Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 4 (2021) 100043

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/padiff

Spectral methods to solve nonlinear problems: A review

Nischay Rai, Sabyasachi Mondal ∗
Department of Mathematics, Amity University Kolkata, Newtown, West Bengal, India

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: The study is intended to give a brief overview of recent papers on spectral methods in different types of
Nanofluid flow fluid flow especially nanofluid flow. The survey does not presume to be exhaustive; hence some selection is
Spectral methods necessary. The papers reviewed herein relate to the recent use of some spectral based algorithms, notably the
Spectral relaxation method
spectral relaxation method, the spectral local linearization method, the spectral quasi-linearization method,
Spectral local linearization method
the successive linearization method, the piecewise successive linearization method and the spectral homotopy
Successive linearization method
Spectral homotopy analysis method
analysis method, etc. We review the important papers and problems where these methods have been used. The
paper is divided into sections related to the use of each method. In addition to reviewing the journal articles
in the main body of the paper, we also give details of important books published on spectral methods in fluid
dynamics.

1. Introduction that the spectral methods are more stable, suitable, and minimum time-
consuming methods than some old numerical methods like Shooting
Few years back even now a days some researchers are interested Technique, Runge–Kutta method and Keller Box Method etc.
in some old stable methods like finite difference, finite element.1–6 But
some researchers are working day and night to develop any new numer- 2. Spectral homotopy analysis method
ical technique which can reduce the difficulties like time, convergent
rate etc than the old methods. The phantom homotopy investigation technique is a numerical ren-
The Chebyshev ghostly collocation strategy is the premise of every dition of homotopy examination strategy (HAM) which had just been
single ghastly technique. Chebyshev collocation techniques for con- recently used to fathom non-direct standard differential conditions,
ventional differential conditions were first concentrated by Wright.7 Motsa et al.12,13 The heartiness of the SHAM is exhibited by its adapt-
Scraton8 explored the arrangement of straight differential conditions ability to permit direct administrators that are halfway subsidiaries
utilizing a Chebyshev arrangement. In 1988, Canuto et al.9 first con- with variable coefficients. This is seen to altogether improve the in-
templated the utilization of ghastly strategies in liquid elements. Fol- termingling and precision of the strategy.
lowing this work, Trefethen10 built up the hypothesis of ghastly tech- Makukula et al.14 used the SHAM in investigating the obstructions
niques in MATLAB. Ganapol11 discovered profoundly precise arrange- of MHD viscous flow because of a shrinking sheet with a chemical
ments of Blasius and Falkner–Skan limit layer conditions through com- reaction. This method was used by Atabakan et al.15 to solve linear
bination quickening. Volterra integro-differential equations. In Atabakan et al.16 the SHAM
In this paper we present a short diagram of later strategies and was used to obtain solutions of high-order nonlinear Fredholm integro-
calculations that are utilized related to the Chebyshev otherworldly differential problems. The performance of a hybrid spectral collocation
collocation technique to tackle frameworks of differential conditions technique and the homotopy analysis method was examined by Nik
that depict principally liquid stream models. The primary bit of lee- et al.17 The problem of determining the linear auxiliary worker that
way of these strategies has been demonstrated to be their relative provides the finest convergence and correctness when using the spectral
precision and quick union contrasted with customary techniques, for homotopy analysis method was studied by Motsa.18 Subsequently,
example, limited distinction and limited volume techniques. The past the spectral homotopy analysis method was prolonged to the solu-
research conducted in different cases by various researchers is used as tion of non-linear partial differential equations by Motsa.19 Makukula
a primary source to know about numerical methods used to solve the and Motsa20 found numerical solutions for the unsteady viscous flow
governing equations. The review is helpful in searching the literature problem due to an infinite rotating disk using the spectral homotopy
which explores the importance of different types of spectral methods analysis method. Moghtadaei21 examined a combination of the hy-
on linear or nonlinear differential equations. Also, it can be observed brid spectral collocation technique and the spectral homotopy analysis

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Mondal).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.padiff.2021.100043
Received 4 March 2021; Received in revised form 1 April 2021; Accepted 2 April 2021

2666-8181/© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
N. Rai and S. Mondal Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 4 (2021) 100043

procedure named the supernatural homotopy assessment technique

Nomenclature (SHAM) was implemented to appreciate the managing non-direct dif-
CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics ferential conditions. The SHAM third solicitation outcomes facilitated
FDM Finite Difference Method with the DTM and shooting, viewing that SHAM is conceivable as a
strategy which can be implemented.
FEM Finite Method
Motsa et al.27 explained bivariate ghastly homotopy examination
RKM Runge–Kutta Method
technique (BSHAM) is reached out to arrangements of frameworks of
2D Two dimensional
nonlinear coupled fractional differential conditions (PDEs). The strat-
3D Three dimensional egy was utilized effectively to understand a nonlinear PDE and is
ODE Ordinary Differential Equation currently tried with frameworks. The technique depends on another
PDE Partial Differential Equation thought of discovering arrangements that comply with a standard of
HAM Homotopy Analysis Method arrangement articulation that is characterized as far as the bivariate La-
SLM spectral linearization method grange interjection polynomials. The BSHAM is utilized to comprehend
SLLM Spectral local linearization method an arrangement of coupled nonlinear fractional differential conditions
SHAM Spectral Homotopy Analysis Method demonstrating the insecure blended convection limit layer stream,
SQLM Spectral Quasi Linearization Method warmth, and mass exchange because of an extending surface in a
pivoting liquid, thinking about the impact of lightness powers. Union of
SMDQLM Spectral Multi Domain Quasi Linearization
the numerical arrangements was checked utilizing the leftover blunder
Method
of the PDEs. Impacts of the stream factors on the neighborhood skin-
BCSCM Bivariate Chebyshev Spectral Collocation Method
rubbing coefficient, the Nusselt number, and the Sherwood number
MSM Meshfree Spectral Methods
were exhibited in charts.
SPM Spectral perturbation methods The process is explained in the flow chart given in the next page.
SHPM Spectral-Homotopy perturbation methods Motsa et al.28 found a spectral-homotopy analysis method (SHAM)
SRM Spectral Relaxation Method for answering nonlinear equations overriding limit layer streams. The
PSLM Piecewise successive linearization method process is a fusion arithmetical system inheriting concepts from the
well-documented method of analyzing homotopy (HAM) as well as a
arithmetical technique known as the Chebyshev pseudospectral collo-
cation technique familiar for its precision. The Scam has registered a
method for answering the nonlinear boundary value problem for the couple of literature accomplishments where its competence and other
electro hydrodynamic flow of a fluid in an ion drag configuration benefits have been discovered. The section aids to explain the process.
in a circular cylindrical conduit. Sibanda et al.22 used the spectral- Dual borderline layer difficulties are accessible and answered using the
homotopy analysis method for warmth transmission stream of a third SHAM to validate its claim.
grade fluid amongst parallel plates. Motsa et al.23 used the piecewise- Shajari and Shidfar29 discussed, source issue for the wave condition
spectral homotopy analysis method for creating solutions to highly is measured in one measurement with overdetermination condition. To
nonlinear initial value problems that model systems with chaotic and take care of this issue, a form of homotopy examination strategy, called
hyper-chaotic behavior. A new piecewise-spectral homotopy analysis weighted homotopy investigation technique, is presented and applied.
method for answering chaotic systems of initial value difficulties was To show exactness and unwavering quality of the referenced strategy,
studied by Nik et al.24 three arithmetical models are set.
A time-spectral method for initial-value problems using a novel Akram and Sadaf30 discussed An altered calculation for homotopy
spatial subdomain scheme was researched by Lindvall and Scheffel25 examination technique (MHAM) is displayed for the arrangement of
dissected a novel subdomain plot for time-otherworldly arrangement nonlinear damped summed up regularized long-wave condition. The
of starting worth incomplete differential conditions. In numerical dis- changed calculation has a smaller amount computational expense than
playing otherworldly techniques are ordinary for spatially subordinate normal HAM as well as furthermore conquers the trouble in figuring
frameworks, while limited contrast plans are regularly implemented confounded integrals. The MHAM is smeared on various instances of
for the fleeting space. The Generalized Weighted Residual Method the damped summed up normalized long-wave condition subject to
(GWRM) is a completely otherworldly strategy that frightfully decays appropriate starting circumstances. The arithmetical outcomes show
every predefined area, including the transient space, utilizing multivari- that the surmised arrangements are in acceptable concurrence with
ate Chebyshev polynomials. The Common Boundary-Condition strategy the specific arrangements. Chaharborj and Moameni31 addressed that
(CBC) here projected is a three-dimensional subdomain plot for the the hypothetical investigation of the non-symmetric stagnation point
GWRM. It comprehends the physical conditions autonomously from stream of a nanofluid through an extension of the magnetohydrody-
the worldwide association of subdomains so as to lessen the all about namic (MHD) is currently under way. With the enhanced Spectral
the amount of modes. Consequently, it is a buildup strategy in the Homotopy Analysis Approach (SHAM), the halfway differential con-
three-dimensional space which takes into consideration a synchronous ditions that model the problem are diminished to natural differential
worldwide fleeting arrangement. It is here assessed against the limited conditions which are then scientifically fathomed. Examinations of our
contrast strategies for Crank–Nicolson and Lax–Wendroff for two model findings from SHAM and numerical arrangements demonstrate that
direct PDEs. The CBC-GWRM is likewise implemented in linearized this methodology is a competent apparatus for semi-systematically
perfect magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) conditions for a screw squeeze understanding this kind of straight and nonlinear problems.
balance. Development pace of greatest temperamental mode remained Noeiaghdam et al.32 proposed this paper to add another strategy
productively figured with a mistake < 0.1%. relying on stochastic number juggling (SA) to locate the ideal inter-
Mahmood et al.26 considered heat movement in an incompress- mingling safety restriction, the ideal loop and the ideal guess of the
ible two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic gooey stream in joined/ homotopy test technique (HAM). This program is known as Strategy
specific channels. The temperature profile for the two combined/novel CESTAC1. Additionally, the CADNA2 library is applied on the proposed
channel occurrences was collected numerically. It was found that with calculations to upgrade the CESTAC technique. CADNA will show
a development in Reynold number, Prandtl number, Nusselt number another clear and significant requirement for actualizing the HAM and
and edge of the divider the temperature profile increases, but declines streamlining the outcomes. Through utilizing this technique, not just
per an extension in Hartmann number. A respectably fresh arithmetical the ideal helper mechanism restriction can be figured yet additionally

2
N. Rai and S. Mondal Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 4 (2021) 100043

the pointless cycles can be disregarded, and ideal advance of this IVPs whose arrangements are represented by swiftly swinging and
strategy is accomplished. The principle hypotheses are displayed to confused conduct over small and vast areas. Another all-encompassing
ensure the legitimacy and precision of the HAM. Various types of SLM, powerful enough to tackle a wide range of issues like IVPs
indispensable conditions are considered, for example, to identify the that Motsa gave models of disorganized frameworks.34 Motsa et al.35
feasible results by inserting the formulas implemented. The numerical discussed the use of the piecewise successive linearization tactic in the
data indicate the impactness and effectiveness of the SA in the coasting search for chen chaotic system solutions. Again, Motsa and Sibanda36
point number juggling test (FPA). used a multi-stage linearization attitude to solve a hyper-chaotic four-
dimensional system through cubic nonlinearities. In both cases the
3. The successive linearization method process has been demonstrated to function satisfactorily.
The newly extended SLM algorithm, hereafter referred to as the
The successive linearization method (SLM) is a computational as piecewise progressive linearization strategy (PSLM), updates the SLM
well as analytical algorithm developed to mainly solve nonlinear on a series of interims to construct an extraordinarily accurate mea-
boundary value (BVP) problems. In its basic implementation the suc- surement with a much larger combination district than the regular
cessive linearization method (see Ref. 33) aims to linearize nonlinear SLM. It has been noted that the period of union of certain semi-
differential equations in order to form an iterative system of linear explanatory strategies can be significantly extended by executing the
differential equations which, however, cannot be analytically solved in standard estimation techniques on sub-interval arrangements whose
most cases. The pseudo-spectral method of Chebyshev (or any other association constitutes the space of the hidden problem. Despite the
type of collocation or numerical scheme) is then used to transform acceleration of the intermingling of the rough structure, the piecewise
the iterative series of linearized differential equations into a system of (multi-stage) tactic improves the exactness of the first methodology,
linear algebraic equations which is transformed into a matrix. especially due to rapidly wavering structures that are typically difficult
The SLM is best suited for problems with boundary value whose to explain using customary numerical techniques.
explanations do not change in behavior or oscillate rapidly over small In a few other studies the SLM’s accuracy and robustness has
regions of the problem domain. Thus, the SLM solution may be re- been demonstrated. The collective effects of viscous and Joule heat-
garded as local in nature and may not be ideal for preliminary value ing on the stagnation point flow of a nanofluid through a stretch-
problems with large independent variable values. The technique has ing/shrinking sheet in the presence of homogeneous–heterogeneous
been successfully used over minimal and semi-endless interims on a responses were studied by Nandkeolyar et al.37 using the successive lin-
large variety of logical models. So far, the SLM strategy has been earization process. Khidir and Sibanda38 investigated, using the succes-
applied in writing to restrict issues of confidence which have smooth sive linearization method, the effects of thermo-diffusion (Soret num-
arrangements. The strategy for beginning worth issues (IVPs) was ber) and diffusion-thermo (Dufour number) on hydromagnetic steady
not achieved. The standard SLM does not provide exact results for flow through a rotating disk in a porous medium with Hall current

3
N. Rai and S. Mondal Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 4 (2021) 100043

Khidir39 researched the properties of viscous indulgence and ohmic technique. Bhatti et al.44 discussed inactivity point stream of a Maxwell
warming on firm convective flow of MHD due to a permeable revolving liquid over a contracting permeable sheet is reflected. The admin-
disk taking into explanation the flexible fluid assets in the presence of istering fractional differential conditions are diminished to standard
Hall current and thermal radiation. differential conditions by utilizing similitude changes. The arrangement
For a power-law fluid through viscous dissipation I.S. discussed a of the subsequent nonlinear limit esteem issue is determined with the
multi-domain spectral approach for non-Darcian mixed convection flow assistance of Successive linearization strategy (SLM) utilizing compu-
for. Oyelakin et al.40 and researched non-Darcian mixed convection tational programming Matlab. The present examination affirmed the
current, warmth and mass exchange in a non-Newtonian force law presence of double answer for contracting sheet, while for extending
liquid over a level plate inserted in a permeable medium with suction case the arrangement is special. The impacts of suction limitation S
and thick scattering, as well as the application and usefulness of a on the speed profiles are appeared through charts and broke down in
late-created multi-area bivariate ghastly semi-linearization technique detail.
(MBSQLM) in finding the arrangements for deep-seated bivariates. Seth et al.45 presented the paper to investigate the magnetohy-
The stream depends on inner temperature age, warm radiation, and drodynamic blended convection stagnation point stream of micropolar
incomplete speed slip among other terms of source. The coupled ar- nanofluid managing gooey scattering, Jule warming and warmth age.
rangement of nonlinear fractional differential conditions is settled using The numerical arrangements of overseeing conditions are acquired
an MBSQLM to locate the liquid properties, skin grinding, just as the by progressive linearization technique (SLM). The impact of diverse
coefficients of warmth and mass. They displayed selected results that prevailing stream limits on the stream field, temperature field and
give the liquid properties the centrality of some system parameters. focus field are talked about through tables and diagrams by aggregating
This MBSQLM was not used in writing before to explore the concept adequate information utilizing SLM. Gotten Results are defended by
of strength law liquids arrangements. Without a doubt, approval of past acquired outcomes in the constraining sense. Because of aloof
this numerical technique has not yet been completed for general fluid control of nanoparticles, species focus follows turn around design in
sources, warmth and mass exchange problems. This investigation shows the district near extending sheet. Aside from this, quadratic numer-
the main chance to assess the precision and power of the MBSQLM in ous relapse examination is done for boundary rubbing coefficient and
discovering arrangements of non-Newtonian liquids. nearby Nusselt number. Which shows the, little variety in lightness
Numerical Solution for Heat Transfer of Non-Newtonian Second- power prompts enormous irritation in skin erosion in contrast with
Grade Fluid Flow over Stretching Sheet via Successive Linearization microrotation while microrotation prompts huge redirection in nearby
Method by Sidahmed and Salah41 acquired the numerical answers for Nusselt number in contrast with attractive field.
the MHD stream of warmth move of incompressible second grade liquid
on an extending sheet channel. The administering fractional differential 4. The spectral local linearization method
conditions are changed over into common differential condition by
utilizing a similitude change. The nonlinear condition administering the The unearthly neighborhood linearization technique (SLLM) can be
stream issue is displayed and afterward fathomed numerically by meth- used to unravel an arrangement of the non-comparable conditions.
ods for a progressive linearization technique (SLM). The numerical out- Within this method the criteria for logarithmic criteria are linearized
comes are inferred in tables for examinations. The significant aftereffect using thoughts similar to the Gauss–Seidel approach. This technique
of this correlation is to show the high accuracy of the SLM in fathoming was suggested in Motsa46 and used by Shateyi and Marewo47 in an
arrangement of nonlinear differential conditions. The arrangements investigation of warmth movement over a porous surface that extends
consider the conduct of Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids. Graphi- temperamentally. The SLLM was used by Motsa et al.48 to understand
cal results of different non-Newtonian parameters, for example, blended the conditions that model a two-dimensional nanofluid stream over a
convection parameter, Hartman, Deborah and Prandtl numbers on the warmed vertical surface with a sinusoidal temperature. In Motsa49 the
stream, field are talked about and dissected. Other than this the present common sense use of the unearthly homotopy investigation and the
outcomes have been tried and contrasted and the accessible distributed neighborhood linearization techniques is investigated because of shaky
outcomes in a restricting way and an incredible understanding is found. limit layer streams triggered by an uncautiously expanding plate.
For the study of micropolar nanofluid stagnation point Kumar Sithole et al.50 gave us an unstable nano-liquid stream of Maxwell
et al.42 identified the impact of second request slip on MHD mixed over a contracting surface with convective conditions and slip limits.
convective stagnation point stream of a micropolar nanofluid with The goal was to provide an assessment of the impact and essentialness
warm radiation, thick and Joule disseminations, Brownian and ther- of Brownian motion and thermophoresis when the molecule’s nano-
mophoric stream. Progressive linearization technique (SLM) acquires liquid portion movement at the limit is zero. The modified conditions
the numerical structure of the administering conditions. A similar are numerically understood using the nearby ghostly linearization tech-
learning is conducted in a limiting context between our findings and nique. To demonstrate the accuracy and assembly of the ghostly nearby
past procured data. Specific basic results are reported in the present linearization strategy, they presented an analysis of the remaining
evaluation, remembering the proximity of the second request slip; the blunders. They examined the influence of the attractive field and the
first request slip reveals the restricting propensity for liquid speed and parameters of thermophores on the rate of heat movement.
accurate speed, but without the second request slip and the proximity Shrivastava et al.51 discussed limit component techniques, for ex-
of the diverse convection strictures, it serves as a supporting factors for ample, the dislodging irregularity strategy (DDM) are promising for
liquid speed and rakish speed. Relapse analysis is used in many areas depicting discusses the geo-mechanics of developing breaks as they
including companies, aspirations and determination. Remembering lessen the dimensionality of the issue by one. All things considered,
this, several quadratic relapse investigations are carried out for the skin this preferred position is eclipsed by the computational force essen-
grinding coefficient and the Nusselt number nearby. It shows that when tial to show arrange gauge reenactments of pressure driven breaks
a unrestricted stream is passing with speed fewer than extending speed, principally because of the nonlinearity emerging from liquid stream
at that point a little variety in microrotation stimuluses considerable inside the crack. Ordinary suppositions to increase the computational
irritation in skin erosion in contrast with the blended convection factor. productivity lead to the failure of test systems to portray proppant
In any case, in the invert case, the lightness power ends up being conveyance which is basic to action plan. Right now, present a novel
increasingly predominant. calculation to speed up union of coupled geomechanics (DDM) and
Veenit and Mondal43 have done a survey on Casson nanofluid and liquid stream issue. The calculation utilizes an explanatory, nearby
they came to a conclusion that different types of spectral methods can direct estimation of the Reynolds grease condition to settle the coupled
be used to solve nonlinear differential equations including linearization non-straight arrangement of conditions. An underlying arrangement is

4
N. Rai and S. Mondal Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 4 (2021) 100043

evaluated through the straight framework, and it is then utilized in inserted into a non-Darcy permeable medium. This paper focuses ex-
the iterative arrangement tactic in lieu of the non-direct framework clusively on commitments distributed over an expanding sheet through
as an underlying conjecture. This enhancement then permitted them the use of micropolar fluid stream. With the aid of comparability
to utilize the calculation to build up a completely three-dimensional adjustment, the prime conditions are restored to traditional differential
pressure driven breaking test system which can run in a worthy runtime conditions; they are then treated arithmetically using the phantom
utilizing regularly accessible computational force. semi linearization strategy (SQLM) for direct Taylor arrangement de-
Nanofluid stream more than three distinct geometries under gooey velopments which can be extended to non-straight terms in order to
dispersal and warm radiation using Sachin Shaw’s neighborhood lin- linearize them. The approach to phantom association is then used to
earization strategy by Shaw et al.52 This investigated the trade in describe the resulting linearized arrangement of conditions. The paper
nanofluid stream mass and temperature exceeding three extraordinary gets sensible arithmetical clarifications for quickly centered structures
non-Darcy sensitive vertical cone/wedge/vertical plate geometries. The using the technique of phantom semi linearization. Union of numerical
consequence of Brownian growth and thermophoresis occurs because arrangements by means of the remaining blunder of the PDEs was ob-
of the nanofluid. Temperature break-point condition is implemented served. Our model’s credibility is built up using blundered inquiry. The
on the surface where the warm conductivity of the fluid is directly effect of various geometric parameters on numbers of age rakish speed,
correlated with the temperature. To explain the regulatory conditions, temperature, and entropy is shown in charts. The outcomes display that
the close by linearization technique is implemented and relies on with an expansion in Reynolds number as well as Brinkmann number
efficient discretization. We distinguished our findings from those in the the entropy age number decelerates. With the expanding material
present composition to claim the numerical arrangement. The effect of parameter the velocity profile increases. The results show that the exact
the monitoring parameters on the fluid speed, temperature movement speed of the liquid decreases in the limit layer for expanding material
and fixation of nanoparticles close to the number Nusselt and the parameter estimates.
number Sherwood is discussed. Such major after-effects of the current Magagula et al.59 presented another inventive method for illu-
evaluation are that for the plane plate the Nusselt number is higher minating nonlinear frameworks of fractional differential conditions
than for the vertical surface, and it decreases with the application of the with quadratic assembly rate. We show the utilization of the strat-
radiation parameter through and through. The Lewis number nanofluid egy by fathoming a nonlinear arrangement of halfway differential
reduces the nanofluid mass diffusivity, and along these lines it increases conditions that have a place with a class of non-similar limit layer
the number of Sherwood. conditions. The model conditions portray the issue of magnetohydro-
Magagula,53 implemented a novel technique to describe structures dynamic constrained convection stream contiguous a non-isothermal
of non-similar boundary layer conditions over an enormous time pe- wedge.
riod. The strategy is a multidomain bivariate strategy for unearthly Assembly examination and matrix freedom tests are led to build
neighborhood linearization (MD-BSLLM), the subject of the Legendre– up the precision, intermingling, and legitimacy of the offered strategy.
Gauss–Lobatto network, a nearby linearization method, and the tech- Computational request of assembly is demonstrated arithmetically and
nique of otherworldly collocation to approximate capacities character- is exhibited in an unthinkable structure. The outcomes are additionally
ized as bivariate Lagrange interjection. The strategy is created for a approved in contradiction of distributed outcomes. The strategy is
general arrangement of the differential conditions n nonlinear halfway. established to accomplish superior to prevailing strategies for a period
The use of the MD-BSLLM is established by understanding an arrange- of non-similar limit layer conditions, merges quicker, and utilizes less
ment of nonlinear incomplete differential conditions which depicts a matrix focuses to accomplish precise outcomes. The strategy utilizes
class of non-similar limit layer conditions. Numerical trials are aimed insignificant calculation time, and we show that the precision of the
at demonstrating the strategic importance and precision. System tests technique does not crumble for huge estimations of the overseeing
on freedom construct the technique’s precision, intermingling, and autonomous factors.
credibility. The response to the constraining case is used to accept
the MD-BSLLM’s accuracy. The proposed numerical strategy performs 6. Spectral multi domain quasilinearization method
superior to some current numerical strategies to fathom a class of non-
similar limit layer conditions over large time spaces as it merges faster Magagula et al.60 showed another technique for unraveling higher-
and hardly uses any lattice concentration to attain exact outcomes. The demand non-straight advancement fractional differential equations
projected methodology practices negligible measurement time and its (NPDEs). The strategy to consider certain non-straight development
precision does not crumble over time with an expansion. equations, such as the modified KdV–Burgers equation, strongly non-
The swimming of gyrotactic microorganisms in a nanofluid past straight altered KdV condition, Fisher condition, Burgers–Fisher con-
a stretched surface using successive local linearization method by dition, Burgers–Huxley condition, and Fitzhugh–Nagumo situation, is
Bhatt.54 The incompressible steady flow with temperature-dependent right now. The findings are contrasted and definite systematic struc-
viscosity of magnetohydrodynamics nanofluid through a vertically tures are understood from writing to stating other method’s accuracy,
stretched porous sheet by employing the spectral local linearization intermingling, and adequacy. Compatibility exists between the numeri-
method (SLLM) studied by Shahid et al.55 cal findings and the individual answers to a great demand for precision.
Tables were produced to show the method’s request for accuracy;
5. The spectral quasi-linearization method convergence diagrams are implemented to test the mixture of strategy
and error charts to demonstrate the superb understanding between the
The spectral quasi-linearization method (SQLM) is a more recent outcomes of this investigation and the established outcomes of writing.
approach for finding solutions of nonlinear equation systems. The Efficient multi-domain bivariate spectral collocation solution was
SQLM is a generalization of the Newton–Raphson method for problems proposed by Goqo et al.61 an as of late created numerical technique,
concerning nonlinear boundary value. An iterative scheme is obtained multidomain quasilinearisation strategy, is applied on a consistent lam-
by linearizing the nonlinear components of the differential equations inar, normal convection limit layer flow of MHD gooey and incompress-
using an extension of the Taylor multi-variable sequence, Motsa et al.56 ible fluid from a vertical porous flat plate with uniform temperature
Nadeem et al.57 used the SQLM and the SLLM to investigate the oblique right now. Non-dimensionless factors are utilized to change the oversee-
flow of a Walter-B type nano fluid over a convective surface. ing conditions to an arrangement of non-dimensional nonlinear incom-
Spectral quasi-linearization system with R convective boundary con- plete differential conditions. At that point the subsequent conditions
dition for non-Darcy Porous Material. Right now, Alharbey et al.58 are understood numerically by utilizing multidomain quasilinearisation
addresses the maximum layer of micropolar liquid over a level plate technique.

5
N. Rai and S. Mondal Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 4 (2021) 100043

Motsa et al.62 formulated the solution of hyperbolic partial dif- with the MATLAB bundle. The ghostly affiliation technique assembly is
ferential equivalences with the help a extremely precise method of upgraded by joining SRM with SOR. It is seen that for non-Newtonian
multidomain bivariate spectral collocation as non-covering grids based nanofluid, the liquid speed is larger than that of classical nanofluid. The
on multidomain bivariate apparition collocation technique to han- heat. In addition, in the instance of attractive field power, the exterior
dle hyperbolic fragmentary differential equations (PDEs) defined over shear pressure is seen to be expanded.
tremendous period of time territories. This paper is without doubt one Haroun et al.75 discussed the impacts of warm radiation, Soret and
of the primary works considering the time-between multidomain ap- Dufour parameters on mixed convection and nanofluid flow over an
proach to the hyperbolic PDEs. The suggested strategy is constructed on expanding sheet in the sight of an attractive field. The flow depends
breaking down the stretch region into tinier non-covering sub-intervals on subordinate consistency of the temperature and a parameter for the
and uninhibited settlement of the PDE at each of these sub-intervals. response of the material. It is agreed that the portion of the nanoprod-
Currently, the goal demonstrates that when there is deduction in the uct volume at the divider could be effectively controlled. The physical
size of the computational zone at each sub-interval it ensures better problem is seen using systems of nonlinear differential conditions that
outcome for a short computational period. The derived plans of the have been numerically described using a ghostly unwinding technique.
PDEs are approximated in the course of action strategy, using bivariate Notwithstanding the dialog on forms of warmth and mass exchange, for
Lagrange interposing polynomials. In both presence variables, the PDEs various significant physical parameters the speed, nanoparticles volume
are discretized using the ludicrous collocation, not at all like past component profiles just like the skin contact coefficient are resolved. A
evaluations where spooky collocation method was implemented in the correlation of current findings with recently distributed outcomes for
time variable and the opposite way around on space variable only and some unique instances of the issue shows an astounding understanding.
constrained differentiation based discretization. At each subinterval, Alao et al.76 discusses Limit layer stream has incredible significance
the subsequent direct structures of logarithmic conditions are then in designing applications, for example, oil bed recuperation, filtration,
treated freely with the congruity condition being used to obtain starting warm protections, heat exchangers, geothermal investigation, etc. This
conditions in resulting subintervals. work researched the impacts of warmth radiation, Soret and Dufour
Lastly, the inaccurate plans of the PDEs are found by preparing within the sight of draw or infusion on a limit layer stream over a
the courses of action along ordinary cut off points at different subin- permeable wedge. The overseeing conditions with the limit situations
tervals. The new error bound theories and confirmations for bivariate are non-dimensionalized by presenting some non-dimensional factors.
polynomial presentation by means of the given Gauss–Lobatto center The stream model is depicted as far as an exceptionally coupled and
points illuminate the benefits of the projected calculation of the game nonlinear arrangement of fractional differential conditions as the strat-
plan. The suitability and precision of the given system is explained
egy for arrangement tries to decouple the first framework to shape
by indicating the botch study and the computational spell for the
a succession of conditions relating to the force, vitality and fixation
composition program of outstanding hyperbolic PDEs described in the
conditions that is explained in a computationally effective way.
composition. The procedure can be obtained and loosened up to deal
The subsequent conditions are illuminated utilizing a arithmetical
with problems shown by hyperbolic PDEs.
system called Bivariate Spectral Relaxation Method (BSRM). Numerical
counts are done for various estimations of dimensionless limitations
7. The spectral relaxation method
and the examination of the physical limits of building solicitations are
explored. Impacts of these significant limits on transference practices
The spectral relaxation method (SRM) is an iterative technique
are examined and run of the mill results are shown to uncover the
that is familiar from the relaxation process Gauss–Seidel used to solve
impact of appropriate limitation on the speed, heat, focus outlines
massive algebraic equation systems. Use of the Chebyshev pseudo-
of the stream. The consequences for the neighborhood skin grinding,
spectral method is useful for solving the iteration equations. This is
nearby Nusselt and Sherwood number are additionally introduced in
why the technique is denoted as the method of spectral relaxation of
Gauss–Seidel or simply as the method of spectral relaxation (SRM). the tables.
On the existing repetition level the linear terms in each equation are Navier’s time-dependent slip state Darcy–Forchheimer nanofluid us-
evaluated with the non-linear terms considered to be known from the ing Darcy–Forchheimer’s spectral relaxation method77 developed that
previous iteration stage. Olsson et al.63 used the methods of spectral re- in modern applications, like sheets of metal and polymer, the situation
laxation to tackle binary quadratic optimization problems. The spectral of the stream is firmly temperamental, and the temperature of the
relaxation method in Kameswaran et al.64 was to solve equations that sheet is a blend of surface temperature and humidity. Therefore, a legal
model the heat transfer in a nanofluid flow over an unstable stretching decision to cool fluid is also an important aspect of the investigation
surface with thermal dispersion. For the solution of the steady von for achieving better yields. Right now, Darcy–Forchheimer’s nanoliquid
Kármán flow of a Reiner–Rivlin fluid with Joule heating and viscous numerically work streams past a flimsy expanding surface by con-
dissipation, Motsa and Makukula65 have used SRM. In Refs. 66–69 the solidating various impacts, such as the Brownian and thermophoresis
spectral relaxation approach was also used to explain different types impacts, Navier’s slip state and convective warm limit circumstances.
of fluid flow complications. Motsa et al.70,71 proposed a multi-stage The nonlinear customary differential conditions are calculated, and
spectral relaxation approach with chaotic properties like Rabinovich– the resulting combined force and vitality conditions are numerically
Fabrikant systems for solving nonlinear initial value problems (IVPs). understood using the unearthly unwinding technique to illuminate
Dlamini et al.72 used the same approach to test the synchronization of the supervising conditions, using suitable comparability adjustments.
two similar chaotic Lorenz structures. Nik and Rebelo73 used the mul- The significant physical parameters of the present model are broken
tistage spectral relaxation process for answering hyperchaotic complex down through the methodical, numerical analysis. We consider that
systems. the proximity of the parameter of instability has an impact on speed,
Gangadhar et al.74 researched limit layer stream of a consistent, temperature, focus handle, related levels of heat and mass vehicle.
two-dimensional, in-compressible non-Newtonian nanofluid is contem- Likewise, an increase in the coefficient of dormancy and the parameter
plated right now an extended piece with an outer unvarying attractive of porosity causes the velocity to expand at the limit.
field. To break down the progression of non-Newtonian liquid, the Magagula et al.78 bivariate spectral relaxation process for unstable
Eyring–Powell model is reflected. In the vitality condition, Newtonian magneto-hydrodynamic flow in porous media showed a crucial im-
warming effects are observed. The strategy of comparability is utilized provement in the execution of the unearthly unwinding strategy (SRM)
to change over non-straight fractional differential conditions into the to resolve nonlinear incomplete differential conditions that occur in
ordinary differential equations. The reduced equations numerical so- liquid stream problems. The SRM has already used the otherworldly
lutions are achieve dusting the ghostly unwinding technique (SRM) technique to discretize subordinates in space and to distinct restricted

6
N. Rai and S. Mondal Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 4 (2021) 100043

comparisons in time. Seek to enhance presentation of the SRM right Explaining each of these conditions is tough to use only one arith-
now by applying the phantom strategy to separate subsidiaries in metic technique. Here, we construct the otherworldly collocation tech-
both factors of life. The new approach follows the SRM’s unwinding niques (CSM) to explain all the conditions above. The projection plot is
program, bivariate the interjection of Lagrange much like the Cheby- accepted for the temporary discretization in case the cases are transient.
shev ghostly collocation strategy. The strategy is experimented with However, for the numerical methodology the immediate part of the
an arrangement of four nonlinear fractional differential conditions that structure may be as much as might fairly be expected in our unearthly
model in a permeable medium the temperamental three-dimensional techniques of projection collocation. Because of the arithmetic reenact-
magneto-hydrodynamic stream and the mass exchange. Recorded ar- ments of the hydrodynamic radiation (R-HD) and R-MHD with great
rangements are contrasted and the results obtained using the SRM, the order and precision, bunches of multifaceted marvels can be effectively
technique of phantom quasilinearization, and the Keller-box strategy dissected as well as various critical ends acquired
are recently published. There is strong evidence that the current ap- Ali et al.84 discussed the response to the general form of partial
proach generates findings that tend to use different approaches in the delay-differential request conditions (GFDDEs). The proposed GFDDEs
same class as if worse than distributed outcomes. The new methodol- have multi-term branches for deferred or non-postponed terms with
ogy’s principal bit of leeway is that it offers better accuracy on coarser whole numbers and partial demands. On all aspects an operating
lattices which improves the strategy’s computational speed altogether. structure is put in place. The ghostly collocation strategy is used as a
Equally, the program prompts faster union to the arrangement required. grid discretization technique to resolve the proposed GFDDEs. Several
Multi-domain pseudo spectral relaxation method for systems of non- numeric checks demonstrate the reliability as well as efficacy of the
linear initial value differential by Motsa et al.79 found a novel method- planned conspire.
ology for fathoming arrangement of nonlinear populace dynamic con- Five themes applied to the regularized Charney’s own problem in
ditions over a huge time area are introduced. The epic methodology Chebyshev’s spectral methods helped in the fixation of many unsolved
is named the multi-area pseudo-phantom unwinding technique (MP- problems85 which addressed the Charney question, a second. Here, it is
SRM). This strategy utilizes Legendre–Gauss–Lobbatto framework fo- used as a testbed for a few unearthly techniques expansions. The first is
cuses, Gauss–Seidel unwinding procedure, and the pseudo-otherworldly to parameterize, as extraordinarily simple in applications, a plane bend
collocation technique to estimated capacities characterized by Lagrange which is solitary at an end point. The subsequent expanse is to expand
insertion. The strategy is created for a general arrangement of n non- the Chebyshev tau strategy to represent the structure’s own functions
linear populace dynamic differential conditions. where the intermediate guess is a line segment in the mind-boggling
plane. Next, they gave an important step of discovering the underlying
foundations of a power that is certainly not a polynomial, but instead
8. The bivariate Chebyshev spectral collocation
a union of one polynomial in addition to a logarithm augmented by
a polynomial that follows. In conclusion, we are joining an objective
Motsa80 suggested the method of analyzing bivariate spectral ho-
Chebyshev (pseudospectral strategy with a difference in facilitating
motopy for solving partial differential equations in nonlinear evolu-
which is quadratic on the ground to determine the exceptionally mea-
tion. Motsa et al.81 recently published a bivariate Chebyshev spectral
ger limit surface of the arranged Charney problem). Strikingly, the
collocation quasilinearization process for nonlinear parabolic equiva-
finest outcomes are acquired by implementing four limit factors given
lences in evolution. Such approaches continue to be evaluated on a the fact that the Charney problem is a mere second request differential
broader variety of issues that model actual manufacturing and scientific condition.
phenomena. Shi and Chen86 discussed A phantom Jacobi-collocation guess is
Goqo et al.82 studied the thick nanofluid stream over a warm- proposed for Volterra delay integro-differential conditions with pitifully
radiated, non-isothermal wedge. Entropy in the frame due to irre- particular pieces. Right now, consider the unique case that the funda-
versible procedures that corrupt the thermodynamic system display. mental arrangements of conditions are adequately smooth. We give a
Considering the entropy age in the stream over a permeable wedge, thorough mistake examination to the proposed strategy, which shows
the frame is determined by irreversible procedures and the thermo- that both the blunders of inexact arrangements and the mistakes of
physical parameters that affect the entropy age in the system. The rough subsidiaries rot exponentially in L∞ standard and weighted L2
otherworldly bivariate semi linearization technique is used to find the standard. At long last, two numerical models are introduced to show
unified arrangements for the model conditions. The effect of big factors our mistake investigation.
on the liquid properties is evaluated and talked about, for example, the Agarwal and El-Sayed87 presented, new numerical system for
Hartmann number, thermophoresis and Brownian motion parameter. unraveling the partial request dispersion condition is presented. This
The numbers Nusselt, the coefficients of skin grinding and the number system fundamentally relies upon the Non-Standard limited contrast
Sherwood are resolved. An investigation into the speed of entropy age technique (NSFD) and Chebyshev collocation strategy, where the par-
in the stream for various parameters is seen, and we find that the tial subordinates are depicted as far as the Caputo sense. The Chebyshev
number of Reynolds and warm radiation affect entirely to entropy age collocation strategy with the (NSFD) technique is utilized to change
among different results. over the issue into an arrangement of logarithmic conditions. These
Luo et al.83 addressed that the investigation of varied convection conditions settled numerically utilizing Newton’s cycle strategy. The
and warm radiation and the investigation of radiative magnetohydro- appropriateness, unwavering quality, and proficiency of the introduced
dynamics (R-MHD) has been given impressive consideration over the method are shown through some given numerical models.
years. There are bunches of rational implementations, like nuclear
power plants, gas turbines, diverse aircraft impetus tools, missiles, 9. Meshfree spectral method
satellites and spacecraft, warm vitality depot and the polymer in-
dustry. The arrangement of coupled temperature movement, liquid Govorukhin and Filimonova,88 discussed meshfree-unearthly strat-
stream, warm radiation and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) integrates egy for arithmetical examination of elements of planar geophysical
illumination of the Navier–Stokes conditions by means of lightness streams is projected. They examined inviscid incompressible liquid
or attractive power terms, the vitality condition with radiative origin streams with the nearness of planetary revolution. Numerically this
period, the radiative exchange condition (RTE), besides the electrical issue is portrayed by the non-consistent arrangement of two halfway
potential condition in numerical reproduction correspondence. These differential conditions as far as stream and vorticity capacities with var-
conditions are usually differential conditions halfway away from the ious limit conditions (shut stream district and intermittent conditions).
RTE, which is an essential differential condition (Initial request). The proposed strategy depends on a few suppositions. Above all else,

7
N. Rai and S. Mondal Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 4 (2021) 100043

the vorticity field is given by its qualities on the arrangement of units. for in graphical and organized structures. Estimate quality and effi-
The capacity of vorticity dispersion is approximated by piecewise cubic ciency of the present technique is accomplished regarding e 2, e ∞ and
polynomials. Coefficients of polynomials are found by least squares e rms mistake standards, number of collocation focuses just as time-
technique. The stream work is determined by utilizing the phantom step size. Stability of the proposed strategy is altogether examined and
worldwide Bubnov–Galerkin technique at each time step. The elements talked about.
of liquid particles is determined by pseudo-symplectic Runge–Kutta
technique. A point by point form of the strategy for intermittent limit 10. Other spectral methods
conditions is depicted right now the first run through. The sufficiency of
numerical plan was analyzed on trial models. The elements of the setup Makukula et al.93 published a short memorandum on the result of
of four indistinguishable round vortex patches with steady vorticity sit- the Von Karman equations by means of series and Chebyshev spectral
uated at the vertices of a square with a middle at the post is researched means. A new solution scheme for the partial differential equations
by arithmetical tests. The impact of planetary turn and the sweep of with variable coefficients specified on a wide domain, including a
patches on the elements and development of vortex constructions is semi-infinity domain was investigated by Koç and Kurnaz.94 Sibanda
considered. It is indicated that, contingent upon the course of turn, the et al.95 proposed a non-perturbation linearization approach for solving
Coriolis power can upgrade or hinder the procedures of communication the coupled, highly nonlinear equation system due to the flow over a
and blending of the disseminated vortices. Everywhere radii the vortex vertical surface subject to a magnetic field.
structure does not settle. Spectral perturbation and Spectral-Homotopy perturbation methods
In numerical solutions of time-fractional coupled viscous Burgers’ (SHPM) are newly developed spectral methods. Khidir96,97 have used
equations using mesh free spectral method Hussain et al.89 processed these methods on Jeffery–Hamel flow recently. Space–time spectral col-
numerical arrangements of time-fragmentary coupled thick Burgers’ location method for one-dimensional PDE constrained optimization was
conditions utilizing meshfree otherworldly strategy. Outspread premise presented by Rezazadeha et al.98 researched by an ideal control issue
capacities (RBFs) and phantom collocation approach are utilized for represented by an explanatory PDE. Utilizing Lagrangian multipliers,
guess of the spatial part. Transient fragmentary portion is estimated fundamental conditions are inferred and afterward space–time ghostly
through finite contrasts as well as quadrature law. Guess eminence and collocation technique is applied to discretize spatial subordinates and
efficiency of the strategy are surveyed utilizing distinct E2, E∞ and time subsidiaries. This technique tackles halfway differential conditions
Erms blunder standards. Fluctuating the quantity of nodal focuses M numerically with mistakes limited by an exponentially rotting capacity
and time step-size t, intermingling in reality is numerically considered. which is subject to the quantity of methods of explanatory arrange-
The security of the present strategy is additionally talked about, which ment. Ghostly strategies, which merge frightfully in both reality, have
is a significant piece of this paper increased a significant consideration as of late. The issue is then dimin-
Goyal, and Mehra90 proposed a versatile meshfree otherworldly ished to a framework comprising of effectively feasible mathematical
chart wavelet technique to explain halfway differential conditions. The conditions. Numerical models are exhibited to show that this plan has
technique utilizes outspread premise capacities for insertion of capac- exponential paces of assembly in both reality.
ities and for estimation of the differential administrators. It utilizes
multiresolution investigation dependent on phantom chart wavelet for 11. Some other methods
adaptivity. The arrangement of dispersed hub focuses is dependent
upon vital variations at work period which prompts adaptivity. The Moutsinga et al.99 on the general type of existing multivariate
magnificence of the technique lies in the way that a similar administra- models in finance which are dependent on stochastic unpredictability
tor is utilized for the estimation of differential administrators and for and bounce diffusion models. These models normally lead to the need
the development of phantom diagram wavelet. At first, they used the of understanding frameworks of stiff Riccati differential conditions.
strategy on round diffusion condition. After that the issue of example Right now, propose a period ghastly space decay technique for tack-
development on the outside of the circle (utilizing Turing conditions) is ling frameworks of stiff Riccati differential conditions. The strategy
routed to test the quality of the technique. The arithmetical outcomes is applied to taking care of stiff diffusion model issues found in oil
display that the technique can precisely catch the rise of the restricted estimating, loan cost and power models. Numerical techniques show
examples at all the measures and the hub course of action is as needs be that the present methodology is efficient, exceptionally precise and a
adjusted. The combination of the strategy is proven. For each test issue, decent option in contrast to the current numerical strategies.
the CPU time occupied by the suggested technique is contrasted and Comparison of Spectral methods with CFD Simulation of Turbulent
the CPU time occupied by a customary strategy (ghostly strategy utiliz- fluid mixing by Garrido et al.100 was the violent blending of liquids
ing spiral premise capacities). The versatile meshfree ghastly diagram at various temperatures in T-intersections might be the reason for
wavelet strategy is profoundly efficient then. warm weariness harm in the encompassing funnels. In the atomic
Ideal and Computer Mathematics Applied to Meshfree Methods by business, essential water spillages have happened in the wellbeing
Kansa91 described Early numerical techniques to fathom conventional related funneling because of this liquid wonder and, presently, there
and fractional differential depended upon human PCs who utilized me- are no commonly acknowledged plan rules to maintain a strategic
chanical gadgets. The calculations utilized changed minimal over the distance from the warm exhaustion. The exactness of warm exhaustion
advancement of electronic PCs having just low request assembly rates. evaluation of atomic segments emphatically relies upon the exactness of
A meshfree conspire was created for issues that joins exponentially the assessed liquid temperatures close to the funnels. These days, these
utilizing the most recent computational science toolbox. are regularly gotten from complex and tedious computational liquid
Haq and Hussain92 whose examination meant to detail a meshfree elements (CFD) reenactments with a reasonable limitation on the length
ghostly technique to numerically fathom multi-dimensional time frag- of the recreated time contrasted with the anticipated weakness life.
mentary Sobolev conditions. Right now premise capacities and point So as to defeat these confinements and with the intend to dissect the
introduction method is used to assemble meshfree shape capacities. vulnerabilities in the exhaustion forecasts an improved otherworldly
These shape capacities, having Kronecker delta work ideals, are then technique has been as of late created to produce engineered liquid
utilized for spatial discretization. Forward difference equation, in ar- temperatures at reasonable expenses. The point of this paper is to
rangement to a quadrature rule, is utilized for fleeting discretization. contrast the artificially produced liquid temperatures and those gotten
Approval of the given technique is done after taking different sample in an approved CFD, huge whirlpool reproduction of the blending
models from literature. Simulated results uncover generally excellent liquids. In the examination, temperature as well as factor sufficiency
concurrence with accessible careful arrangements which are accounted rain flow checking appropriations are utilized to gauge the pertinence

8
N. Rai and S. Mondal Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 4 (2021) 100043

Table 1
Advantages and disadvantages of different types of spectral based methods recently used to solve nonlinear differential equations.
S.L Method Applicable to: Advantages Disadvantages
1. SHAM ODES & PDES (1) Method converges faster than the HAM Does not handle periodic boundary conditions
(2) It is easy to implement properly
(3) Easy to select convergence parameters
2. SLM ODES It gives good convergence and accuracy. (1) It cannot used for PDEs
(2) Does not handle periodic boundary conditions
properly.
3. SLLM ODES & PDES It is very good for coupled systems of equations Does not handle periodic boundary conditions
properly.
4. SQLM ODES & PDES (1) It needs only a few iterations to achieve (1) It is not accurate as the SRM
converged results with few grid points. (2) Cannot handle periodic boundary conditions
(2) Gives accurate results in a few seconds. properly
5. BSQLM PDES (1) it gives very good accuracy (1) Boundary conditions involving infinity are not
(2) It takes little time to converge to exact well implemented.
solution with few grid points. (2) Does not handle periodic boundary conditions
(3) It is easy to implement. properly.
(4) It gives second order accurate (3) Only applicable to PDEs
6. PSLM ODES & PDES It is a newly developed method which is more Does not handle periodic boundary conditions
efficient. properly.
7. SRM ODES & PDES (1) It gives very accurate results. (1) It may be slow, leading to larger times to
(2) It works well for coupled systems of equations. obtain accurate results.
(3) It generates smaller matrices and that is a (2) It does not work for power law equations and
factor leading to higher accuracy. boundary condition where all the values are zero.
8. SHPM ODES & PDES (1) This method is an alternative approach to get (1) It works for problems with small/large
numerical solutions for complicated expansions parameter especially problems defined using the
encountered in perturbation schemes. Williams and Rhyme transformation.
(2) Higher order approximate solutions can be (2) Does not handle periodic boundary conditions
found using this method. properly
(3) Is efficient for complicated expansions which (3) As the perturbation parameter moves closer to
are not possible to solve analytically beyond the 1, it requires higher order approximations and the
first approximation results do not converge to accurate results.
(4) It can solve higher order perturbation (4) In terms of accuracy, it is not as accurate as
equations. the SRM.
(5) It is computationally efficient, that is, it takes
minimal time to achieve converged results.

of manufactured temperatures in exhaustion evaluations. The existence A structure for proficient sporadic wave re-enactments utilizing
expectations disperse with manufactured temperatures may addition- Higher Order Spectral strategy combined with gooey double stage
ally show that more extended CFD temperature narratives are expected structure by Gatin et al.103 talked about a blueprint for beneficial capri-
to dependably anticipate the sheltered weakness lifetime. cious wave amusements in accordance to Higher Order Spectral proce-
Kharazmi and Zayernouri101 built up a pseudo-ghastly strategy for dure joined by totally nonlinear thick, two-phase Computational Fluid
Petrov–Galerkin sense, utilizing nodal developments in the frail defini- Dynamics (CFD) model is presented. CFD model relies upon course of
tion of conveyed request fragmentary fractional differential conditions. action weakening through Spectral Wave Explicit Navier–Stokes Equa-
We characterize the hidden conveyed Sobolev spaces and the related tion system, enabling viable mingling with abstract potential stream
standards. At that point, we figure the plan, utilizing the fragmentary plans. Greater Order Spectrum is a pseudo-extraordinary, latent stream
Lagrange interpolants of first and second kind as the nodal bases system for understanding nonlinear free surface breaking point factors
and test capacities, individually. We develop the relating feeble dis- until a self-self-assured solicitation of nonlinearity. This is prepared for
persed separation networks for the administrators with one-/two-sided beneficial long time nonlinear inducing of self-emphatic information
wave spectra, that is then used to gain sensible unprecedented waves.
fragmentary subordinates, prompting an improved modeling of the
To energize the coupling framework, Greater Order Spectrum system
subsequent direct framework. Along these lines, we study the impact of
is realized in foam loosen up near to the CFD structure. Endorsement
conveyance capacity and interjection focuses on the condition number,
of the Higher Order Spectrum system is applied on 3 investigations in
and further structure a few circulated pre-conditioners. Besides, we
essence to homochromatic and asymmetrical wave fields. Also, the min-
examine effectiveness of the proposed plot by considering a few di-
gling among Greater Order Spectrum and CFD is affirmed on three hour
rect/nonlinear numerical models, including introductory esteem issue,
eccentric wave inciting. At last, a re-enactment of a 3D preposterous
(1+1) - D space appropriated request Burgers’ condition, and (1+2) - D
wave meeting a complete size compartment transport is showed up.
two-sided space appropriated request nonlinear response dissemination Shen et al.104 discussed the rank figures in the networks in Fourier-
condition. and Chebyshev-ghastly strategies for differential conditions with vari-
Agarwal and El-Sayed102 presented, new numerical system for un- able coefficients in a single measurement. They proved logically that
raveling the partial request dispersion condition is presented. This the given networks have an alleged low-position property, for consis-
system fundamentally relies upon the Non-Standard limited contrast tent or smooth variable coefficients, yet in addition for coefficients
technique (NSFD) and Chebyshev collocation strategy, where the par- with soak angles or potentially high varieties (enormous proportions
tial subordinates are depicted as far as the Caputo sense. The Chebyshev in their most extreme least capacity esteems). We build up a frame-
collocation strategy with the (NSFD) technique is utilized to change work free direct unearthly solver, which utilizes just few lattice vector
over the issue into an arrangement of logarithmic conditions. These items to develop an organized guess to the first discretized grid A,
conditions settled numerically utilizing Newton’s cycle strategy. The without the need to expressly shape A. Then it is trailed by quick
appropriateness, unwavering quality, and proficiency of the introduced organized framework factorizations and arrangements. Numerical tests
method are shown through some given numerical models. for a few significant however famously troublesome issues show the

9
N. Rai and S. Mondal Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 4 (2021) 100043

predominant productivity and exactness of their direct otherworldly Declaration of competing interest
solver, particularly when iterative strategies have serious challenges in
the intermingling. The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
Huang et al.105 discussed a non-polynomial otherworldly Petrov– cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
Galerkin technique and its related collocation strategy for considerable influence the work reported in this paper.
fragmentary differential conditions are proposed, broke down, and
tried. They altered a class of summed up Laguerre polynomials to Acknowledgment
frame their preliminary premise and test premise. Lest an appropriate
scaling of these bases, our Petrov–Galerkin strategy brings about corner Authors are thankful to Amity University, Kolkata- 700135, West
to corner and very much adapted direct frameworks for particular Bengal, India for the necessary support for this work.
sorts of fragmentary differential conditions. Meanwhile, we give su-
References
per convergence purposes of the Petrov–Galerkin estimate for related
fragmentary subsidiary and capacity estimation of genuine arrange- 1. Sadeghi MS, Tayebi T, Dogonchi AS, Nayak MK, Waqas M. Analysis of
ment. Furthermore, we present unequivocal fragmentary differential thermal behavior of magnetic buoyancy-driven flow in ferrofluid–filled wavy
collocation frameworks dependent on Laguerre–Gauss–Radau focuses. enclosure furnished with two circular cylinders. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf.
2021;120:104951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2020.104951.
Henceforth it is important that the proposed techniques permit them to
2. Dogonchi AS, Waqas M, Seyyedi SM, Tilehnoee MH, Ganji DD. A modified
modify a parameter in the premise as per distinctive offered informa- fourier approach for analysis of nanofluid heat generation within a semi-
tion to expand the intermingling rate. Every one of these discoveries circular enclosure subjected to MFD viscosity. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf.
have been demonstrated thoroughly in our intermingling investigation 2020;111:104430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2019.104430.
3. Sadeghi MS, Dogonchi AS, Ghodrat M, Chamkha AJ, Alhumade H, Karimi N.
and affirmed in our numerical tests.
Natural convection of CuO-water nanofluid in a conventional oil/water separator
Shi et al.106 discussed Chebyshev unearthly collocation guess for cavity: Application to combined-cycle power plants. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng.
high-request nonlinear Volterra integro-differential conditions. Within 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2021.03.031.
sensible presumptions of the nonlinearity, it is demonstrated that this 4. Dogonchi AS, Mishra SR, Karimi N, Chamkha AJ, Alhumade H. Interaction
of fusion temperature on the magnetic free convection of nano-encapsulated
numeric strategy combines exponentially in both L∞-standard and L2- phase change materials within two rectangular fins-equipped porous enclosure.
standard. Numerical aftereffects of a few test models are introduced J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng. 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2021.03.010.
and correlations are made with some current numerical strategies 5. Seyyedi SM, Dogonchi AS, Tilehnoee MH, Waqas M, Ganji DD. Investigation
to demonstrate the predominance and the viability of the proposed of entropy generation in a square inclined cavity using control volume fi-
nite element method with aided quadratic Lagrange interpolation functions.
technique. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf. 2020;110:104398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.
The three-dimensional (3D) nanofluid flow among the rotating cir- icheatmasstransfer.2019.104398.
cular plates filled with nanoparticles and gyrotactic microorganisms 6. Molana M, Dogonchi AS, Armaghani T, Chamkha AJ, Ganji DD, Tlili I. Investi-
gation of hydrothermal behavior of Fe3O4-H2O nanofluid natural convection
is studied and a differential transform scheme with the Padé approx-
in a novel shape of porous cavity subjected to magnetic field dependent
imation is used to solve the coupled highly this nonlinear ordinary (MFD) viscosity. J Energy Storage. 2020;30:101395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
differential equations is studied by Zhang et al.107 Arain et al.108 j.est.2020.101395.
studied the flow behavior betwixt a pair of rotating circular plates filled 7. Wright K. Chebyshev collocation methods for ordinary differential equations.
Comput J. 1964;6(4):358–365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/6.4.358.
with Carreau fluid under the suspension of nanoparticles and motile
8. Scraton RE. The solution of linear differential equations in Chebyshev series.
gyrotactic microorganisms in the presence of generalized magnetic Comput J. 1965;8(1):57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/8.1.57.
Reynolds number and differential transform method (DTM) with a 9. Canuto C, Hussaini MY, Quarteroni A, Zang TA. Spectral Methods in
combination of Padé approximation is used to get solutions to the Fluid Dynamics. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zamm.
19890690715.
coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). 10. Trefethen LN. Spectral Methods in MATLAB. SIAM; 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.
1137/1.9780898719598.
11. Ganapol BD. Highly accurate solutions of the Blasius and Falkner-Skan boundary
12. Conclusions
layer equations via convergence acceleration. 2010 https://ui.adsabs.harvard.
edu/abs/2010arXiv1006.3888G, arXiv e-prints.
This article gave an overview of research in the past five years 12. Motsa SS, Sibanda P, Awad FG, Shateyi S. A new spectral-homotopy
analysis method for the MHD Jeffery–Hamel problem. Comput Fluids.
relating to the development of new algorithms that use spectral meth- 2010;39(7):1219–1225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2010.03.004.
ods for solving fluid flow problems. The new approaches such as the 13. Motsa SS, Sibanda P, Shateyi S. A new spectral–homotopy analysis
SRM, SLLM, SQLM, SLM, SPM, PSLM and the SHAM have been used method for solving a nonlinear second order BVP. Commun Nonlinear Sci.
successfully to solve initial–boundary value problems. 2010;15(9):2293–2302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2009.09.019.
14. Makukula ZG, Sibanda P, Motsa SS, Shateyi S. On new numerical techniques for
In Table 1, we give a summary of the advantages and disadvantage the MHD flow past a shrinking sheet with heat and mass transfer in the presence
of the different spectral methods at a glance. The methods discussed in of a chemical reaction. Math Probl Eng. 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/
this paper remain to be tested and validated for a wide range of nonlin- 489217, Article ID 489217.
15. Atabakan ZP, Kılıcman A, Nasab AK. On spectral homotopy analysis method for
ear problems in engineering and science. However, some preliminary
solving linear Volterra and Fredholm integrodifferential equations. Abstr Appl
conclusions relating to the various methods are as follows. Anal. 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/960289, Article ID 960289.
1. A wide variety of PDEs and ODEs can be easily solved by the new 16. Atabakan ZP, Nasab AK, Kılıçman A, Eshkuvatov ZK. Numerical solution of non-
spectral based methods paralleled to outdated means linear Fredholm integro-differential equations using spectral homotopy analysis
method. Math Probl Eng. 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/674364, Article
2. The methods are computationally efficient, minimizing CPU time ID 674364.
3. They significantly minimize the number of iterative steps re- 17. Nik HS, Effati S, Motsa SS, Shirazian M. Spectral homotopy analysis method and
quired to obtain convergent result. In most instances fewer than six its convergence for solving a class of nonlinear optimal control problems. Numer
Algorithms. 2014;65:171–194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11075-013-9700-4.
iterations are required. 18. Motsa SS. On the optimal auxiliary linear operator for the spectral homotopy
4. The results are more accurate associated to other old-fashioned analysis method solution of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Math Probl
numerical methods Eng. 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/697845, Article ID 697845.
19. Motsa SS. On the practical use of the spectral homotopy analysis method and
In conclusion, it is worth noting that in almost all instances, no
local linearization method for unsteady boundary-layer flows caused by an
rigorous proof of convergence has been provided. Where given, the rate impulsively stretching plate. Numer Algorithms. 2014;66:865–883. http://dx.doi.
of convergence has been arrived at through numerical experimentation. org/10.1007/s11075-013-9766-z.

10
N. Rai and S. Mondal Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 4 (2021) 100043

20. Makukula ZG, Motsa SS. Spectral homotopy analysis method for PDEs that model 44. Bhatti MM, Shahid A, Rashidi MM. Numerical simulation of fluid flow over
the unsteady Von Kàrmàn swirling flow. J Appl Fluid Mech. 2014;7(4):711–718. a shrinking porous sheet by successive linearization method. Alexandria Eng J.
http://dx.doi.org/10.36884/jafm.7.04.21996. 2016;55(1):51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.01.015.
21. Moghtadaei M, Nik HS, Abbasbandy SA. Spectral method for the electro- 45. Seth GS, Kumar B, Nandkeolyar R. MHD mixed convection stagnation point
hydrodynamic flow in a circular cylindrical conduit. Chin Ann Math Ser B. flow of a micropolar nanofluid adjacent to stretching sheet: A revised model
2015;36(2):307–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11401-015-0882-z. with successive linearization method. J Nanofluids. 2019;8(3):620–630. http:
22. Sibanda P, Motsa S, Makukula Z. A spectral homotopy analysis method //dx.doi.org/10.1166/jon.2019.1613.
for heat transfer flow of a third grade fluid between parallel plates. Int J 46. Motsa SS. A new spectral local linearization method for nonlinear boundary layer
Numer Methods Heat Fluid Flow. 2012;22(1):4–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ flow problems. J Appl Math. 2013:15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/423628,
09615531211188766. Article ID 423628.
23. Motsa SS, Nik HS, Effati S, Saberinadjafi J. On the piecewise-spectral homotopy 47. Shateyi S, Marewo GT. On a new numerical analysis of the hall effect on MHD
analysis method and its convergence: solution of hyperchaotic Lü system. J flow and heat transfer over an unsteady stretching permeable surface in the
Numer Math. 2014;22(4):343–362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jnma-2014-0015. presence of thermal radiation and heat source/sink. Bound Value Probl. 2014.
24. Nik HS, Effati S, Motsa SS, Shateyi S. A new piecewise-spectral homotopy analysis http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13661-014-0170-y, Article number: 170.
method for solving chaotic systems of initial value problems. Math Probl Eng. 48. Motsa SS, Awad FG, Khumalo M. Nonlinear nanofluid flow over heated vertical
2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/583193, Article ID 583193. surface with sinusoidal wall temperature variations. Abstr Appl Anal. 2014.
25. Lindvall K, Scheffel J. A time-spectral method for initial-value problems using http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/408230, Article ID 408230.
a novel spatial subdomain scheme. Cogent Math Stat. 2018;5(1):1529280. http: 49. Motsa SS. On the practical use of the spectral homotopy analysis method and
//dx.doi.org/10.1080/25742558.2018.1529280. local linearisation method for unsteady boundary-layer flows caused by an
26. Mahmood A, Md. Basir MF, Ali U, Kasihmuddin MSM, Mansor MA. Numerical impulsively stretching plate. Numer Algorithms. 2014;66:865–883. http://dx.doi.
solutions of heat transfer for magnetohydrodynamic Jeffery–Hamel flow using org/10.1007/s11075-013-9766-z.
spectral homotopy analysis method. Processes. 2019;7(9):626. http://dx.doi.org/ 50. Sithole HM, Mondal S, Sibanda P, Motsa SS. An unsteady MHD Maxwell
10.3390/pr7090626. nanofluid flow with convective boundary conditions using spectral local lin-
27. Motsa SS, Sandile P, Makukula Z. On a bivariate spectral homotopy analysis earization method. Open Phys. 2017;15(1):637–646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/
method for unsteady mixed convection boundary layer flow, heat and mass phys-2017-0074.
transfer due to a stretching surface in a rotating fluid. J Appl Math. 2017. 51. Shrivastava K, Blyton CAJ, Sharma MM. Local linearization method for
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5962073, Article ID 5962073. efficient solution of coupled fluid flow and geomechanics problem. In:
28. Motsa SS, Marewo GT, Sibanda P, Shateyi S. An improved spectral homotopy Paper Presented At the 51st U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Sympo-
analysis method for solving boundary layer problems. Bound Value Probl. 2011. sium. 2017. https://onepetro.org/ARMAUSRMS/proceedings-abstract/ARMA17/
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1687-2770-2011-3, Article number: 3. All-ARMA17/ARMA-2017-0237/124161.
52. Shaw S, Motsa S, Sibanda P. Nanofluid flow over three different geometries
29. Shajari PS, Shidfar A. Application of weighted homotopy analysis method to
under viscous dissipation and thermal radiation using the local linearization
solve an inverse source problem for wave equation. Inverse Probl Sci Eng.
method. Heat Transf-Asian Res. 2019;48(6):2370–2386. http://dx.doi.org/10.
2018;27(1):61–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17415977.2018.1442447.
1002/htj.21497.
30. Akram G, Sadaf M. Solution of damped generalized regularized long-
53. Magagula VM. On the multidomain bivariate spectral local linearisation method
wave equation using a modified homotopy analysis method. Indian J Phys.
for solving systems of nonsimilar boundary layer partial differential equations.
2017;92:191–196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12648-017-1096-x.
Int J Math Math Sci. 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6423294, Article ID
31. Chaharborj S, Moameni A. Spectral-homotopy analysis of MHD non-
6423294.
orthogonal stagnation point flow of a nanofluid. J Appl Math Comput Mech.
54. Bhatti MM, Shahid A, Abbas T, Alamri SZ, Ellahi R. Study of activation energy
2018;17(1):15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17512/jamcm.2018.1.02.
on the movement of gyrotactic microorganism in a magnetized nanofluids past
32. Noeiaghdam S, Araghi MAF, Abbasbandy S. Finding optimal convergence control
a porous plate. Processes. 2020;8(3):328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8030328.
parameter in the homotopy analysis method to solve integral equations based
55. Shahid A, Huang HL, Khalique CM, Bhatti. Numerical analysis of activation
on the stochastic arithmetic. Numer Algorithms. 2019;81:237–267. http://dx.doi.
energy on MHD nanofluid flow with exponential temperature-dependent viscosity
org/10.1007/s11075-018-0546-7.
past a porous plate. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2021:1432585–1432596. http://dx.
33. Motsa SS. New algorithm for solving non-linear BVPs in heat transfer.
doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-10295-9.
Int J Model Simul Sci Comput. 2011;2(3):355–373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/
56. Motsa SS, Dlamini PG, Khumalo M. Spectral relaxation method and spectral
S1793962311000499.
quasilinearization method for solving unsteady boundary layer flow prob-
34. Motsa SS. A new piecewise-quasilinearization method for solving chaotic systems
lems. Adv Math Phys. 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/341964, Article ID
of initial value problems. Cent Eur J Phys. 2012;10(4):936–946. http://dx.doi.
341964.
org/10.2478/s11534-011-0124-2.
57. Nadeem S, Mehmood R, Motsa SS. Numerical investigation on MHD oblique
35. Motsa SS, Khan Y, Shateyi S. Application of piecewise successive linearization flow of Walter’s B type nano fluid over a convective surface. Int J Therm Sci.
method for the solutions of the Chen chaotic system. J Appl Math. 2012:12. 2015;92:162–172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2015.01.034.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/258948, Article ID 258948. 58. Alharbey RA, Mondal H, Behl R. Spectral quasi-linearization method for
36. Motsa SS, Sibanda P. A multistage linearisation approach to four-dimensional non-Darcy porous medium with convective boundary condition. Entropy.
hyper-chaotic system with cubic nonlinearity. Nonlinear Dyn. 2012;70:651–657. 2019;21(9):838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21090838.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11071-012-0484-1. 59. Magagula VM, Motsa SS. On the bivariate spectral quasilinearization method for
37. Nandkeolyar R, Motsa SS, Sibanda P. Viscous and joule heating in the stagnation nonlinear boundary layer partial differential equations. In: Appl Heat Mass Fld
point nanofluid flow through a stretching sheet with homogenous–heterogeneous Bound Layers. Woodhead Publishing; 2020:177–190.
reactions and nonlinear convection. J Nanotechnol Eng Med. 2013;4(4):9. http: 60. Magagula VM, Motsa SS, Sibanda P. A multi-domain bivariate Pseudospectral
//dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4027435, 041002. method for evolution equations. Int J Comput Methods. 2016;14(4):27. http:
38. Khidir AA, Sibanda P. On a linearization method for MHD flow past a rotating //dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0219876217500414, 1750041.
disk in porous medium with cross diffusion and hall effects. J Porous Media. 61. Goqo S, Mondal S, Sibanda P, Motsa SS. Efficient multi-domain bivariate
2013;16(11):1011–1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/JPorMedia.v16.i11.40. spectral collocation solution for MHD laminar natural convection flow from
39. Khidir AA. Viscous dissipation ohmic heating and radiation effects on MHD flow a vertical permeable flat plate with uniform surface temperature and thermal
past a rotating disk embedded in a porous medium with variable properties. radiation. Int J Comput Methods. 2019;16(6):1840029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/
Arab J Math. 2013;2:263–277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40065-013-0072-3. S0219876218400297.
40. Oyelakin IS, Mondal S, Sibanda P. A multi-domain spectral method for non- 62. Motsa SS, Mutua FS, Shateyi S. Solving nonlinear parabolic partial differential
darcian mixed convection flow in a power-law fluid with viscous dissipation. equations using multidomain bivariate spectral collocation method. In: Nonlinear
Phys Chem Liq. 2018;56(6):771–789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00319104.2017. Syst-Des Anal Est Control. Intech Open; 2016:2–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/
1399265. 64600.
41. Sidahmed AOM, Salah F. Numerical solution of boundary layer flow of vis- 63. Olsson C, Eriksson AP, Kahl F. Improved spectral relaxation methods for binary
cous fluid via successive linearization method. Curr Trends Comput Sci Appl. quadratic optimization problems. Comput Vis Image Underst. 2008;112(1):3–13.
2018;1(2):28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32474/CTCSA.2018.01.000108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cviu.2008.05.010.
42. Kumar B, Seth G, Nandkeolyar R. Regression model and successive lineariza- 64. Kameswaran PK, Sibanda P, Motsa SS. A spectral relaxation method for thermal
tion approach to analyse stagnation point micropolar nanofluid flow over a dispersion and radiation effects in a nanofluid flow. Bound Value Probl. 2013.
stretching sheet in a porous medium with nonlinear thermal radiation. Phys Scr. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1687-2770-2013-242, Article number 242.
2019;94(11):115211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ab2078. 65. Motsa SS, Makukula ZG. On spectral relaxation method approach for steady
43. Verma VK, Mondal S. A brief review of numerical methods for heat and mass von Kármán flow of a Reiner-Rivlin fluid with Joule heating, viscous dissipation
transfer of Casson fluids. Partial Differ Equ Appl Math. 2021;3:100034. http: and suction/injection. Cent Eur J Phys. 2013;11(3):363–374. http://dx.doi.org/
//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.padiff.2021.100034. 10.2478/s11534-013-0182-8.

11
N. Rai and S. Mondal Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 4 (2021) 100043

66. Kameswaran PK, Makukula ZG, Sibanda P, Motsa SS, Murthy PVSN. A new 87. Agarwal P, El-Sayed A. Non-standard finite difference and Chebyshev collocation
algorithm for internal heat generation in nanofluid flow due to a stretch- methods for solving fractional diffusion equation. Physica A. 2018;500:40–49.
ing sheet in a porous medium. Internat J Numer Methods Heat Fluid Flow. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2018.02.014.
2014;24(5):1020–1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/HFF-10-2012-0224. 88. Govorukhin VN, Filimonova AM. Numerical calculation of planar geophysical
67. Awad FG, Motsa S, Khumalo M. Heat and mass transfer in unsteady rotating flows of an inviscid incompressible fluid by a meshfree-spectral method. Comput
fluid flow with binary chemical reaction and activation energy. PLoS One. Res Model. 2019;11(3):413–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.20537/2076-7633-2019-
2014;9(9):2–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107622, e107622. 11-3-413-426.
68. Motsa SS. A new spectral relaxation method for similarity variable nonlinear 89. Hussain M, Haq S, Ghafoor A, Ali I. Numerical solutions of time-fractional
boundary layer flow systems. Chem Eng Commun. 2014;201(2):241–256. http: coupled viscous Burgers’ equations using meshfree spectral method. Comput Appl
//dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986445.2013.766882. Math. 2020;39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40314-019-0985-3, Article number:
69. Haroun NA, Sibanda P, Mondal S, Motsa SS. On unsteady MHD mixed convection 6.
in a nanofluid due to a stretching/shrinking surface with suction/injection using 90. Goyal K, Mehra M. An adaptive Meshfree spectral graph wavelet method for
the spectral relaxation method. Bound Value Probl. 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10. partial differential equations. Appl Numer Math. 2017;113:168–185. http://dx.
1186/s13661-015-0289-5, Article number: 24. doi.org/10.1016/j.apnum.2016.11.011.
70. Motsa SS, Dlamini P, Khumalo M. A new multistage spectral relaxation method 91. Kansa E. Ideal and computer mathematics applied to meshfree methods. AIP Conf
for solving chaotic initial value systems. Nonlinear Dyn. 2013;72:265–283. http: Proc. 2016;1773:5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4964957, 020003.
//dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11071-012-0712-8. 92. Haq S, Hussain M. Application of meshfree spectral method for solutions of
71. Motsa SS, Dlamini PG, Khumalo M. Solving hyperchaotic systems using the multi-dimensional time -fractional Sobolev equations. Eng Anal Bound Elem.
spectral relaxation method. Abstr Appl Anal. 2012:18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/ 2019;106:201–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enganabound.2019.04.036.
2012/203461, Article ID 203461. 93. Makukula ZG, Sibanda P, Motsa SS. A note on the solution of the von karman
72. Dlamini PG, Khumalo M, Motsa SS. A note on the multi-stage spectral relaxation equations using series and Chebyshev spectral methods. Bound Value Probl. 2010.
method for chaos control and synchronization. Int J Nonlinear Sci Numer Simul. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/471793, Article ID: 471793.
2014;15(5):289–298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijnsns-2013-0054. 94. Koç AB, Kurnaz A. A new kind of double Chebyshev polynomial approximation
73. Nik HS, Rebelo P. Multistage spectral relaxation method for solving the hyper- on unbounded domains. Bound Value Probl. 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/
chaotic complex systems. Sci World J. 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/ 1687-2770-2013-10, Article number: 10.
943293, Article ID 943293. 95. Sibanda P, Khidir AA, Awad FG. On cross-diffusion effects on flow over a
74. Gangadhar K, Kumar VD, Rao MVS, Kannan T, Sakthivel G. Effects of Newtonian vertical surface using a linearization method. Bound Value Probl. 2012. http:
heating on the boundary layer flow of non-Newtonian magnetohydrodynamic //dx.doi.org/10.1186/1687-2770-2012-25, Article number: 25.
nanofluid over a stretched plate using spectral relaxation method. Int J Ambient 96. Khidir AA. A new spectral-homotopy perturbation method and its application to
Energy. 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2019.1694585. Jeffery–Hamel nanofluid flow with high magnetic field. J Comput Phys. 2013:10.
75. Haroun N, Mondal S, Sibanda P. Effects of thermal radiation on mixed convection http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/939143, Article ID 939143.
in a MHD nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet using a spectral relaxation 97. Khidir AA. Spectral-homotopy perturbation method for solving governing MHD
method. Int J Math Comput Sci. 2017;11(2):33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/ Jeffery–Hamel problem. J Comput Phys. 2014:7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/
zenodo.1339868. 2014/512702, Article ID 512702.
76. Alao F, Boneze CU, Fagbade AI. Soret and dufour effects on heat and mass 98. Rezazadeh A, Mahmoudi M, Darehmiraki M. Space–time spectral collocation
transfer of boundary layer flow over porous wedge with thermal radiation: method for one-dimensional PDE constrained optimization. Int J. Control.
Bivariate spectral relaxation method. Am J Chem Eng. 2019;7(1):7–21. http: 2020;93(5):1231–1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207179.2018.1501161.
//dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20190701.12. 99. Moutsinga CRB, Pindza E, Maré E. Homotopy perturbation transform method for
77. Do Y, Ramesh GK, Roopa GS, Sankar M. Navier’s slip condition on time pricing under pure diffusion models with affine coefficients. J King Saud Univ
dependent Darcy–Forchheimer nanofluid using spectral relaxation method. J Cent Sci. 2016;30(1):1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2016.09.004.
South Univ. 2019;26:2000–2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-019-4147-y. 100. Garrido O, Timperi A, Shawish SEl, Cizelj L. Comparison of Spectral methods
78. Magagula VM, Motsa SS, Sibanda P, Dlamini P. On a bivariate spectral relaxation with CFD simulation of turbulent fluid mixing. In: The 24th International
method for unsteady magneto-hydrodynamic flow in porous media. Springer Plus. Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology, Vol. D4-S3-P2. Busan,
2016;5:455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2053-4. Korea: BEXCO; 2017.
79. Motsa SS, Magagula VM, Sibanda P. On multi-domain spectral relaxation method 101. Kharazmi E, Zayernouri M. Fractional pseudo-spectral methods for distributed-
for chaotic systems of ordinary differential equations. In: Powell V, ed. Chaotic order fractional PDEs. Int J Comput Math. 2018;95(6–7):1340–1361. http://dx.
Systems: Dyn Algo Sync. Nova Science Publishers, Inc; 2017:29–52. doi.org/10.1080/00207160.2017.1421949.
80. Motsa SS. On the bivariate spectral homotopy analysis method approach for 102. Agarwal P, El-Sayed A. Non-standard finite difference and Chebyshev collocation
solving nonlinear evolution partial differential equations. Abstr Appl Anal. 2014:8. methods for solving fractional diffusion equation. Physica A. 2018;500:40–49.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/350529, Article ID 350529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2018.02.014.
81. Motsa SS, Magagula VM, Sibanda P. A bivariate Chebyshev spectral collocation 103. Gatin I, Vukcevic V, Jasak H. A framework for efficient irregular wave simula-
quasilinearization method for nonlinear evolution parabolic equations. Sci World tions using higher order spectral method coupled with viscous two phase model.
J. 2014:13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/581987, Article ID 581987. J Ocean Eng Sci. 2017;2(4):253–267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joes.2017.09.
82. Goqo S, Oloniiju S, Mondal H, Sibanda P, Motsa S. Entropy generation in 003.
MHD radiative viscous nanofluid flow over a porous wedge using the bivariate 104. Shen J, Wang Y, Xia J. Fast structured direct spectral methods for differential
spectral quasi-linearization method. Case Stud Therm Eng. 2018;12:774–788. equations with variable coefficients, I. the One-dimensional case. SIAM J Sci
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2018.10.005. Comput. 2016;38(1):27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/140986815, A28-A54.
83. Luo XH, Li BW, Zhang JK, Hu ZM. Simulation of thermal radiation effects 105. Huang C, Zhang Z, Song Q. Spectral methods for substantial fractional differential
on MHD free convection in a square cavity using the chebyshev collocation equations. J Sci Comput. 2018;74:1554–1574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10915-
spectral method. Numer Heat Transf: Part A Appl. 2014;66(7):792–815. http: 017-0506-8.
//dx.doi.org/10.1080/10407782.2013.873293. 106. Shi X, Huang F, Hu H. Convergence analysis of spectral methods for high-
84. Ali KK, Md AAbdElSalam, Mohamed EM. Chebyshev operational matrix for order nonlinear Volterra integro-differential equations. Comput Appl Math.
solving fractional order delay-differential equations using spectral collocation 2019;38(2):56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40314-019-0827-3.
method. Arab J Basic Appl Sci. 2019;26(1):342–353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/ 107. Zhang L, Arain MB, Bhatti MM, Zeeshan A, Sulami HH. Effects of magnetic
25765299.2019.1629543. Reynolds number on swimming of gyrotactic microorganisms between rotating
85. Boyd J. Five themes in Chebyshev spectral methods applied to the regularized circular plates filled with nanofluids. Appl Math Mech Engl Ed. 2020;41:637–654.
charney eigenproblem: Extra numerical boundary conditions, a boundary-layer- http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10483-020-2599-7.
resolving change of coordinate, parameterizing a curve which is singular at 108. Arain MB, Bhatti MM, Zeeshan A, Saeed T, Hobiny A. Analysis of arrhenius
an endpoint, extending the tau method to log-and-polynomials and finding the kinetics on multiphase flow between a pair of rotating circular plates. Math Probl
roots of a polynomial-and-log approximation. Math Appl. 2016;71(6):1227–1241. Eng. 2020:17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2749105, Article ID 2749105.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.camwa.2016.01.018.
86. Shi X, Chen Y. Spectral-collocation method for volterra delay integro - differential
equations with weakly singular kernels. Adv Appl Math Mech. 2016;8:648–669.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/aamm.2015.m1088.

12