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Revelation 12 22 1st Edition Peter J. Leithart Digital
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Author(s): Peter J. Leithart
ISBN(s): 9780567683212, 0567683214
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Year: 2018
Language: english
i

The International Theological

Commentary on the Holy
Scripture of the Old and New
Testaments

General Editors
Michael Allen
of Reformed Theological Seminary, USA
and
Scott R. Swain
of Reformed Theological Seminary, USA

Consulting Editors
Mark Gignilliat
of Beeson Divinity School, USA
Matthew Levering
of the University of St. Mary of the Lake, USA
C. Kavin Rowe
of Duke Divinity School, USA
Daniel J. Treier
of Wheaton College, USA

9780567036452_pi-456.indd i 12/7/2017 1:24:58 PM

ii

9780567036452_pi-456.indd ii 12/7/2017 1:24:58 PM

iii

Revelation 12–22

Peter J. Leithart

Bloomsbury T&T Clark

An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc

LON DON • OX F O R D • N E W YO R K • N E W D E L H I • SY DN EY

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iv

Bloomsbury T&T Clark

An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc
Imprint previously known as T&T Clark
50 Bedford Square 1385 Broadway
London New York
WC1B 3DP NY 10018
UK USA
www.bloomsbury.com
BLOOMSBURY, T&T CLARK and the Diana logo are trademarks of
Bloomsbury Publishing Plc
First published 2018
© Peter J. Leithart, 2018
Peter J. Leithart has asserted his right under the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Author of this work.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval
system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers.
No responsibility for loss caused to any individual or organization
acting on or refraining from action as a result of the material in this
publication can be accepted by Bloomsbury or the author.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN: HB: 978-0-5670-3645-2
ePDF: 978-0-5676-6492-1
ePub: 978-0-5676-8321-2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
Typeset by Newgen KnowledgeWorks Pvt. Ltd., Chennai, India
Printed and bound in Great Britain

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v

Contents

General Editors’ Preface vi

Acknowledgments and Dedication viii
Permissions x

1. IV.4. In Spirit in Heaven: Dragon, Beasts,

Saints—​Rev. 12:1–​15:4 1
2. IV.5. In Spirit in Heaven: Seven Bowls—​Rev. 15:5–​16:21 127
3. V.1. In Spirit in the Wilderness: Harlot and Beast—
​Rev. 17:1–​18 163
4. V.2. In Spirit in the Wilderness: Fallen Is Babylon—​
Rev. 18:1–​19:10 209
5. V.3. In Spirit in the Wilderness: Triumph, Millennium,
New Creation—​Rev. 19:11–​21:8 269
6. VI. In Spirit on the Mountain—​Rev. 21:9–​22:5 357
7. VII. The End of the End: Come, Lord Jesus—​Rev. 22:6–​20 411

Bibliography 449
Author Index 457
Biblical Index 460
Subject Index 482
vi

General Editors’ Preface

The T&T Clark International Theological Commentary Series aims to offer

interpretation of the Bible that addresses its theological subject matter, glean-
ing from the best of the classical and the modern commentary traditions and
showing the doctrinal development of scriptural truths. In so doing, it seeks
to reconnect to the ecclesial tradition of biblical commentary as an effort
in ressourcement, though not slavish repetition. Alert to tendencies toward
atomism, historicism, and skepticism, the series seeks to offer a corrective to
the widespread pathologies of academic study of the Bible in the modern era.
In contrast to modern study of the Bible as a collection of witnesses (frag-
mented and diverse) to ancient religious beliefs and practices, this series
reflects upon Holy Scripture as a common witness from and of the triune
God of the gospel. These interpretations will give priority to analysis of the
scriptural text as such, reading any given passage not only in its most imme-
diate context but also according to its canonical location, in light of what has
historically been termed the analogia scripturae. In so doing, however, the
series does not mandate any uniform approach to modern critical methods
or to the appropriation of classical reading practices; the manner in which
canonical reading occurs will follow the textual form and subject matter of
the text rather than dictate them.
Whereas much modern biblical criticism has operated on the presump-
tion that the doctrinal resources of the church are a hindrance to the exegeti-
cal and historical task, commentaries in this series will demonstrate a posture
of dependence upon the creedal and confessional heritage of the church.
As Zacharius Ursinus noted centuries ago, the catechetical and doctrinal
resources of the church are meant to flow from and lead back unto a cogent
reading of the biblical canon. In so doing, the reception history of the text
will be viewed as a help and not merely an obstacle to understanding por-
tions of Holy Scripture. Without mandating a particular confessional posi-
tion (whether Eastern or Western, Roman or Protestant), the volumes will be
marked by a creedal and confessional alertness.
Finally, commentary serves to illumine the text to readers and, thus, does
well to attend not only to the original horizon of the text but also to its tar-
get audience(s). Unfortunately, much biblical interpretation in the modern
academy (from both its more liberal and conservative wings) operates as if a
sharp divide should be drawn between the source horizon and the receptive
horizon. This series, however, gestures toward contextual concerns regarding

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vii

General Editors’ Preface vii

how the biblical literature impinges upon, comes into confrontation with, or
aligns with contemporary questions. While the series does not do the work
of homiletics, the commentator ought to exposit with an eye to that end and
an ear to those concerns.
In seeking to honor these canonical, creedal, and contextual commit-
ments, then, the T&T Clark International Theological Commentary Series
will include sequential commentary on the totality of scriptural books,
though the format of volumes will be shaped by the specific demands of the
various biblical texts being expounded. Commentators will provide English
translations or make use of widely known contemporary translations of
varying sorts, but their exposition will be based ultimately upon the origi-
nal language(s). Commentators will be selected for their capabilities as both
exegetical and dogmatic theologians, demonstrated in linguistic and literary
facility, creedal and confessional clarity, and an ability to relate the two ana-
lytic exercises of dogmatic reasoning and exegetical reasoning. Through its
principles, format, and selective criteria for commentators, the series intends
to further sketch and, in so doing, show the significance of a theological read-
ing of Holy Scripture in the modern era.
Michael Allen and Scott Swain

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vii

General Editors’ Preface vii

how the biblical literature impinges upon, comes into confrontation with, or
aligns with contemporary questions. While the series does not do the work
of homiletics, the commentator ought to exposit with an eye to that end and
an ear to those concerns.
In seeking to honor these canonical, creedal, and contextual commit-
ments, then, the T&T Clark International Theological Commentary Series
will include sequential commentary on the totality of scriptural books,
though the format of volumes will be shaped by the specific demands of the
various biblical texts being expounded. Commentators will provide English
translations or make use of widely known contemporary translations of
varying sorts, but their exposition will be based ultimately upon the origi-
nal language(s). Commentators will be selected for their capabilities as both
exegetical and dogmatic theologians, demonstrated in linguistic and literary
facility, creedal and confessional clarity, and an ability to relate the two ana-
lytic exercises of dogmatic reasoning and exegetical reasoning. Through its
principles, format, and selective criteria for commentators, the series intends
to further sketch and, in so doing, show the significance of a theological read-
ing of Holy Scripture in the modern era.
Michael Allen and Scott Swain

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viii

Acknowledgments and Dedication

By the time I submitted the final draft of this commentary, it had been seven
years since I signed a contract to write it. The book consists of seven major
sections and fourteen chapters. After seven years of studying the Apocalypse,
I have a perhaps unhealthy obsession with numerical sequences, but I sus-
pect that even without that study I would be startled by the numerological
symmetry of the book’s production and format.
I have had many (probably a multiple of seven, or twelve) opportuni-
ties to present portions of this book over the past seven years. Naturally,
I worked Revelation into as many different lectures and projects as I could
get away with.
Long before I began this work, I had presented superficial overviews of
Revelation for many years in my theology course at New St. Andrews College,
Moscow, Idaho. During my last year of full time teaching in Moscow, I was
allowed to offer a more detailed elective course on the book. Near the begin-
ning of my study for the commentary, I delivered a series of lectures at Christ
Covenant Church of Chicago. I am grateful to elders Leo Kou and David
Rapp for the invitation and the opportunity to outline my initial thoughts.
I taught through the book in two different churches. I started in 2010 or
so at Trinity Reformed Church in Moscow, Idaho, but was unable to com-
plete the book before moving South. I started over at Trinity Presbyterian
Church, Birmingham, making sure I worked fast enough to finish the whole
thing. Thanks to the regulars in both classes, and especially to the pastors of
those churches—Toby Sumpter, Joshua Appel, Rich Lusk, and Jimmy Gill—
for giving me these venues. James Jordan and I taught a Theopolis Institute
intensive course on Revelation in the spring of 2015; the concentrated format
of that course clarified a number of key issues and, as always, I learned much
from Jim’s lectures.
Bits and pieces of this commentary have appeared in print elsewhere.
Modern Theology (28:4, 2012) published my essay on John’s initial vision of
Jesus as “imperial Lover.” First Things (January 2013) printed an essay on
the politics of martyrdom that brought together my work on Constantine
with my study of Revelation. In June 2013, I presented a lecture at Trinity
School of Ministry, Ambridge, Pennsylvania, on Tyconius’s Rules as applied
to Revelation. It was a yawner, and I am grateful to Joel Scandrett and oth-
ers at Trinity for their cheerful indulgence. That talk was later published in
Pro Ecclesia (23:4, 2014), and I am grateful to editor Joseph Mangina for his

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ix

Acknowledgments and Dedication ix

interest. When Gerald Hiestand invited me to give a talk at the first Center
for Pastor Theologians conference in November 2015, I folded in some of my
exegesis of Revelation 17. That lecture was published in Becoming a Pastor
Theologian, edited by Gerald and Todd Wilson.
I was honored by Scott Swain and Mike Allen’s invitation to make this
early contribution to the International Theological Commentary Series, and
I am grateful for their extensive and excellent feedback on the first draft of
the commentary, and for their patience with the eccentricities and flaws of
the book. Thanks too to Dominic Mattos at Bloomsbury for guiding the pro-
cess and to Ken Bruce, Kalyani, Sarah Blake, and the rest of the efficient and
talented production team. Ian Boxall served as an outside reader of the first
draft, and his comments and questions were especially helpful as I made
revisions.

***
For decades, my theological instincts and agenda have been profoundly
shaped by the work of, as well as friendship and collaboration with, James
Jordan. His work determined my approach to the Bible and to many theo-
logical questions. More specifically, his extensive studies in Revelation (more
than two hundred lectures) left a deep impression, as will be evident from the
numerous citations to his notes and essays scattered throughout this com-
mentary. One of the treasures afforded by my move to Birmingham and the
initiation of the Theopolis Institute has been the opportunity to work more
closely with him. Jim has played the role of Doktorvater for a very long time,
and I dedicate this commentary to him with affection and gratitude.
But Jim has to share the glory. I have made it a custom to dedicate books to
my children and, having outwritten my children, to my grandchildren, who
keep coming at just the right times, which is to say, in sync with book dead-
lines. My ninth grandchild, Phoebe Christian Leithart, was born between
submitting my second draft and final corrections, and I dedicate this book
to her: Though you may never read a word of this commentary, I trust that
you will live the life it describes—a life of faithful, courageous witness; a life
of worship and non-worship, devotion to God, and resolute resistance to all
idols; a life of fruitful membership in the body that is the Bride of Jesus, the
woman who is the glory of the Lamb. I trust that you will shine forever like a
star in the city of light. I love you already, and cannot wait to meet you.
Beth-Elim
Gardendale, Alabama
Lent 2017

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x

Permissions

Portions of this book are adapted from previously published texts. I am

grateful for permissions I have received to adapt and make use of these
articles here:
Between Babel and Beast (Theopolitical Visions) (2012). Cascade Books,
Eugene; Used by permission of Wipf and Stock Publishers. www.wipfand-
stock.com
Leithart, Peter J. (2013). “Witness unto Death: Christian Martyrdom Conquers
the Pretensions of Worldly Power,” First Things, America’s most influential
journal of religion and public life, New York.
Leithart, Peter J. (2014). “Revelation According to the Rules,” Pro Ecclesia
23.4: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, London, 380–99.
Leithart, Peter J. (2017). “The Look of Revelation: Christian Formation in Our
Apocalyptic Age,” Touchstone: A Journal of Mere Christianity, Fellowship of
St James, Illinois.

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1

IV.4. In Spirit in Heaven: Dragon, Beasts,

Saints—Rev. 12:1–15:4

Welcome back. If you are not coming back after finishing volume 1, you are
not welcome here. Read volume 1 first. That is an order.
As I was saying . . .
The Apocalypse is organized around four visions—a vision on Patmos,
a vision in heaven, a vision in the wilderness, a vision from the mountain; a
vision of the Son of man and a vision of a Lamb, then a vision of a false and
a true Brides. Each begins with John ἐν πνεύματι (1:10; 4:1; 17:1-2; 21:9-
10). The second vision is organized by three series of seven: Seven seals are
opened, seven trumpets blow, seven bowls are poured out. We have just
heard the last trump, and we are eager to see what happens next.
At the beginning of the second vision, John is summoned through a
door into heaven, where he observes a heavenly liturgy at the throne of the
Enthronement, led by four living creatures and twenty-four ancient ones. He
spies a sealed book to the right of the Enthronement, and as he watches, a
frantic search begins for One who is worthy to open the book. A Lion sud-
denly appears, looking for all the world like a slain Lamb standing in heaven,
who is worthy to take the book and open it. He is the heir of David, and the
book is his coronation gift. He will unseal the book so that the sealed con-
tents can be seen, read, enacted, so that God’s purposes will be fulfilled.
As the Lamb opens the seals, we see a symbolic enactment of the early
progress of the gospel, represented by a series of four horses and horsemen.
The white horse of the conquering Kingdom of God rides out; the red horse
divides those who believe from those who do not, and God’s enemies fight
one another. Those who reject the good news are depleted of their grain and
barley (black horse), while those who receive the King and his Kingdom have
oil and wine in plenty. Eventually, the Lord judges those who refuse his gifts
with sword, famine, pestilence, and death by sending out the green horse.
All this hubbub rouses the hopes of the martyrs, who have shed their life’s
blood at the base of earth’s altar since the dawn of time. They cry out for
vindication, and receive assurances that they will be justified soon, but only
after more martyrs are made. When the Lamb breaks the sixth seal, the world

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2

2 Revelation 12–22

begins to collapse; the old creation comes apart at the seams. But the end
is not yet, because 144,000 more martyrs have to be sealed and sacrificed.
Before God can finish his lawsuit against Israel and the nations, more wit-
nesses need to be brought into the court to testify in word and blood; before
the Lord declares the verdict, he has to assemble a judicial panel made up of
humans, not angels. The seal sequence brings us to the verge of the end, then
applies the brakes. The end ends in a screech on the asphalt.
Angels with trumpets emerge, and a new sequence begins. They trum-
pet out the corruption of Judaism, the conflict of synagogue and church,
the hellization of the temple. A star falls and turns the temple waters to poi-
son. Another star falls into an inverted temple to release demonic locust-
scorpions to torment those who dwell in the land. By these judgments, God
is unraveling the old world, the ecumenical empire centered on Jerusalem;
riding the red horse, the Spirit sets brother against brother, father against son.
At the same time, God is calling the church’s enemies to repentance. Instead,
they are hardened, and, like Pharaoh, intensify their attacks on the servants
of Jesus. In the sixth trumpet, we hear a preview of the “abomination that
brings desolation,” the outpouring of holy blood that will finally doom those
who have allied against the Lamb. The plagues prepare for a new exodus, as
a new Israel escapes through the waters to a safe haven. At the beginning
of chapter 12, we are on the verge of seeing what we have just heard, with a
coliseum seat to watch the titanic battle of beasts versus martyrs. We have
some hope that the martyrs will have an effect, as the two witnesses did. We
have come to “the theological heart of the entire book” (Mounce 1997: 230).
The large second “in Spirit” vision (6–16) follows the sequence of the
four horsemen. As we saw (ᇄ6:1-8), the Spirit of Jesus is the horseman who
rides the church out in mission. The four horsemen depict the sequence of
events that occur as the church proclaims the good news of the victory of
God: The white horse of victorious mission, the red horse of conflict and
division, the black horse of privation and preservation, the green horse that
brings the devastating judgments of famine, sword, and death on those who
do not turn from their idols to serve the living God. Following the ascension
of the Lamb, the seals depicted the triumphant post-Pentecostal mission of
the church. The trumpets focus on the conflicts that the gospel provokes—
conflicts between Jewish elites and the apostles, the incitement of Gentiles
against the church, the Judaizing heresy and the consequent division within
the church itself. Things come to a head in the martyrdom of the two wit-
nesses. When the trumpets blare, world-crushing judgments fall, an apoc-
alyptic depiction of the ripping-apart of Judaism and the oikoumene. When
the gospel is preached, things fall apart; God shakes and shakes until the only
things standing are things that cannot be shaken.

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3

IV.4. Dragon, Beasts, Saints—Rev. 12:1–15:4 3

In chapters 12–15, we follow the black horse (ᇄ6:5-6). Following on the

heels of the divisive red horse, the black horse deprives one part but ensures
the preservation of the other. Carrying his scales/yoke, he announces short-
ages and inflation of grain and barley, but preservation of oil and wine. In
chapters 12–15, we learn what that means. These chapters climax with a great
harvest scene (ᇄ14:14-20). The Son of Man and an angel plunder grain and
grapes from the land; the land suffers shortages. But the grapes are preserved
by being harvested into heaven, where they are pressed into the wine-wrath
of God that will fill the bowls and tear down the oikoumene once and for all.
Chapter 15 fulfills the promise of the fifth seal (ᇄ6:9-11), since it depicts
the martyrs, now harvested, standing above the firmament singing with the
angels.
The white horse was Pentecostal; the red horse came with the feast of trum-
pets; with the black horse, we begin a great and strange Day of Atonement.

Ark in heaven

When the seventh trumpet blows, heaven opens and the ark of the covenant
appears (Rev. 11:19). John has been before the ark-throne of God since he
stepped through the open door in the sky-heaven (ᇄ4:1), but now the heav-
enly Most Holy Place is fully open. The throne is still in heaven; it has not
yet crashed to earth, shattering the firmament and establishing God’s reign
on earth as in heaven. But barriers are being removed. As soon as the work
of redemptive is finished, as soon as the complement of martyrs is com-
plete, the throne will come down thundering and flashing to shake the land
(ᇄ16:17-21).
Before the ark-throne are two sky signs—a laboring woman and a dragon.
In its essential configuration, the scene is a reprise of Zechariah 3, where
Satan and the high priest Joshua/Jesus contended before Yahweh’s throne,
Satan accusing. Zechariah 3 is a Day of Atonement: The temple is not yet
built, so normal Atonement rites cannot be carried out; the priest has to be
clean if the temple is going to be completed, but he cannot be purified unless
the temple is functional. The temple must be clean to cleanse the priest, and
the priest has to be pure to purify the temple. It is a “Catch 22” (cf. Petersen
1984: 194–202). Yahweh breaks through the impasse by declaring Joshua a
clean priest who can consecrate the house. There is no rite, but the Day of
Atonement has happened: The priest has been rebooted for another year.
When John sees the woman and dragon before the ark, he knows that
the seventh-month Feast of Trumpets is over, and it is time for Yom Kippur,
the Day of Atonement. Yom Kippur is inaugurated by the opening of the

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4

4 Revelation 12–22

sanctuary in Rev. 11:19 and continues through several chapters. Once the
sanctuary is opened, angels go in and out of heaven (14:11, 17). An angel
comes from the heavenly golden altar of incense (14:18). The heavenly temple
fills with smoke (15:5-8), a double allusion to the dedication ceremonies of
the tabernacle and temple (Exod. 40; 1 Kgs 8) and to the Day of Atonement,
when the high priest enters the Most Holy Place enveloped in the smoke of
incense (Lev. 8; ᇄ15:7-8). The double allusion makes typological sense, since
the Day of Atonement purified the sanctuary, performing an annual reded-
ication of Yahweh’s house. Out of the smoke of the temple angels come with
chalices of blood that they sprinkle seven times on the earth (15:6-8; 16:1-
21), replicating the sevenfold sprinkling of the Day of Atonement.
There are significant disanalogies between the events in Revelation and
Yom Kippur, disanalogies that John and other early Christian writers char-
acterized as fulfillments. The sprinkled blood does not come from a goat,
but from harvested people, from the saints. There is a scapegoat cast out,
the harlot city, but, again, it is a human scapegoat. And the blood is not
sprinkled where we expect it to be sprinkled, in the heavenly sanctuary,
toward the ark. Instead, it is brought from the heavenly sanctuary to earth,
targeted at the great city. The blood does not purify; it pollutes and ulti-
mately destroys.
The NT gives us a double fulfillment of the Day of Atonement. Hebrews
makes clear that Jesus’s death fulfills the atonement rite: As High Priest, Jesus
brings his own blood into the heavenly temple to purify it once and for all.
Heaven is purified by the cross and ascension. But that leaves earth to be
purified, and so atonement turns “inside-out” the blood of saints brought
out of the heavenly sanctuary to be poured on the throne of the beast and
the harlot city who drinks martyr blood. That atonement purifies the earthly
temple by destroying it and making it new, as the temple-city descends from
heaven. The heavenly things are purified first, then earth. New creation hap-
pens first in heaven. As always, heaven is where things happen first.
The Zechariah 3 reference is not alone, but part of a pattern of allusion
that stretches through a large swath of Revelation (Farrer 1970; Jordan
1999a: 109–11). Between Revelation 6 and 17, John draws regularly on
Zechariah’s night visions (Zech. 1–6):

1. John’s vision of riders on four colored horses with horsemen (Rev. 6:1-8)
draws on Zechariah’s first and last night vision (Zech. 1:7-17).
2. Zechariah see craftsmen overthrowing four “horns which have scattered
Judah” (Zech. 1:18-21). The four horns are linked with the horns of the
altar. False altars are a greater threat to Judah than any combination of
political powers. Craftsmen-kings (like Josiah) break the horns from

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5

IV.4. Dragon, Beasts, Saints—Rev. 12:1–15:4 5

idolatrous altars and build altars for true worship in their place, and this
connects with John’s warnings about idols (Rev. 9:20).
3. Zechariah sees a man with a measuring line, measuring out a new
Jerusalem without walls, a city protected only by the indwelling glory
of Yahweh and the divine fire at the perimeter (Zech. 2:1-13). At the
beginning of chapter 11, John’s prophetic work marks off the holy
temple, altar, and worshipers—“the holy city”—from the courtyard that
is “cast out.”
4. Zechariah sees Joshua and Satan standing before the angel of Yahweh,
Satan accusing the high priest of being unfit for his office (Zech. 3:1-
10). Revelation 12 offers a variant of that scene, with the dragon and the
mother before the open sanctuary and the heavenly ark.
5. Zechariah’s vision of the lampstand and the olive trees (Zech. 4:1-14) is
taken up by the story of the two witnesses (Revelation 11).
6. Zechariah sees a flying scroll, with dimensions that match the
dimensions of the temple court, bringing a curse against those who
steal and swear falsely (Zech. 5:1-4). There is no direct analogue in
Revelation, but there are distant connections to the eagle who announces
woes from midheaven (8:13) and the series of three angels who also fly
in midheaven announcing both good news and curses (14:6-10).
7. Zechariah sees an ephah with a lead cover. A woman named Wickedness
is thrown into the ephah, and two storks carry this counterfeit ark to
Shinar, the location of Babel, where a temple is built (5:5-11). John sees
a harlot Babylon in the wilderness (ᇄ17). She is Wickedness, emerging
from the ark where she has been confined.

Zechariah’s vision continues to shape the unveiling of Jesus through the

remainder of the book. The figure on the white horse (Rev. 19:11-16) connects
with the charging chariots of Zechariah 6, perhaps also with the triumphant
king of Zech. 9:1-10 and Judah the “majestic horse in battle” (Zech. 10:3). The
suffering of the saints resembles the suffering shepherd of Zechariah 11 and
13, and we have already noted (ᇄ1:8) that Zech. 12:10–13:1 is programmatic
for the whole book of Revelation. The vision of a holy Jerusalem in Zechariah
14 foreshadows John’s vision of new Jerusalem (ᇄ21–22).

The night visions have a clear inclusio, and are arguably arranged chiastically (following
Jordan 1999a: 108–109):
A. Horses at rest, 1:8-17
B. Four (altar) horns overthrown, 1:18-21
C. Jerusalem measured and protected, 2:1-13
D. Joshua reinstated as high priest, 3:1-10
D’. Joshua and Zerubbabel supply oil for Israel’s lamp, 4:1-14

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6

6 Revelation 12–22

C’. Curses on thieves and false witnesses, 5:1-4

B’. A counterfeit ark is removed to a temple in Shinar, 5:5-11
A’. Horses on the move, 6:1-8

The turning point of the sequence is the restoration of the high priest, which enables him to
function alongside the “royal” Zerubbabel.
John alludes to nearly all of Zechariah’s night visions, but not in the order in which
Zechariah sees them. The first three are in order: The four horsemen of John (6:1-8) match
the four horses of Zechariah (1:7-17); the heavenly altar (8:3-5) is the genuine version of the
scattering altar of Zechariah (1:18-21); the measuring of the temple (Rev. 11:1-2) matches
the measuring of Jerusalem (Zech. 2:1-13). Then the sequence reverses:

Revelation Zechariah
Mother and dragon, 12 Joshua and Satan, 3:1-10
Two witnesses/olive trees, 11 Lampstand and olive trees, 4:1-14
Flying eagle: woes, 8:13 Flying scroll, 5:1-4

The final vision of John is back in line with Zechariah’s visions.

Overall, John rearranges Zechariah’s visions into a pattern of 1, 2, 3, 6, 5, 4, 7, while
combining Zechariah’s first and eighth vision into one. Whatever the reasons for this diver-
gence, it is clear that a long stretch of the Apocalypse tracks along closely with Zechariah’s
night visions.

The pattern of allusion to Zechariah is not literary window dressing. The

intertext is integral to the meaning of the text. Zechariah’s visions are designed
to encourage Israel to return to work on the temple (cf. Ezra 5:1-5). Though
the temple is in ruins, God is beginning his restoration project. He sends out
his horsemen to conquer; once priest and king are restored, and wickedness
cursed and expelled, God sends out his angelic cavalry to the four corners of
the earth. Revelation begins, as it were, where the night visions end. John sees
horses rushing out to conquer at the beginning of his visionary sequence. But
the end goal is the same as in Zechariah. John too is moving toward visions
of a restored temple, the formation of a new priesthood and kingdom, the
establishment of temple lampstands that shine light in the world, the opening
of Jerusalem to the nations. Though the Apocalypse tells of a temple destruc-
tion, the allusions to Zechariah point to the sequel, for there is no ruined
temple that does not, sooner or later, give way to a risen temple.
Revelation 12 also continues a pattern of reference to Psalm 2 that started
several chapters earlier. That text is at work already in the opening verses
of the Apocalypse (ᇄ1:1-8), but it comes into prominence with the seventh
trumpet’s announcement that the kingdom of the Lord and his Christ is
the kingdom established by the installation of Yahweh’s Son on Zion. The
plot summarized in 11:18 is the plot of the Psalm: Nations are enraged, and
God responds in his anger by elevating his Son to reign and judge. We find

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7

IV.4. Dragon, Beasts, Saints—Rev. 12:1–15:4 7

a virtual quotation from the LXX of Ps. 2:9 in 12:5. The Psalm states that the
Son will “shepherd them with a rod of iron” (ποιμανεῖς αὐτοὺς ἐν ῥάβδῳ
σιδηρᾷ), and the antecedent of αὐτοὺς is the inherited ἔθνη of verse 8. In Rev.
12:5, the woman gives birth to a Son-Shepherd ὅς μέλλει ποιμαίνειν πάντα τὰ
ἔθνη ἐν ῥάβδῳ σιδηρᾷ. We can chart the progress this way:

Psalm 2 Revelation 11–12

Nations in uproar, vv. 1–2 Nations enraged, 11:18

God is angry, v. 5 God’s wrath comes, 11:18
King installs on Zion, v. 6 Judgment comes, 11:18
Zion, the holy mountain, v. 6 Heavenly temple opened, 11:19
Begotten Son, v. 7 Birthed son, 12:5
Shepherds nations with rod, vv. 8–9 Shepherds nations with rod, 12:5

The LXX translators evidently read the ra’a’ of the MT (“break in pieces”) as ra’ah (“shep-
herd”). Whatever the textual evidence for the LXX reading, there is good reason for taking
it into account. “Shepherd” is a common royal image from the ancient world. That the Son
rules with a shavat reinforces the connection, since the term can refer to a shepherd’s crook
(Lev. 27:32; Ps. 23:4) as well as a scepter (e.g., Gen. 49:10). It is entirely possible that even
when used to refer to a “scepter,” the Hebrew word carried the pastoral connotation. In any
case, the MT’s ra’a’ punningly hints at the shepherding motif, and John, apparently follow-
ing the LXX, endorses the pun.

The fact that the allusions to Psalm 2 bridge the chapter divide suggests
that chapters 11 and 12 go together. Some describe chapter 12–15 as one
of John’s digressive passages, an “interlude” between the trumpets and the
bowls. Some interlude! Much of the ludus of the drama takes place in this
interlude. On the contrary: Chapters 12–15 (perhaps 12–16) unfold what
is announced by the seventh trumpet. Even if these chapters are not to be
understood as part of the seventh trumpet per se, they give a detailed expla-
nation of how the kingdoms of this world become the kingdoms of the Lord
and his Christ. A “midrash” on Psalm 2 is opened in 11:18, and those who
have ears for such things will expect something more of the Psalm. They get
it in 12:1-6. Such a reader would feel shortchanged if the seventh trumpet
announced wrath and counter-wrath without speaking of a Son who shep-
herds with an iron rod. It would be as jarring as hearing the opening motive
of Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony without the concluding E, the stuttering ba-
ba-ba without the bum.
Alternatively, we can read chapters 12–15 as the contents of the scroll that
are delivered to John in the vision of chapter 10. The first half of Revelation
aims at just this climax: It is a long scene of prophetic commissioning. John
first sees Jesus in glory, and receives a commission to write messages to the

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8

8 Revelation 12–22

churches of Asia. John ascends to heaven to see Jesus as the ascended Lamb,
who receives a book and opens the seals. John records the effects of opening
the seals. Then there is a trumpet volley, announcing that the scroll’s con-
tents are about to be unveiled. At the sixth trumpet, John receives the book,
eats it, and begins to prophesy. The last trump contains the substance of the
scroll: This is how God becomes king. And that process of becoming-king is
unveiled in detail in the subsequent chapters.
The larger structural pattern of chapters 12–15 reinforces the connection of
these chapters with the preceding ones. This section is framed by a clear inclusio:
A. Heavenly celebration, 11:15-18
B. Heavenly temple opened, 11:19.
C. Great sign, 12:1, 3
...
C’. Another sign, 15:1
A’. Heavenly celebration, 15:2-4
B’. Heavenly temple opened, 15:5-8
The transfer of the kingdoms of this world to the Lord and his Christ occurs
through the sequence of events found in chapters 12–15, and it is not con-
cluded until martyrs sing the song of Moses and the Lamb. The trumpets
blare out plagues, preparing for an exodus, and the story-arc is not completed
until someone somewhere has passed through a sea. Saints standing above
the firmament singing—that is the sign of the coming of the kingdom, the
completion of the exodus, and it is a liturgical sign.
Within this inclusio, chapters 12–14 are arranged in a roughish chiasm:
D. Sea beast, 13:1-10
E. Land beast, 13:11-18
F. 144,000 with Lamb, 14:1-5
E’. Angelic announcements in midheaven, 14:6-11
D’. Harvest, 14:12-20
I will examine the connections between these sections as we proceed through
these chapters.
The interlocking inclusio (A-B . . . A-B, instead of A-B . . . B-A) of chapters 12–15 is char-
acteristic of the structure of Revelation as a whole. Each major new section begins with a
vision of the heavenly sanctuary and each ends in the same location. We can view these
heavenly visions as both starting places and destinations, literary alpha-omegas to unveil
the one who is first and last. Thus:
A. Jesus appears to John among the lampstands, 1
B. Seven messages to seven churches of Asia, 2–3
A1. Jesus appears in heaven as the Lamb, 4–5
B1. Seven seals, 6–8

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Other documents randomly have
different content
 PART V.—Applications for Approval of sites for,
and for permission to erect or re-erect, masonry
buildings.

19. (1) Every notice under section 237 of Application for

the Bengal Municipal Act for the erection or approval of site for
erection or re-
re-erection of a house not being a hut must
erection of masonry
be in writing and should state the buildings.
boundaries of the site, the number assigned
to it in the assessment book, and its dimensions.
(2) The site plan sent with such an application must be drawn to a
1
scale of not less than 30 th of an inch to a foot, must be sent in
duplicate, and must show—
(a) the boundaries of the site;
(b) the position of the site in relation to neighbouring roads;
(c) the circle and holding number in which the building is
proposed to be situated;
(d) the position of the building in relation to its own site, the
proposed means of access, the proposed drains, privies, and
cesspools, the purpose for which it is to be used, the elevation
of the proposed building, the materials of the walls and of the
roof, and the level of plinth. An elevation is not required in the
case of a one storied tiled house.
(3) The application and site plan must be signed by the applicant.
20. After the receipt of any application for approval of site, or for
permission to execute work or both, the Chairman may require the
applicant—
(a) to furnish him with any information on matters referred to
above which has not already been given in the documents
received under these rules; or
 (b) to satisfy him that there are no objections which may lawfully
be taken, on any of the grounds mentioned above, to the
approval of the site or to the grant of permission to execute
the work.
21. The Chairman should ordinarily take action under section 21
within fifteen days of the receipt of the application.
22. The Chairman shall sign all passed plans in token of his
approval.

PART VI.—Kucha Houses or Huts.

23. The building of all huts can be regulated by the
Commissioners under the powers vested in them by Sections 236,
243, 244 and following ones of the Bengal Municipal Act.
 APPENDIX E.
Calculation of re-payments of Loans by equal Instalments.

The annexed table shows the instalments by which a loan of one lakh of rupees will be refunded by
periodical instalments in a given number of years, interest being calculated at 4, 4½, 5, 5½, 6 and 6¼
per cent.
In the left-hand column, under each term, interest is added, and recovery of the instalments due
made at the end of each year; in the right-hand column interest and instalment are supposed to be due
half-yearly:—
Per Twenty-five
Five Years. Ten years. Fifteen years. Twenty years. Thirty years.
cent. years.
Year. ½ Year. Year. ½ Year.
4 22,463·0 11,132·4 12,329·2 6,115·65 8,994·14 4,464·96 7,358·18 3,655·55 6,401·21 3,182·32 5,783·01 2,876·7
4½ 22,779·3 11,278·9 12,637·9 6,264·19 9,311·41 4,619·94 7,687·64 3,817·69 6,743·92 3,351·84 6,139·15 3,053·5
5 23,097·6 11,425·7 12,950·3 6,414·69 9,634·21 4,777·76 8,024·25 3,985·62 7,095·23 3,525·80 6,505·15 3,235·3
5½ 23,417·6 11,574·5 13,266·7 6,567·2 9,962·6 4,938·6 8,367·9 4,153·2 7,454·9 3,704·2 6,880·5 3,422·0
6 23,740·0 11,723·0 13,586·8 6,712·6 10,296 3 5,101·9 8,718·4 4,326·2 7,822·6 3,886·5 7,264·9 3,613·3
6¼ 23,901·3 11,798·1 13,748·2 6,799·5 10,465·0 5,184·7 8,986·2 4,414·0 8,009·5 3,979·3 7,460·3 3,710·6
 APPENDIX F.
Rules for the Preparation, Submission and Execution
of Projects of Water-supply, Sewerage or Drainage
by Local Authorities (as modified up to the 31st
July 1913).

Notification.
No. 818T.-M.—The 13th September 1910.—In exercise of the
powers conferred by clauses (i) and (ii) of sub-section (1) of section
69 of the Bengal Municipal Act, 1884 (Bengal Act III of 1884), and
by clauses (e) and (m) of section 138 of the Bengal Local Self-
Government Act of 1885 (Bengal Act III of 1885), the Lieutenant-
Governor is pleased to direct that the following rules for the
preparation, submission and execution of projects for water-supply,
sewerage or drainage by local authorities shall be substituted for the
like rules published with Government Notification No. 1712M., dated
the 7th July 1906, at pages 111 to 113, Part IB of the Calcutta
Gazette of the 11th idem, namely:—
1. (1) Whenever a local authority desires Preparation of
to undertake a project for water-supply or sketch of project.
sewerage or a comprehensive scheme of surface drainage, it shall
first cause to be drawn up a sketch of the project roughly showing
its scope and approximate cost.
(2) Such sketch may be drawn up either by the Sanitary Engineer
at the special request of the local authority and with the approval of
the Sanitary Board and on payment of the fees prescribed in Rule 8,
or by any firm or person approved by the Sanitary Engineer.
(3) The Sanitary Engineer shall, in all cases, act as adviser of the
local authority.
2. When the sketch of the project has Submission of
been drawn up under Rule 1, and it is sketch, statement
estimated to cost Rs. 10,000 or more, or in and application.
the case of an estimate of less than Rs. Government of
Bihar and Orissa
10,000 if the financial assistance of Notification No.
Government is desired, the local authority 7682M., dated the
shall submit it to the Sanitary Engineer, who 8th July 1913.
shall make such recommendations as he
may think fit. After the approval of the Sanitary Engineer has been
obtained, the sketch project shall be submitted by the local authority
through the Sanitary Board to the Municipal Department of
Government, together with a statement wherein shall be shown the
amount of the funds available to meet the cost of the project, either
from current revenue or by way of loan or from any other source.
In the case of schemes the total estimated cost of which is less
than Rs. 10,000, not being part of a larger scheme and for which
financial assistance from Government is not required, the sanction of
Government need not be obtained, but if the local authorities so
desire the scheme will be examined by the Sanitary Engineer.
3. In order to obtain administrative Conditions
approval to the execution of the project the precedent to grant
local authority shall satisfy Government— of administrative
approval.
(1) that the cost of maintenance of the
projected work can be met by the local authority from
revenue;
(2) that any loan required to meet the cost of the work can be
repaid, together with the interest thereon, within the period
that may be prescribed by the Government; and
 (3) that the work can be done effectually in the manner and for
the cost proposed.
4. When the administrative approval of Procedure after
Government has been obtained, and in no grant of
case before, the local authority may administrative
approval.
arrange for the preparation of detailed Preparation of
plans and estimates, and for this purpose detailed plans and
may— estimates.

(a) cause the plans and estimates to be prepared by its own

officers or by an officer specially appointed for the purpose and
apply to the Sanitary Engineer for assistance in the selection
and engagement of surveyors to carry out the work; or
(b) apply to the Sanitary Board for the services of the Sanitary
Engineer; or
(c) apply to Government in the Public Works Department for the
services of their officer; or
(d) apply to the District Board for the services of the District
Engineer; or
(e) with the previous sanction of the Sanitary Board entrust the
work to a private firm of established reputation.
In cases of (a), (c), (d) and (e), the plans and estimates while in
course of preparation shall be subject to the examination and control
of the Sanitary Engineer.
5. The plans and estimates shall, on Submission of
completion, be forwarded in duplicate, to detailed plans and
the Sanitary Board, together with a full estimates to
Government
report on the financial aspect of the scheme through Sanitary
and the state of public feeling in regard to Board.
it, and, if a loan is required, with an
application in the prescribed form. In the case of drainage schemes
the estimates must be submitted in Sanitary Board’s forms Nos. 21
and 22, copies of which may be obtained from the office of the
Sanitary Engineer, and when the scheme has not been prepared in
the Board’s Office they shall be accompanied by full details of the
calculations of the sizes and strength of the various works, and
complete information as to the prices on which the estimates have
been framed.
The Sanitary Board, after examining the plans, estimates, report
and application, shall submit them to the Municipal Department of
Government with an expression of their opinion on the merits of the
scheme as finally drawn up.

Construction.
6. Where the cost of the projected work Conditions as to
is estimated to amount to Rs. 10,000 or detailed engineering
more an adequate provision for detailed supervision.
engineering supervision shall be a condition precedent to the grant
of sanction by the Government.
In the absence of special sanction to the contrary, the local
authority shall agree to such one of the following conditions as may
be considered suitable in each case:—
(a) that the work shall be carried out by the Public Works
Department if that Department can undertake it: in such cases
an extra charge of 15 per cent. on the sanctioned estimates
shall be made for supervision, unless the case is one of
extraordinary difficulty, under which circumstances a higher
charge may be imposed under the orders of Government; or
(b) that arrangements shall be made with the District Board for
the carrying out of the work under the supervision of the
District Engineer and his staff; or
(c) that the work shall be carried out under the supervision of an
Engineer qualified for appointment as a District Engineer
according to the rules under the Local Self-Government Act of
 1885 (Ben. Act III of 1885) specially employed for the
purpose; or
(d) that the work shall be carried out by private engineering firm
of established reputation:
Provided that the local authority shall not advertise for tenders or
enter into any contract or agreement for the execution of any works
in connection with schemes or parts of schemes which have been
sanctioned by Government under conditions (b), (c) or (d), until the
specification and form of tender for such contract have been
examined and approved by the Sanitary Engineer. No tender or
contract for any such work shall be accepted until it has been
submitted to the Sanitary Board and they have approved the
acceptance thereof;
And further provided that when the work is carried out under
condition (d), it shall be supervised by an officer appointed for the
purpose by the local authority with the approval of the Sanitary
Board, and shall, while in progress, be periodically inspected by the
Sanitary Engineer.
7. Where the estimated cost of works Report by local
amounts to less than Rs. 10,000, the local authority to the
authority shall report, for the information of Commissioner in
case of small works.
the Commissioner of the Division, the
agency by which it is proposed to have the works carried out, and
shall follow the instructions issued by him in the matter.

Fees.
8. The following fees shall be leviable by Bengal Government
the Sanitary Board from local authorities for Notification No.
the work specified against each:— 333T.M., dated the
23rd May 1911.
(a) a fee of two per cent. on the
estimated cost (excluding cost of surveys) of all projects and
 schemes, for which detailed estimates and drawings are
prepared by the Sanitary Engineer;
(b) a fee of one-half per cent. on the first Rs. 20,000 and one-
quarter per cent. of the balance of the estimated cost of
schemes and projects, the detailed plans and estimates of
which are examined by the Sanitary Engineer;
(c) a fee of two per cent. on the estimated cost of the works,
when contract, drawings, specifications and forms of tender
are prepared by the Sanitary Engineer:
Provided that when both detailed estimates and drawings and
contract drawings, specifications and forms of tender are
prepared by the Sanitary Engineer, an inclusive fee shall be
charged of three per cent. on the estimated cost of the works.
8A. As soon as the services for which Bengal Government
fees are leviable under the preceding rule Notification No.
are rendered, the Sanitary Board shall 819M., dated the
10th April 1908.
through the District Magistrate, demand
Government of
from the local authority concerned payment Bihar and Orissa
of the fees leviable therefor, and the Notification No.
Magistrate on receipt of notice of such 7682M., dated the
demand shall recover the said fees and 8th July 1913.
credit them in the local treasury in favour of the Public Works
Department and inform the Accountant-General, Bihar and Orissa,
and the Examiner of Local Accounts, Bihar and Orissa.
9. When sketch projects are prepared by Bengal Government
the Sanitary Engineer, no charge will be Notification No.
made for his services or those of his 333T.M., dated the
23rd May 1911.
assistants, Government surveyors,
draftsmen, and tracers; drawing materials and the instruments
required for the work will also be provided at Government expense.
But the local authorities will be required to render reasonable
assistance on the spot in the way of survey coolies, supply of survey
pegs, fixing bench marks, etc., and to pay the actual cost of the
same. They will also be expected in each case to provide a suitable
office properly furnished for the use of the surveyors and draftsmen.
 APPENDIX G.
MUZAFFARPUR DISTRICT.

SHIUHAR ROAD No. 25, CLASS IA & IIA.

Report, Bridges & Culverts.

General
Number
Lineal Square When Dated condition
of Height
Consecutive feet of feet of Width of constructed when of
Mileage. Description. spans & of H.
Number. water- water- roadway. or arched last Bridges
length F. L.
way. way. over. repaired. or
of each.
Culverts.
Masonry arched
1 3 2×8 16 5 80 16′
Culvert. 1888–89
 APPENDIX H.
CORPORATION OF CALCUTTA.

Specification and conditions for surfacing roads MacCabe’s Tar-

Macadam.

Materials.
1. MacCabe’s tar-mac consists of 2 inches Pakoor stone metal,
MacCabe’s patent bituminous binder of Gas Co.’s coal-tar and “Stag”
brand English coal pitch in the proportion of one of tar to three of
pitch by weight, with stone chippings and sand as top binder.

Preparation of the Foundation.

2. Prior to resurfacing an old stone road with the composition all
irregularities in its surface, gradients or crow-fall should be
corrected, and special care taken to rectify defects, if any, in all its
drainage and water adjuncts, and also remedy any weakness in the
foundation due to bad restoration by the road cutting agencies.

Rules for Surfacing Roads.

 3. (i) Collect all necessary aforesaid materials including tools and
implements for laying them in situ.
(ii) Sketch out the road area to be treated in convenient sections.
(iii) Suspend road watering on the previous day in the section to
be treated first and barricade or fence it off.
(iv) Thread out the area to be treated with the patent
composition, as this will avoid feather edge in the centre tar-mac
joint.
(v) Form separate labour gangs for—
(a) Weighing, mixing, and heating pitch and tar—three men for
each tar-heating boiler or cylinder.
(b) General cleaning and sweeping with rough country or English
bass brooms, and removing fine dust off the road surface
before treatment by means of soft floor brush.
(c) Carrying pitch and tar composition in pails or buckets and
laying it hot half inch thick on dry and clean road surface.
(d) Carrying stone metal in cane baskets, spreading and hand-
packing the same carefully to the required chamber, one man
for every three feet of road width to be so treated.

Rolling.
4. The work of rolling the surface should be commenced as soon
as a section of about 20 or 30 yards in length has been laid, the
metalling gang being kept as busily employed as possible in laying a
further length of materials in the way specified above. The prepared
road surface is to be rolled with a light six or ten-ton roller when the
composition is soft, as it is absolutely necessary to press the
aggregate gently down into the bituminous sub-binder, and at the
same time to entice (rather than to force) the latter in an upward
direction, so as to fill the voids in the metal and finally cover the
metalled surface. Under no circumstances should the rolling be
carried to such a point that the metal exhibits signs of crushing or
disintegration. The roller should be driven over the newly laid
materials at its lowest speed from the side towards the centre and
after a few journeys over the surface if it is found that the sub-
binder is not working up between the voids in the metal and does
not cover the metal surface, then such defective places have to be
painted and the whole surface sealed with composition to prevent
the admission of moisture or of any foreign substance into the road.
During the process of consolidation stone chippings at the rate of 4
cubic feet per hundred square feet should be used and especially
where the floated composition is too soft. If it is found that any
material sticks to the roller wheels a little water sprinkled on the
wheels will at once stop the sticking. The dry surface may be also
sanded if it becomes slippery for horses.
5. All materials to be supplied must be to the satisfaction of the
Engineer. Inferior materials supplied shall be rejected and the
contractor must make good such supply within 24 hours. In default
it shall be competent to the Engineer to procure a supply of the
same at the risk and cost of the contractor from the market or any
other agency.
6. The contractor must maintain the roadway for three months
after completion and keep men in attendance to promptly spread
stone chips and road dust on the soft portions and nurse the area
cut up by the traffic.
7. The contractor must be careful not to injure existing gas, water
or any other pipes or drains or other underground fixtures. Any
damage so caused must be forthwith reported to the District
Engineer, and the contractor shall make good the same forthwith at
his own cost and shall indemnify and keep indemnified the
Corporation from all claims made therefor. When necessary he shall
take up and carefully relay drains and pipes and lay any additional
length that may be ordered by the Engineer at the cost of the
Corporation.
 8. The contractor must keep the work properly fenced and lighted
from sun-set to sun-rise, and place such watchmen at any portion of
the road and footpath in which the work is in progress and is still
incomplete, and also round the repairing materials for use, as may
be necessary to protect the public against accidents. He shall
indemnify and keep indemnified the Corporation and its officers and
servants from all liability in respect of any claims for damages or
otherwise to person or property which may be made by any person
or persons on account of any act, misfeasance or neglect on the part
of the contractor in carrying on the work or in connection therewith.
9. The contract will be for four months and the contractors must
carry out all works in accordance with the full programme of work
prepared by the Engineer and take in hand such street or streets as
the Engineer may direct and complete the same within such period
as the Engineer may fix therefor. In default he shall pay to the
Corporation liquidated or settled damages of Rs. 10 (ten) per diem
for each and every day beyond the said period without prejudice to
the rights of the Chairman to cancel the contract and take
possession of the work and have it carried on and completed at the
contractor’s risk and cost by any agency whatever.
10. All damages or other sums due and payable by the contractor
may be received from any moneys due to the contractor by the
Corporation.
11. Payments will be made in accordance with the terms of the
agreement.
12. The Commissioners do not bind themselves to accept the
lowest or any tender, but reserve the right of accepting the whole or
part of the tender.
 INDEX.

A
Allahabad Shallow Trench System, 39
Appendix A, Model Rules, Privies and Urinals, 57
—— B, Removal of Town Sweepings, 61
—— C, Well Register, 62
—— D, Building Regulations, 63–67
—— E, Table Repayment of Loans, 68
—— F, Preparation of projects, 69–73
—— G, Annual Bridge Report Form, 74
—— H, Specification for Tar-Macadam, 75–77

B
Bailey’s Patent Latrines and Urinals, 26
Beds, Filter, 51
Biological System for the Disposal of Night-Soil, 50–51
Burdwan Trenching Ground, 37
Building Regulations, 63–67
Burial-Grounds, Mahommedan, 56

C
Carts, Conservancy, 33
—— Crawley’s Patent, 33
—— Hand, 34
—— Receptacle, 34
—— Register, 45
—— Refuse, 43
—— Wheels and Axles of, 44
Cesspools, 35
Collection and Disposal of Refuse, 45
Cremation of Dead Bodies, 54
—— Town Refuse, 45
Cultivation within Urban Limits, 53

D
Débris of Ruined Houses, 56
Dead, Disposal of the, 54
Dhobies’ Water for Washing, 53
Disinfectants, 29
Donaldson’s Separation Latrine, 26
Drainage, Flushing, 3
—— Kutcha roadside, 2
—— Masonry, 4
—— Storm-Water, 4
Dust-Bins, 43
 F
Filter Beds, 51
—— Sullage, 35
Flushing Drains, 3
Food-Supply Markets, 54

G
Ghats, Burning, 54
—— Dhobies’, 53
Grounds, Trenching, 37

H
Hand carts for removing Night-Soil, 34
Harrington’s Incinerator, 47
Houses, Ruined, 56

I
Incinerators, Harrington’s, 47
—— Sealkot, 45
—— Madras, 45

J
Jails, Muzaffarpur, Trenching Ground, 38

K
Kutcha Road-side Drains, 2
 L
Latrines, 26
—— Bailey’s Patent, 26
—— Donaldson’s, 26
—— Masonry, 26
—— Model Rules for Privies and Urinals, 57

M
Mahommedan Burial-Grounds, 56
Markets, 54
Masonry Drains, 4
Model Rules for Privies and Latrines, 57

N
New Wells, 9
Night-Soil, Biological System of Disposal, 50
—— Removal of, 31
—— Trenching, 37

O
Openings for Ventilation in Latrines, 25

P
Permanganate of Potassium, 8
Privies, Model Rules for, 69
Pumps for Wells, 9
 R
Receptacle Carts for Removing Night-Soil, 33
Refuse Carts, 43
—— Filling Tanks with, 49
—— Incineration of, 45
—— Removal of, 42
Ruined Houses, 56

S
Sanitation, General, 52
Septic Tanks, 50
Surface Drainage, 2
—— Kutcha Drains, 2
—— Masonry Drains, 4
—— of small Roads, 2
Sweepings—Removal of—Form for, 61

T
Tanks, Septic, 50
—— Water, 6
Tarring Latrines, Disadvantages of, 29
Trenching Grounds, Allahabad System, 39
—— Area of, 40
—— Crops on, 38
—— Description of bad ones, 41
—— Selection of Site for, 37
Trees, Pruning of, 52
Tube Wells, 10

U
Urban Limits, Cultivation within, 52
Urinals, Cart, 29
—— Hindu Pattern, 29
Utensils, Water drawing, from Wells, 10

V
Ventilation of Latrines, 25

W
Water drawing Utensils, 29
—— for Dhobies, 53
—— Supply from Wells, 10
—— New Wells, 10
—— Tanks, 12
Wells, Rules for Cleaning and Repairing, 7
—— Registrations of all, 6
Well Register Form, Appendix C, 62
Wells, Tube, 10
—— Pumps for, 14
 EXTRACTS FROM SOME OPINIONS OF THE
PRESS.

The Morning Post, Delhi.

“A very useful little work, which every Municipality in India ought
at once to possess” * * * and is accurately described by the author
as “a concise handbook dealing with the most important points of
sanitation of Indian Bazaars,” and “an endeavour to put the
information available on the subject in a convenient form, so as to
facilitate the organisation and control the working of the Sanitary
Department of a Municipality.” From the first page to the last there is
not a superfluous word in the manual.

The Bengal Times.

“A work sadly needed in this country, and one everybody
concerned in sanitation, especially if he be a mofussil resident,
should possess. We should think Mofussil Municipal Commissioners
and District Board Members could hardly wish for a better guide.”

The Pioneer.
“Mr. G. W. Disney, District Engineer, Muzaffarpur, has just
published an excellent pamphlet on Sanitation of Mofussil Bazaars, in
which he deals with many problems of urban sanitation in a brief but
satisfactory manner.”

The Indian Daily News.

 “Mr. Disney does not pretend to do more than deal with broad
principles of sanitation, and puts the information available on the
subject in a convenient form, so as to facilitate the organization, and
control the working of the Sanitary Department of a Municipality.
This, we think, in the course of his thirty-five pages of carefully
compiled information he may fairly claim to have done.”

The Englishman, Calcutta.

* * * “An admirable little work. It ought to be in the hands of
every Municipal Commissioner and all the local authorities in the
smaller towns. Mr. Disney states he is not writing for the big
Municipalities, where special conditions have to be dealt with. At the
same time the little volume contains suggestions that even those
responsible for the good government of Calcutta might read with
profit. Mr. Disney is especially strong on the necessity of a good
drainage system. With regard to town sweepings the author is in
favour of incineration.”

Civil and Military Gazette.

“This is a very useful manual * * * The author does not lay down
expensive and therefore impracticable schemes of sewage disposal,
etc., but rather directs attention to the possibility of improving the
resources already at the disposal of local bodies. He gives much
useful information and advice as to latrines and urinals, the
collection and removal of night-soil, trenching grounds, disposal of
refuse, surface water drainage, and so forth. The book is illustrated
with plans and drawings.”

The Indian Planters’ Gazette.

“In his introduction Mr. Disney truly says:—‘The real secret of
Sanitation is the prompt removal of fæcal matter and refuse from
the neighbourhood of inhabited buildings before it has time to decay,
as in the early stages of putrefaction emanations are evolved which
are highly dangerous to health; it is also an admitted fact that the
common fly is a considerable factor in disseminating disease, as it
conveys germs on the pads of its feet from infected matter to the
food-supply of the inhabitants.’ His little brochure deals learnedly
and sensibly with latrines, urinals, the collection, removal, disposal
and trenching of every description of town refuse, with the water-
supply from wells, and finally adds some simple rules for observance
of the authorities on the break out of plague on villages or small
towns.”

The Bengal Times.

* * * “Seeing then how deplorably backward we are in mofussil
places, district, town, suburbs, and country, it seems to us we can
hardly do better than adopt Mr. Disney’s system in Bengal districts.
Indeed, why should Government hesitate to buy up his first edition
of Sanitation of Mofussil Bazaars for gratuitous distribution to all
Bengal Municipalities, in view to adopting his project in its entirety!”

Dharam and Karam, Calcutta.

(Published in Bengalee.)
“Mr. G. W. Disney has written a book on Sanitation of Mofussil
Bazaars. There are many large books on the subject of Sanitation,
but in a short pamphlet of 40 pages Mr. Disney has treated the
subject-matter, giving useful rules and instructions in such a brief
and concise manner that we have been pleased to peruse them. Mr.
Disney deserves our thanks for his earnest sympathy with and
thought after the inhabitants of the mofussil towns and bazaars.”

The Indian Medical Gazette.

“An excellent little pamphlet on ‘The Sanitation of Mofussil
Bazaars,’ has been recently published by Mr. G. W. Disney. A concise
handbook of this kind was certainly needed, and this should be of
great value to the Health Officer, the Engineer and the Chairman of
Local Boards and Municipalities.
“The first chapter deals with latrines and urinals, and how sound
Mr. Disney’s views are may be understood from the following extract
from the preface:—
‘The real secret of sanitation is the prompt removal of fæcal matter and refuse
from the neighbourhood of inhabited buildings before it has time to decay, as in
the early stage of putrefaction emanations are evolved which are dangerous to
health; it is also an admitted fact that the common fly is a considerable factor in
disseminating disease as it conveys germs on the pads of its feet from infected
matter to the food-supply of the inhabitants.’
“The whole little volume is eminently practical; it is well printed,
fully illustrated, and can be strongly recommended to our readers
who will find many hints of use to them in their capacity as Health
Officers. Our only fault with the little book is that it is too short. It
might well have been expanded.”

The Indian Municipal Journal and Sanitary Record, Bombay.

* * * “The author does not branch out into any startling theories;
his work is more a handbook for those whose business embraces
any matter connected with public cleanliness, and these will find that
one of the most useful features of the book is the information
concerning the makers and the price of every sanitary appliance
mentioned. This will be found very handy by small municipalities
who have here a reasonable standard of cost that will enable them
to adjust their expenditure much more rapidly and avoid the useless
trouble and delay of sending out for tenders—a system not always
satisfactory to the purchasing body, and always troublesome to the
tradesman. Mr. Disney very sensibly advises a wide distribution of
small latrines rather than the construction of a few big ones—it
being obvious that the general population will not walk far for the
sake of cleanliness and decency. Mr. Disney preaches the doctrine of
‘little and often’ in the removal of waste matter, and it is a point in
which every Indian sanitarian will agree with him.”
 “True to his theories, Mr. Disney deals with drainage before water-
supply. His recommendations that the water should be pumped from
wells and delivered at some distance from the well-mouth are
particularly sound, for there is no more fruitful source of
contamination than the percolation into the well of dirty water used
for washing in its immediate vicinity.”
* * * “Altogether, Mr. Disney’s book is an indication of the
progressive tendency of sanitation in India—it represents good work
done, and will encourage the doing of more. It is sure to find a
handy place on the desk of municipal secretaries and small town
authorities.”

Extract from letter from the Inspector-General of Jails, Bengal, July

8th, 1902.
“I have just got your little book on mofussil sanitation. * * * It is
altogether admirable, and I am strongly recommending it. It might
well have been longer.”
 TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in
spelling.
2. Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as
printed.
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