{a+(1
sin cos a +(n-1) sin- cos a +
2 2 2
lim h = lim h
h h
h→0 h→0
sin sin
2 2

Đ}}] ( ::
[2sin/b>= cos(a+(bª-)}]
-a
2
= lim nh = b – a)
h 2
h→0
sin

lim[2sin(b=²) cos(a +b 2)]

-a a+b h
= COS • lim
2 2 h→0 sin 0

b-a
= 2 sin
2
ª)cos(a+ b) 2

-a a+b b -a a+b
sin + +sin
2 2 2 2

[ 2sinA cosB = sin(A + B) + sin(A − B)

Ans.
= sin(b) + sin(–a) = sin b - sin a

Prob.6. Evaluate by definition of definite integral as the limit of a sun

b
(R.G.P.V., June 2014
Josi
sin x dx.

Sol. By definition, we get

ff(x) dx =
lim h[f(a) + f(a + h) + f(a + 2h)+.....+f{a + (n − 1)h}]
h→0

b - a
where, h =

·bsin
sin x dx =
lim h[sina + sin(a+h) + sin(a +2h)+.....+ sin{a + (n − 1)h
h→0

h nh

lim h
sin(a+
sin a + (n-1)
2
sin
2

h
h→0 sin
2
 Calculus-II 77

nh h nh
sin a + sin
2 2 2
= lim h
h→0 h
sin
2

b -a h (b-a)
sin a +
2
H)
2
sin
2
lim h
(: nh= b −a)
=

h→0 h
sin
2

a+b h

2) sin(ba)
2
= lim -2 sin
h→0 h 2 2
sin
2

0
2 sin(a+b)sin(bz) 1]
a
= ·lim
2 2 h→0 sin 0

a+b b-a
= cos(22b_b==)-co(a+b, b=²)
COS COS
2 2

[ 2 sin A sin B = cos(A - B) - cos(A + B)]

= cos a - cos b Ans.

Prob.7. Evaluate -

{(4+4)(4+3)(+-)).
2 n n
lim 1+= 1+ 1+
n→∞ n n

(R.G.P.V., Jan./Feb. 2008, June 2017)

Sol. Suppose, the required limit is A, then
1

((1+(₁+3)(x+3)(19)
2

{(1+ ²+)(₁ + ²)(1 + ²)

n
A: lim
....(i)
n→∞ n n n

Taking logarithms on both sides of equation (i), we get

logA= tim={log(1+-+-+-log(1+ 2)+ log(1+1) +18(1+1)

n→∞ n n n
3

n
+₁. ..+log
n

og(1+1)/1/2
r

lim Elog 1+
=

n→∞ n n
 78 Mathematics-{

log A = flog(1+x) dx
X
(on integrating by parts)
= [xlog(1+x)] - Jo1+x -dx

= [xlog (1 + x)] − [x − log(1 + (x)]

x)
= log 2-[1-log 2] = log 2 - 1 + log 2
= log 4 - 1 = log 4 - loge e
log A = log (4/e) or A = 4/e Ans.

Prob.8. Find the limit as n →∞ of the series -

1 1 1 1
+ + t....t .

n+1 n+2 n+3 2n

[R.G.P.V., June 2008(N), 2009, Dec. 2011

Or

1 1 1
+ +
Evaluate - lim +
2n
n→∞ n+1 n+2
[R.G.P.V., Dec. 2016, Nov. 2018, Nov. 2018(O), June 2020

Evaluate by expressing the following limit of a sum in the form of

definite integral.
1 1 1
lim + + + (R.G.P.V., Nov. 2019
n+2 2n
nx[n+1

Sol. Here, the general term

1 1 1
Tr+1= =

n+r n 1+(r/n)
r
1
= dx
=
-dx, Putting, -= x and
1+X n n

Now for the first term r = 0 and for the last term r = n.

.. limit of integration

The lower n
and the upper limit of integration
=

=
lim = 0
n→∞ n

lim =1
non

Hence, the required limit dx

=

So = log(1+-x)/1/0
Jo 1+x

= log 2 - log 1 = log 2 AD

 Calculus-II 79

Prob.9. Find the limit, when no, of the series -

n n n n
+ + +....+

n² 2 + 1²
n n +2² n² + (n − 1)²
(R.G.P.V., June 2004, Dec. 2008, April 2009)
Sol. Here, the given series

n n n n

+ + ·+....+·
2
n
n²2 +1² n²2 +2² 2
n² + (n − 1)²
1 1 1
The general term =
(Tr + 1) = -dx
2
r
n
1+x²
1+ -

[Put = -x and 1-dx]

r
- = =

n n

Again for the first term r = 0 and for the last term r = n-1.

Therefore, the lower limit of integration = = lim 0

= 0.
n-∞
n

lim n lim
and the upper limit of integration =

n→∞ n→∞
n n

dx
Hence, the required limit= So01+x² =

2
=

[tan ¹x] = (0)

and
rvXaf=tr1aiton¯no¹e(1)m¹s-
= π/4
=

Ans.
Prob.10. Evaluate -

10
lim 1+ 2¹0 + 3¹0 +...+ n¹0
n→∞
11
n

Sol. The given limit can be written as

10 10 10
lim
n-∞
KO·O·C+0]
1
n ++)
n n n
+...+

10
r

Now the rth term =

n n

Therefore the given limit

(6) fx¹0dx H
10
lim r
Ans.
n→∞ 11
80 Mathematics-/

1 9 1
Prob.11. Evaluate - lim + + + +
n→∞ 1+n³ 8+n³ 27+n³ 2n

(R.G.P.V., Dec. 2015)

Sol. The given series can be written as
2
1² 2² 3² n
lim + + +
n-x 1³ + n
3
3+33+n²³
°
3 3
n° + n
3

r²
Now the rth term -
"
where r varies from 1 to n.
r³+n³3

Therefore the given series

r2
= lim
n-8
r
-
²313
+ n
lim
n→∞

+
3
n

1 (r/n)²
=
lim
n→∞
{n}(r/n)³ +

=
-dx - [-log(x³ +1) =-log 2
= Ans

(x³+1) JO 3

(n!)¹/n
Prob.12. Evaluate the limit lim (R.G.P.V., Dec. 201
n→∞ n

Or

Evaluate -
1/n
n!
lim
n
(R.G.P.V., June 2012, Dec. 201
n→∞ n

Or

Evaluate the limit

1/n
n!
Lt (R.G.P.V., May 2018
n→∞nn
71/n

P = lim
(n!)¹/n lim
n!
lim
1.2.3.4.5...n
Sol. Let,
=

n-xx n
nonn non.n.n.n.n...n

1/n

--00000 =
3 n
= lim
n n n n n
 Calculus-II 81

Taking logarithms on both sides, we get

Tim:([Log()
(++ 10 (²)+ (-²)+ + 08()
n
log P =
log log +...+ log
n→∞ n n n n

=
lim
n→∞
Σ -1og(5)=1&
r=1
n n
logx dx

= [(log x).x] - (x² X

x dx (by integrating by parts)

=
So dx = -[x] = -1
0.

P = e-¹ 1/e Ans.

Prob.13. Evaluate -

n+r
lim
n→∞ (R.G.P.V., June 2005)
n-r

Sol. Let,

lim n+r lim 1+r/n

A = =

n-x n→∞
n-r
1-r/n

p¹ (1+x)
•√(²² ) = -So² +
+ dx X

So√(-x²)
=
dx dx =

dx
-
JO 2
- X - X

π+2
- [sin¹x] +[√(₁-x²)+(0+1] = *+²
= X X

2 2
Ans.

Prob. 14. Evaluate

1 1 1 1
lim
+ + +...+
n→∞
n
√√n²-1² √4² -2²
√√n²-2² √n²-(n-1)²
(R.G.P.V., Dec. 2004, 2013)
Or

Find the limit as no of the series -

Σ 1
(R.G.P.V., Feb. 2005, 2010)
2
r=0 n -p2
1 1
Sol. Here, (r + 1)th term =
√₁²
F
2 2 n
-r
82 Mathematics-/

The given series

lim dx
[sin ¹x]
-1
=1148

r=0
= =

2
X

- X

= sin¯¹(1) — sin¯¹(0) = π/2

=

Ans.

Prob.15. Find the limit as n→∞ of the series

1 n² n²2 1
+ + +. .+ .

(R.G.P.V., Dec. 2005, 2006)

n
(n+1)³ (n+2)³ 8n

Sol. The series can be written as

n² n²2 n² n²
lim
+ + +....+
n-∞

(n+0)³ (n+1)³ (n+2)³ (n+n)³

24
Here, (r + 1)th term
(n+r)³
∞0
n²
∞

lim = lim
The given series: =

[]
...
n-x n-∞

r=0(n+r)³ r=0
n

1 1 3
=C
1

(1+x)³
dx
2 (1+x)²
- ²- +
2 8
Ans.

Prob.16. Evaluate -

1 1 1
lim 1+ + ·+..
(R.G.P.V., June/July 2006
n-∞ n √₂ 3 √n
Sol.

lim
1+ + .+

Let, An-00⁰ √2+√3 n

n 1 1
Here, the general term = T₁+1 =

√ √r n r n r/n

n
•1 1
lim
dx

'n √r/n √x
n-x

An
= [2√x] =2(√₁-√O) = 2
 Calculus-11 83

Prob. 17. Find ab-initio the value of the integral -

π/2
:
sin x dx
(R.G.P.V., June 2012)
‫و‬
Sol. From the definition

Lo sin x dx
lim hΣ sin (a + rh), where rh = b - a
h→0
r=0

lim h[sin a + sin (a + h) + sin (a +2h) +....+ n terms]

=

h→0
nh
sin
h
= lim h sin a + (n − 1)
=

h→0 2 h
sin
2

nh
= lim
h→0 22
sin
h
2 sin
26-12-2
1/²
2
sin {a + (n -
2

[cos(-21)-cos {a+ C D}]

2
=
lim
nh
COS
a +(2n-1).
4
---
0
sin
2

im
h→ [co(a)-ox(u[
0 + nh-2)] lim-]2 h→0 sin

Put a = 0, and nh π/2, we get

lim]
[cos(0-4) - ces(0+ -) -=
Him[ce-4-co(-2
)
π h h
COS
2

h
= Cos11-
lim cos sin
h→0L 2 2

Taking limit 1-0 =1 Ans.

Prob.18. Evaluate

+²)-(+3)]"
2
1 2² n
lim 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+
n→∞
५२ n १२ ₂2
n

(R.G.P.V., Sept. 2009, June 2011, Dec. 2014)

Or

Evaluate by expressing the limit of a sum in the form of a definite integral -

11/n

(RECHT
2
2² 3²
lim
n→∞
Đ)( 1+
n
²
1+
n'
2
1+
n²
1+
2

(R.G.P.V., June 2013)

84 Mathematics-/

Or
Prove that --
π-4

=[(((S)-(ST
1² 2² 34 n² 2
lim 1+ 1+ 1+ 1 + = 2e
=

n n
2
n
n²

(R.G.P.V., June 2014)

n
n
/71
(63)-(3)
2² 3²
Sol. Let, A lim 1+ 1+ 1+ +
2 2 2 2
n→∞ n n n n

Taking logarithm on both sides of above equation, we have

2² 3²
logA= lim2---|[108
n→∞ n
log(1(1+-+/
+ 7)-)+10 (1+22 4+10g(1 +2
n
2
+log
n² + 10(1+ 2)
+...+log 1+·
n
+log 1+

1
(
r
r

Its general terms= -log 1+ = log (1+x²) dx put n

-=xand-=dx
n
n n

Also for the first term, r = 1 and for the last term r = n

Therefore, the lower limit of integration =

= lim
n→∞ n
=)=
2
=0

2
n
and upper limit of integration lim
2
n→∞o n

Hence, logA = log (1+x²).1dx

JO

- [log (1+x²).x-2x.xdx
=

JO

x² •1

- [log2]- 2 1+x²
=

dx - log 2-2 (1-₁)¹ =

1+x
2

- log2-2[x-tat¹x-log2-2[1] X =

or logA-log2 = (1-4)
2

1 1
or log-A = (x-4)or-A= e(x-4)/2
2 2 2

or A = 2e(-4)/2 Ans

Prob.19. Evaluate as limit of sums

3

S²³² (x²
(x² + x) dx.
(R.G.P.V., Dec. 2010
 Calculus-II 85

Sol. Let, f(x) = x² + x

Here, a = 1, b = 3, nh= b - a = 3-1=2
f(a) = f(1) = 2
f(a+h) = f(1 + h) = (1 + h)² + (1 + h)
=
1 + h² + 2h +1 +h=h² + 3h + 2

f(a + 2h) = f(1 + 2h) = (1 + 2h)² + (1 + 2h)

1+ 4h + 4h² + 1 + 2h = 4h² + 6h + 2
f(a + 3h) = f(1 + 3h)
= (1 + 3h)² + (1 + 3h) = 9h² + 9h + 2
f{a + (n − 1)h} =
f{1+ (n − 1) h} = {1 + (n − 1)h}² + {1 + (n − 1)h}
(n − 1)²h² + 3(n − 1)h + 2
- -

We know that

·b

[ f(x) dx = lim h[f(a) + f(a+h) + f(a + 2h).+...+fº{a + (n − 1)h}

n→∞

x² ++ x) dx =
lim h[2 + (h² +3h+2) + (4h² +6h+2)+(9h² +9h+2)+...
n-8

+{n-1)²h² +3(n-1)h +2} ]

{where h→0, as n → ∞ and nh = 3-1=2}

= lim h[h² {1+4+9+...+(n − 1)²} +h{3+6+9 +...+ 3(n − 1)} + 2n]

n→∞

= lim [h³ {1² +2²+...+(n − 1)²} + 3h² {1+2+...+(n−1)} +2nh]

n→∞

1
=

lim|h³.(n − 1)n(2n-1) + 3h².- (n − 1).n+ 2nh

n→∞

3
= lim
(nh
nh – h)(nh)(2nh−h)+~(nh−h)nh+2nh
2
n→∞

-[-(2-0)2(2x2-0)+(2-0)2+2×2

- [12×16+ ² ×4+4] - [1+ 6+4] - 35

3 38
= = =
Ans.
2

Prob.20. Prove that

ſª¸ƒ(x) dx = 2ſªf(x) dx, whenf(x) is even

a

= 0, when f(x) is odd.

[R.G.P.V., June 2008 (O)]

Sol. We know that

[ª_ f(x) dx = [°_f(x) dx + ["f(x) dx

-a -a
...(i)

[Property I]
 86 Mathematics-/

·0
- dt
In
f(x) dx, put x = -t, so that dx ==

Lf(x) dx= -f(-1) di-ft-1)dt = f(-x) dx

-a
=

[Property II
Substituting in equation (i), we get

[ f(x) dx = ["f(-x) dx +ff(x)dx

-a

(i) If f(x) is an even function, f(-x) = f(x).

From equation (ii),

[ f(x) dx=[(x) dx+ f(x) dx =2(x) dx

(ii) If f(x) is an odd function, f(-x) = -f(x).
.. From equation (ii),

♫ª f(x) dx = -f^f(x) dx + fªf(x) dx = 0

-a
Proved

BETA AND GAMMA FUNCTIONS AND THEIR PROPERTIES

Beta and Gamma Functions Swiss mathematician Leonhard Eule

(1707-1783). He studied under John Bernoulli and became a professor of
mathematics in St. Petersburg Russia. He gave two definite integrals which
after his name are styled as Eulerian integral of first kind and Eulerian intgera
of second kind. Above mentioned integrals are of great importance in
theory of definite integrals.
✓ Beta Function and its Property - We defined the beta function ß(m, n
for m > 0, n>0 by the relation.

ß(m, n) = f[x™-1(1-x)³-1¹dx
Beta function is also said to be the Eulerian integral of the first kind.
Substituting x 1-y in equation (i), we get
=

(1-y)m-lyn-ldy= f'yn-¹ (1-y)m−¹ dy = ß(n, m)..(@

B(m, n) = -₁ (1-y)m-ly!
Therefore, symmetry of beta function ß(m, n)= B(n, m)
Now substituting x = sin²0, so that dx = 2sin 0 cos 0 de in equation (1
we get
Cπ/2
ß(m, n) = ™¹² (sin² 0)m−¹(cos² 0)¹-¹.2 sin 0 cos 0 de
π/2
= 2 25T/² 2m-10 cos²n-10 de
sin

which is another form of ß(m, n).

 Calculus-II 87

Gamma Function - The define integral

600

In
-X
e ¸n-1dx(n > 0)
X ...(1)

is also known as Eulerian integral of the second kind. Gamma function defines
a function of n for positive values of n.
Fundamental Property of Gamma Function - To prove that -
(i) F(n + 1) = nÃ'n, where n>0
(ii) In = (n − 1)! where n is a positive integer.
Proof. By the definition of gamma function, we have
•∞ ·00

T(n + 1) = | e-xx
-X
e (n+1)-1dx =So
x xne-x'dx
10

T(n + 1) = [−e¯× x "]

¹]¤° + 10²
-X -X n-1
or e nx dx ...(i)

n
lim xn
lim x
Now x→∞ X
X→∞
n
e X X
1+x+ +...+ +..
2! n!

lim 1

= X→∞ 1
+ +...+ +
1 X
+...
||

-8
n-1
xn n! (n+1)!

From equation (i), we get

-X,,n-1
T(n+1) = 0+n -nf dx nl(n)
=

or T(n + 1) = n(n)
which proves the result (i)
(ii) We have
In = [(n-1) + 1] = (n − 1) T(n − 1)
Similarly, I'(n - 1) = (n − 2)(n − 2) 1) = n[n]
Hence, if n is a positive integer, then proceedings, above, we get
T(n) = (n − 1) (n − 2)...2.1 (1)

But,
r(1)=√°
So e¯xx²-¹dx
1-1
=S
е√° e¯xx ºdx Jo e-x.1 dx
-X
X
=

10

[SI
lim 1
= =

X→∞
-e
=-(0-1)=1
at
e

Hence, T(n) = (n − 1) (n − 2) ... 2.1.1 = (n − 1)!

(if n is positive integer)
 88 Mathematics-l

Remember - In = (n − 1) (n − 1), where n > 1 and F(1) = 1. Also it

1

may be remarked that I(0) = ∞ and I(-n) = ∞, where n is a positive integer

The value of ¹

We know that I'n =

e-xx"-ldx
-X n

...(i)
JO

1
Putting n = we have 9

1 ∞

0
e dx
[Put x = y², so that, dx = 2y dy]
<=
250* .-y2dy
2 e which is also = 2 ex²dx [by property I

[1²] = 46° 5° e-(x²³+ y²³)dxdx dydy = 455/²00 ³r

Pπ/2
Therefore, е e r dr de

= 4 ² 6 0²³²r dr² = 2 [(-1)0-³²I

2
e
[6 = 1
r dr le T

or
[3] = π or √T Proved

Relation between Beta and Gamma Functions -

Prove that -

I'm In
ß(m, n): =
where m > 0, n > 0
9

I(m + n)

Proof. We know that

(m-1)!(n-1)! I'm In
B(m, n) =
...(
(n+m− 1)! I(m+ n)

We have Im =
foe-ttm-ldt
JO
[put t = x² so that, dt = 2x dx]

or I'm = 2-²2m-ldx
2500 e X

Similarly, I'(n) 25⁰0eyey2n-1dy

2 ....(i

-y2 y2n-Idy
Now Im.In
450
2m-1,
¹dxfo
=

e X e
10

or Im.In =
45080500 -(x²+y²)x²m-1,2n-1 dx dy
e ...(iv

[since the limit of integration are constant

 Calculus-11 89

Now replace to polar co-ordinates by writing x = r cos 0, y = r sin 0 and dx

dy=r de dr. To cover the region in equation (iv) which is the entire first quadrant,
r varies from 0 to ∞ and 0 from 0 to 7/2. Therefore equation (iv), becomes
π/2
Im.In = 4
+50050 e-r²₁2(m+n)-1
е COS 2m-10sin2n-10 de dr
π/2

or Im.In = 2/²cos²m-10 sin²n-10Ꮎ de]»[a[

dᎾ × [ 2 dr]
e-²2(m+n)-1dr ...(v)

[
But by equation (ii), we get

-r²
2500€ r2(m+n)-1dr
e
=

I(m+n)

and by equation (iv), we get

Pπ/2
COS2m-10 sin2n-1 Ꮎ dᎾ =
B(m, n)

Therefore from equation (v), we get

Im.In = ß(m, n).Ã(m+n)
ImI'n
or B(m, n) = Proved
I(m + n)

Pπ/2
Cor.1. Rule to evaluate sin³ xcos9 x dx,

We have

π/2
2 sin² x cos9 + dx =
1/B(D+19+1)
2 2
q

rp+19+1
or S™¹² sin³ x cos9
X X dx =
2

p+q+2
2
...(vi)
2г
2

In particular, when q = 0, and p = n, we have

n+1
Cπ/2 2 √π
sin x dx =
n+2 2

2
...(vii)

1(0+1)
n+

π/2 2 √π
Similarly, ™¹² cos" x dx =
n+2 2

2
 90 Mathematics-/

Transformation of Gamma Function -

Prove that
n-1
In 1
Ⓒ) foree-kyyn-1dy: -

n
(ii) log dy = In.

Proof. (1) We know that

poo

In = xn-le-x dx -X

5
е

Replace x by ky, so that dx = k dy, then equation (i), becomes,

In = √ (ky)n-le-kyk dy =

Soº e-kyyn-1
JO
yn-1 dy

In
or for e-kyyn-1 dy Proved
kn

(ii) Replace e -* by y, so that e -x dx = dy and - x = log y

1
⇒ x = loge 2
then equation (i) becomes.
y

n-1 n-1

In - " (tog+)"+"y, _- ["(tog+)"- . y. dy

y.
dy
-X
e
1

n-1

or
Гn= Slog. dy Prove

Transformation of Beta Function -

Beta function can be transformed into many other a few of them a

given below -

(i) We know that

B(1,m) =

√₁x²-1(1-x)m-1dx
1 1 y
Substituting x = so that dx -dy and 1- x = €
1+ y (1+y)² 1+y

equation (i) becomes,

1-1 m

-AL
1 y -1
B(1, m) dy
+y 1+y (1 + y)²
m-1
ym-1
- (+) (1+y)(1+y)² -So
Jo (1+ y)²
dy

1 y (1+y)/+m
 Calculus-11 91

.: 7, m can be replaced in B(1, m), then

y/-1
[ B(m,1)= B(1,m)]
B(m, 1) = Jo (1+y)m+/C-dy = B(1, m)

7-1
X
B(1, m) = ² m+l
dx [by property II]
(1 + x)¹

ym-1
(ii) We know that So m+n
-dy = ß(m, n)
(1+y)"
m-1 ‚m-1
ym-1
Now, fo m+n
-dy =

m+n
-dy + 500. -dy
(1+y) (1+y)' (1+y)m+n

Replacing y
=

in the last integral, we obtain

X

ym-1
y¹ X¹-1
5₁0 -dy
(1+y)m+n
=
-dx

(1+x)m+n
Therefore,
1
m-1 dy X^-1
ẞ(m, n) So (1+y)m+n
=
+

(1+x)"
m+n
-dx

X
m-1
•1
X^-1
-S1 - -dx +
m+n
dx [by property II]
(1+x)m+n (1+x)m+

=√²x²™-1+x²-1 dx
X X

(1+x)m+n
n-1
ГмГр
Hence, [²xm-1 +
dx = ß(m, n) =

I(m + n)
(1+x) m+

Duplication Formula
Prove that

√r
T(m)1(m+ 1) -
I'(m).
2 22m-1
-I(2m)

Proof. We know that

r(m) [(n)
ẞ(m, n) = ...(i)
[(m + n)

π/2 T(m) (n)

255¹/²2 sin
2m-1
2n-10 de
0 cos
I(m+n)
...(ii)
 92 Mathematics-/

1
Putting 2n-1=0 or n == we get
2

px/2
r(m) (1/2)
sin 2m-10de =

10
r(m + 1/2)

π/2 T(m) √√
sin2m-10 de =

T(m + 1/2)

Again substituting n = m in equation (ii), we get

•π/2
I(m) [(m)
sin2m-1-¹0 cos 2m-1
Ꮎ dᎾ -

I(m + m)

Cπ/2 [Ã(m)]²
-√²/222m-1 sin2m-1
2 2m-1
0 cos Ꮎ dᎾ =

22m-1 10 r(2m)

2 π/2 [T(m)]²
22m-1 /2(sin20)²
10
2m-1
de =

r(2m)

Put 20, so that 2d0 = do

1 [Ã(m)]²
22m-1 "sin²m-16dd do
r(2m)

2 [Ã(m)]²
or
22m-1² sin²m-1$ do = r(2m)

2²sin²m-16 do = 22m-1 [T(m)]²

JO r(2m)

2²sin²m-10d0 = 22m-1 [Ã(m)]²

Cπ/2
or
(By property
I(2m)

From equation (iii),

I(m)√ 22m-1
[T(m)]²
=

r(2m).
I m +

√√T元

or orm
T(m) I m + 17)
2 22m-1
-I(2m) Prove

Q.1. Define B(m, n). (R.G.P.V., June 2013

Ans. Refer to the matter giverage 86, under the heading beta functio
and its property.
 Calculus-Il 93

Q.2. Define gamma function and beta function and also establish the
symmetry of beta function. (R.G.P.V., June 2014)

Ans. Refer to the matter given on page 87 and 86.

1

Q.3. Define gamma function and prove that I 2

(R.G.P.V., Dec. 2017)
Ans. Refer to the matter given on page 87 and 88.

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

Prob.21. Define beta function and using its definition, evaluate

[x²(1-x)³dx. (R.G.P.V., June 2017)

Sol. Beta Function - Refer to the matter given on page 86.

f'x*(1-x)³ dx = B (5, 4)
X

15.14 Im.In
·· ß(m, n) =
Г9 T(m+n)

4!.3! 3! 1
Ans.
8! 8.7.6.5 280

Prob. 22. Prove that I(n+1) = n(n). (R.G.P.V., May 2018)

Or

Prove that nin 41, n > 0. [R.G.P.V., Nov. 2018 (0)]

Sol. Refer to the matter given on page 87, under heading Fundamental
Property of Gamma Func on'.

Prob.23. Prove that I[=)=√r. (R.G.P.V., June 2017)

Sol. Refer to the matter given on page 88.

π/2
2m-1
Prob.24. Prove that 2
0
sin 0cos² -1 0 d0 = ß(m,n).
(R.G.P.V., May 2018)
Or

π/2
Prove that (m, n): =
sin2m-1 0cos2n-11"do.
[R.C. V., N 5.19 (0)
94 Mathematics-/

Sol. We know that

m-1
ß(m, n) = f'x™-¹ (1-x)¹-¹ dx
Let x = sin²0
So that dx =
2sine cose de
When x = 0, 0 = 0
TU

x = 1, 0 =
2

12
ß(m, n) = ₁ sin ²(m-1) 0 (1 – sin² 0)¹-1.2 sin 0 cos de

2f/²sin2m-1
π/2
B(m, n) =

2m-1 0 (cos² 0)¹-1 cose de

•π/2

ß(m, n) = 2 Ƒ™/² sin

10
2m-1
0 COS
2n-1
Ꮎ dᎾ

•π/2

ΟΙ sin2m-1 0cos²n-1 0 de = B(m, n) Proved

0

π/2

Prob.25. Express [1/² √tano dº in terms ofgamma functions.

Sol. Here,
Cπ/2
pπ/2
do== t
sin
√¹/² √tane do de sin¹/2 0 cos
-1/2
Ꮎ dᎾ
Jo V cose 10

€0.00
+1 +1
Γ 2

AD_E
2
r
2 2 4
=

2T (1)
+2
21 2 2
2

•π/2
(P+¹)(4+1)
2 2
**B(p, q) = sin²0 cos¹0 de =
2r(P+9+2)
π/2

Hence, ¹/² √/tane de= r Ans

10

Prob.26. Show that

00
y9-1
B(p, q) = dy
(1+y)p+q
(R.G.P.V., June 201
 Calculus-II 95

Sol. We know that

B(p, q) = √ XP-1
x²-¹ (1-x)9-¹dx
Substituting x = so that
1 + y
1
y
dx
dy and 1 - x =
(1+y)² 1+ y
Then equation (i) becomes,
9-10
1 -1
B(p, q) = Lº y
dy
1+ y (1+y)²
9-1

•goli+y
=

1+
y

+y
dy

(1 + y)²
y9-1
B(p, q) = foº dy Proved
(1+y)P+q
Prob.27. Evaluate -
x³ (1-x6)
√³
(1+x)24 dx (R.G.P.V., June 2012)
Sol. Let,
x8(1-x6) .8
X
14

-dx = So
fº
X
I
So
=
-dx

(1+x)24dx
24
0
(1+x)²4 (1+x)24 Jo

X
9-1
X15-1
-dx -So
So (1+x)²+15' Jo
(1+x)15+9dx
= B(9, 15) - B(15, 9) = 0
=

[·· ß(m, 1) = ß(1, m)] Ans.

Prob.28. Prove that - 2

{¹}
S²₁ (1-x")¹/" dx = 1
n

(R.G.P.V., Dec. 2010)

n
2.5²
n
X

Sol. Put x¹ = t or = = tl/n

(-1)
,

1
we
dt

have

n
So that dx
n

£}a-x®‚% &x− £0-9² +²¹)a − ££¤-0

x")n dx
X
=

n
n
dt =

n 20

- ²6a- (+)¹ (¹₁ =

dt
96 Mathematics-/

---B(1 + 1/-/-)) (By definition of Beta

=

n n n
function)

n
n (By relationship between Beta
[{1+ ²+ 1/)
n
and Gamma function)
n n

n n n
=
[ r(n+1)=n[n]
n

=
n n
{r.q²
n
Proved
2 2
n
-r
n
2.5²
n n n

Prob.29. Show that -

["'x+₁(1₂²)""+ =10.
y9-1 log- dy
Гр
9

where p, q> 0. (R.G.P.V., March/April 2010, June 2015)

Sol. Here,
p-1

L.H.S. = y^-¹(10) ddy

10
9-1 log-

Put log =
tor y = et and dy = - et dt

L.H.S. - =

√ (e-¹)9-¹+P-¹. (-e^¹²) dt = √²°+P-1 (e-²1)₁-1+¹/α

100

=fºtP-1¹
=
tp (e-¹)ª dt = foºt ee-qt dt

Ip= [ xP-le-*dx ...(ii)

-X
We know that

Replace x by qt, so that dx = q dt, then equation (ii) becomes

[p = f(qt)²-¹₁-¹qdt ² q²ftp-le-qt dt
Гр
or footp-le-9¹ dt =
qP
Substituting this value in equation (i)
Гр Proved
L.H.S. = R.H.S.

qP
 Calculus-11 97

I(c + 1)
Prob.30. Prove that fo dx
c* (log c)+1
(R.G.P.V., June 2007, Nov./Dec. 2007, Nov. 2019)

Sol. Here, foxx

X
-dx =

S exloge dx (** c* = exlogc)

00

or Soºcxdx e
-xlogcc
*.x dx ...(1)
10
dt
Substituting x log c = t, so that dx in equation (i), we get

-
1

*
logc

tat
+
te
c
)
(
с C
1
50⁰*CX€ t dt

loge
So e
dx =
-t =
е

loge loge

•∞0 x Г(c+1)
)
c
(

+1

-dx =
Proved
log

Hence,
cx
T
Prob.31. Prove that InI(1-n) = >
where 0<n<1. From this
sin nπ

result deduce the value of r

(1) (R.G.P.V., Dec. 2016)

Sol. We know that

Im In
ß(m, n) -; m, n > 0
I(m + n)

or Im In = [(m + n).ß(m, n)

xn-1
or Im In =
T(m + n) -n)foo m+n
dx ....(i)
(1+x)"
Substituting m + n = 1, i.e., m = 1 – n, in equation (i), we get -

n-1
·∞⁰ X'
X-1
In (1-n) = [1. -Soº (1+x) dx or InÃ(1-n) = - -dx
(1+x)
π

or In (1-n) "
where 0 <n<1
sin n

·∞0 X IC
" -dx for 0<n<1
JO 1+x sin në

Proved

Put n

r ² r(1-1)=
TC

TU

sin
2
 98 Mathematics-/

r/r/1/2 =T

(r-²)² = π or
r/12 √π Ans.

/
Prob.32. Prove that -

(-1)"n!
fx™
xm
(log x)"dx =

(m+1)n+1 ³
where n is a positive integer and m>- 1. (R.G.P.V., Dec. 2008)
Sol. Here,

L.H.S. = fx™(logx)".dx
JO
X
m

Put log x = t or x = et, dx = et dt

=1000 emt. t". e'dt =

-∞0
e(m+1)t tndt
1
Put (m + 1) t = - y, dt = dy
(m + 1)

=fº e-y_(-1)n
-1
.yn dy
(m+1)n m +

(−1)n
=5⁰⁰ -.e-y.yn+1-1dy
JO
(m+1)¹+1
(-1)¹ (-1)".n!
-T(n + 1) = Proved
(m + 1) n+1 (m + 1)n+1
√√T
Prob.33. Prove that e dx = -, a>0. (R.GP.V., Dec. 2015
a

Sol. Since e e-a²x² is an even function of x and ♫ª f(x)dx = 2^f(x)dx -a

if f(x) is an even function of x.

Love е
-х
dx = 250⁰0 e dx

Put a²x² = t,
√t
X = 1
a
dt dt t 2
So that 2a²x dx = dt or dx =
dt
2a²x 2a√t 2a

When x = 0, t = 0
When x→∞, t→∞.
 Calculus-II 99

10e-a²x²ddx =25-1²-²
dt .t2 dt
e
t
e
-t

a
2a

-[m-*¹¹dx
[: In=√° e xx¹² dx (n > 0)]
e-xx'
n-1

√√π
Proved
a

-x²
Prob.34. Prove that So² e¯x²³ dx = 1/2√n.
е
(R.G.P.V., May 2019)

-x²
Sol. Let I = Love
0
е dx ...(1)

Putting x² = t
dt
So that 2x dx =
dt or dx dt = -1/2dt
2x 2√t
Equation (i), becomes

1-
I =
1/1
Sºe-t-/-/t-1/²е
dt = ²0²²) 2 JO
e dt

- -/-(1) 2
[- In
T₁ = √²
•

5₁ €¯x²-¹dx
n-ld
(n > 0)]
e
-X

==11/2√72²2 Proved

Prob.35. Express in terms of the gamma function -

Sox²
xe dx.

(R.G.P.V., April 2009, Dec. 2015)

Sol. Let, -√²° x¹e-a²x²

1 = 50° dx ...(i)

√t
Putting t = a²x² or x =
a

dt
dx
2a√t
Equation (i), becomes
n n-l
∞ 't 1

2a√tdt=2an+1 ° .e tdt
I =
=
t 2
.e
10 a

n+1
1
1 00

r("+1)
2 n+
t .edt= Ans.
2an+1 2a +1
100 Mathematics-/

Prob.36. Using gamma function, evaluate √xe ³√xdx

(R.G.P.V., Dec. 2014)

4√°² xe-
Sol. Let, Joº√x e-³√x dx
1 = 50° ...(i)

+²
Putting t = 3√x or x =

2t
dx -dt
9

Equation (i), becomes

t -t 2t
I
= √0 /-e + 2+1dt
.e

2⁰⁰ 2 •∞0

I = e-t.t²dt= e-t.t(3-1)dt
27

We know that

In =

Se-xx²-1dx
е

I = 2/7r3 = 2/721
-F3 -2! -

27
Ans.

Prob.37. Prove that -

["(x-a)™-¹ (b-x)"-¹dx = (b − a)™+n−1 ß(m,n)

a
n

(R.G.P.V., Jan./Feb. 2007, June 2011)

Sol. The given integral is

ſº (x − a)²-¹(b-x)¹-1¹dx
Substituting x = a + (b − a)y, so that dx = (b −a) dy. Also when x = ₁ -

y = 0 and when x = b, y = 1.

:. (x-a)m-1(b-x)n-1dx

= [(b-a)y]m-¹[b-a-(b-a)y]¹-¹ (b − a) dy

=1₁ (b
(b- ajm-lym-¹(b-a)¹-¹ (1 - y)¹−¹(b − a) dy

(b-a) - dy

= (b
 Calculus-II 101

Prob.38. Express x" (1-x")P dx in terms of beta function and

hence evaluate f/²x³ (1-x³)¹⁰dx. (R.G.P.V., Dec. 2015, 2017)

n
Sol. Let, I = ·x1-x ) dx ...(1)

Putting x¹ = z so that n x n - 1 dx = dz
1
1 -1
or dx =-zn dz, when x=0⇒ z = 0 and x=1⇒z=1 in
n

equation (i), we get

-1
I =
Szm/n.(1-z)P.—zn_dz
Z

m+1
1 pl
or I Z n (1-z)P dz
n J0

1 m+1
or I= -=-=-B
=

P+1 ...(ii)
n n

Put m = 5, n = 3 and p = 10, we get

[x³(1-x²)¹0dx=(51,10+1)= =8(2,11)-
3
X
B(2₁ 1r2r11
Γ2 Γ11 7

3 T(2+11)

1 Γ2 Γ11 1!(10)! 1 1
=

Ans.
3 Г13 3(12)! 3.12.11 396

I'm In
Prob.39. Prove that B(m, n) -

(m, n > 0).

I(m+n)'
[R.GP.V., Nov. 2018
Or

I'm In
Prove that (m, n) (R.G.P.V., June 2003, 2009, Feb. 20: ),
I'(m + n)
Dec. 2012, 2017, Nov. 2018, June 26 ))
Sol. Refer to the matter given on page 88.

Prob.40. Prove the duplication formula

1

r{ m+ ²) = 2m-{ -T(2m). (R.G.P.V., Dec 2011, 260 )

Cit
 02 Mathematics-/

Prove the Legendre's duplication formula -

√T
[(m)r[m+ 1 -Ţ(2m). (R.G.P.V., Dec. 2014)
2 22m-1

Sol. Refer to the matter given on page 91.

Prob.41. Prove that -

√(2n+1)
r(n + 1/)= 22n[(n+1)
(R.G.P.V., June 2005)

Sol From Duplication formula, we have

√R
T(m) I m+ r(m + ²) = 22m-1
-r(2m) ...(i)

1+1/²
Putting m = n += /2 in equation (i), we get

r(n + 1)r(n + 1 + ²) = √5
2 22n+ √²(n + 1)
2
T2
2

ΟΙ
r(n +2)(n+1)=√(25+1)
1 √√(2n+1)
or

r(n+ ²)=2²=²T(n+1)
2
Proved

Prob.42. If m, n are positive, then prove that -

B(m, n+1) B(m+1, n) B(m, n)

=
(i)
n m m+n

[R.G.P.V., Dec. 2006, June 2008(N), Dec. 2011]

(ii) B(m, n) = B( m+ 1, n) + ß(m, n+1).

[R.G.P.V., June 2004, 2008 (O), 2013]
Sol. (i) Here,

B(m, n+1) 1 m
-fx™-1 (1-x)". dx
X =
-₁(1-x)".xm-1.dx
n n Jo n J0

Integrating by part, we have

m m
ẞ(m, n+1) 1 − x)¹.x¹ X

n n m
-Sn(1-x)n-¹. (-1). .dx m
10

ß(m, n+1) 1 B(m + 1, n)

or
== xm(1-x)n-1dx : ...(i)
n mJ0 m
 Calculus-II 103

B(m+1, n) 1
Now, xm(1-x)n-1dx
m mJ0

B(m+ 1, n) 1 m-1
or
m m
Ső X .x.(1-x)¹-1dx
B(m + 1, n) n-1
= X
m-1
¹[1 − (1 − x)](1 − x)ª−¹ dx
m m

B(m+ 1, n)
--x-(1-x)-¹dx-x-¹(1-x)" dx
= X
m
X

m m

B(m+ 1, n) 1
-ß(m, n) - −ß(m, n+1)
m m m

ẞ(m+1, n) 1
+ ß(m, n+1) =
-ß(m, n)
m m m

B(m, n+1) B(m, n+1) B(m, n) ß(m+1, n) _ ß(m, n+1)

+
m n
n m m

m+n B(m, n)
.B(m, n+1) =

mn m

B(m, n+1) B(m, n)

= ...(ii)
n m+n

From equations (i) and (ii), we get

ẞ(m, n + 1) B(m+ 1, n) B(m, n) Proved
= =

n m m+n

(ii) Taking R.H.S. = ß(m + 1, n) + ß(m, n+1)

1
n-1 m-1
-x"(-x) dx+x-(-x)"dx
m
=
X X

1-x)n-1 + xm-1 (1-x)"]dx

= ₁[x™(1-x)¹-1

= ₁xm-¹(1-x)¹-¹ [x+1-x]dx
X

= ₁xm-1 (1-x)¹-¹dx = B(m, n)

X
Proved

Prob.43. Express the integral [x³ (1-x²)4dx in terms of gamma

function and hence evaluate. (R.G.P.V., Dec. 2016)

Sol. Let, I1= x³(1-x²)4dx

 104 Mathematics-/

Put (1-x²) = t so that -2x dx = dt

·S₁ (1-1)₁4 ²12 = 1/2√ (1-1)²2-115-1¹ 1

dt
:: I =

-B(2,5)
=

(By definition of Beta function)

1 F2F5 1 r2r5 1 1!4! 1

1
=
Ans.
2 T(2+5) 2 [7 2 6! 2 6.5 60

Prob.44. Express the integral [x" (1 − x" )Pdx in terms of gamma

m

function and hence evaluate -

S'²x²(1-x²)¹ dx. (R.G.P.V., Dec. 2004)

=I
1
™
(
1
-
)
₁x

x²

dx
Sol Let,

Put (1-x¹) = t so that - nxn-1 dx = dt

m (n-1)
dt
= -√₁(1-1)/₁
t)m/n P.
n-1
=

√√√(1-1) n
n Jo
n tPdt

n(1-t) n
m-n+l m-n+l

=-La-1)
no
n
tp dt --L'a n
tP+1-ldt

m+1
1 m+1
=
=
O JO
(1-t) n t(p+1)-1dt = = B(
n n
2
+1)
p+1

m+1
Γ· .Гр+1
1 n
or
=
Ans.
n m+1
+p+1
n

Given, integral

1-[x³²0-x²) dx
=

Here, n = 2, m = 2, p = 4.
2+1
r T(4+1) ΓΩΓ(5)
1 2 1
Then Ans.
2 2+1 2 13
+4+1 r
2 2

Prob.45. Express the integral [x" (1-x" JP dx in terms ofgamma

function. [R.G.P.V., Nov. 2018(0)]
Sol. Refer to Prob.44.
 Calculus-II 105

APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS TO EVALUATE

SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES OF REVOLUTIONS

Solids of Revolution -

Definition - If a plane area is revolved about a fixed line in its own plane,
then the body so generated is known as solid of revolution.

Axis of Revolution - The fixed straight line about which the area revolves
is said to be the axis of revolution or axis of rotation.

Surface of Revolution - If a plane curve is revolved about a fixed line

lying in its own plane then surface generated by the perimeter of the curve is
known as surface of revolution.

Surface Area of Revolution -

(i) Revolution About x-axis - The surface area of the solid generated
by the revolution about x-axis, of the arc of the curve y = f(x) from x = a to
x = b, is
rx=b
X=2π y ds
x=a

where s is the length of the arc measured from x = a to any point (x, y).

ds dy
where, +

dx dx

(ii) Revolution About y-axis - Similarly the curved surface of the

solid generated by the revolution about the y-axis of the area bounded by the
curve x = f(x), the y-axis and the lines y = a, y = b is
ry=b
2πx ds
y=a

Volumes of Solids of Revolution

(i) Revolution About x-axis - The volume of the solid generated by

the revolution of the area bounded by the curve y = f(x), x-axis and the
ordinates x = a, x = b about the x-axis is

ny² dx