SSP - JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.

17, Issue 1, 2022

DOI: 10.2478/sspjce-2022-0002

Physical-mechanical Evaluation of Polyethylene Terephthalate

Fiber Dune Sand Mortar Exposed to Elevated Temperature

A. Ghrieb1,2, Y. Abadou2*, T. Choungara1,2, R. Bustamante3

1
Mechanical and Materials Development Laboratory, University Ziane Achour, Djelfa, Algeria
2
Department of Civil Engineering, University Ziane Achour, Djelfa, Algeria
3
Technical School of Architecture of Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (ETSA-UPM), Spain
*e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The mechanical properties of mortar containing Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) as Strapping Band Fibers (SBF)
replacing natural sand have been studied by many researchers. These studies indicate that when SBF is used as a
substitute for sand in mortar, the characteristics in both the fresh and hardened states are altered. This experiment's
purpose is to valorize local materials, which are abundant in the region of Djelfa (Algeria), in cement mortar
manufacturing and to discuss the influence of these materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of the
resulting mortar at the room, and at the high temperature. This study presents the results of an experimental
investigation into the effects of high temperatures on the properties of dune sand mortar made with strapping band
fibers. The method for formulating the mortar mixes was based on the progressive replacement of dune sand by
PET fibers, with weight contents of 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%. Several tests have been carried out to
study the evolution of the different characteristics of mortar mixtures. The workability, bulk density, compressive
and tensile strengths, and all samples were subjected to temperatures of ambient, 100 °C, 200 °C, and 400 °C. The
results demonstrate that the inclusion of the recycled fibers and the preservation mode had remarkable effects on
the characteristics of the mortar obtained.

Keywords: dune sand, mortar, elevated temperature, mechanical strength

1 Introduction

The process of valorizing local and waste materials in mortar production is among the most
effective ways to solve the issue of a lack of sources of building materials and pollution in urban
and rural areas. The use of Polyethylene Terephthalate band fibers as incorporation into dune
sand mortar not only contributes to the exploitation of worn strapping bands, but it can also
have a positive role in improving the performance of mortar.

Many investigations have been conducted on this topic. The results of the experiments showed
that the incorporation of PET as a fiber, bond, or aggregate could have a significant influence

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Ghrieb A., Abadou Y., Choungara T., and Bustamante R.

on cementitious materials’ properties, mechanical strength, deformability, and durability [1-9].

According to Hacini et al. [1], the use of PET aggregates as a replacement for natural sand
allows reducing the density of reinforced mortars. Umasabor et al. [2] investigated the effects
of using PET as an additive on the mechanical strength of concrete and reported that there was
a progressive decrease in the flexural strength of the concrete as the PET content increased in
the concrete. Martinez-Barrera et al. [3], Meza de Luna et al. [4], and Kutum et al. [5] concluded
that the size and concentration of PET flakes had a significant impact on the compressive
strength of concrete. The results obtained by Singh et al. [6] showed that the addition of PET
waste to concrete as a fine aggregate replacement increased the mechanical strength of the
concrete. On the other hand, Lin et al. [7] and Uddin et al. [8] reported that the use of PET fiber
reinforcement enhances the interfacial properties between fiber and matrix. Alaloul et al. [9]
studied the effects of PET and polyurethane (PU) on the mechanical and thermal properties of
interlocking bricks, and they reported that adding PET and PU improved the impact strength.

The use of PET as mechanical reinforcement in concrete and as an enhancement in elasticity

for concrete structures would not only assist in addressing the issue of environmental impact,
but it could also have a positive and significant effect on the ductility behavior of beam
structures and improve the electrochemical properties of reinforcing steel in concrete. [10-12].
The use of PET-FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymer) in the production of reinforced concrete (RC)
structures is a relatively recent technique. The use of PET fiber concrete with FRP
reinforcement systems and techniques to retrofit RC structures has significantly increased the
ultimate load, giving PET-FRP a great advantage over conventional materials. [13,14].

Mohammad et al. [15] studied the impact of the partial replacement of natural aggregates by
recycled fine PET aggregates. Various incorporations of PET fine aggregates ranging from 10
to 50% were used in concrete. The optimum percentage of admixture was found to be 10% of
PET, which improved the qualities of fresh and hardened concrete.

Ayush et al. [16] replaced recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate fiber in the concrete with fine
aggregate and investigated workability, and mechanical properties. Their study concluded that
plastics can be used in concrete up to 3% as a partial substitution for fine aggregate, as they
reduce workability, increase compressive strength, and also decrease concrete density.

Haikuan et al. recently investigated the erosion resistance of normal concrete (NC) and recycled
plastic concrete (RPC) in a solution of sodium sulfate at concentrations of 3%, 5%, and 7%
[17]. According to the results, as the erosion concentration and time increase, the mass increase
rate of RPC and NC also increases. Under 3% and 5% concentration erosion, the compressive
strength increases and then decreases as the rate of mass changes and the speed of the ultrasonic
waves’ velocity changes.

On the other hand, PET-modified concrete is appropriate for structural uses due to its acceptable
fresh, mechanical, microstructural, and thermal properties [18,19]. This study examines the
compressive strength and flexural strength of dune sand (DS) mortar that contains varying
amounts of PET strapping band fibers that have been exposed to elevated temperatures. The
performance of the reinforced dune sand mortar was compared to that of an alluvial sand (AS)
mixture and a DS-based mortar without fiber (the control mix).

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The main objective of the experimental work presented in this paper is to examine the
possibility of applying mortar containing dune sand and PET scrap waste fiber for building
construction. This experimental study also looked at the effects of using PET Strapping Band
Fibers (SBF) at progressive levels (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.5% by weight) on the
physical and mechanical characteristics of the obtained mortar at ambient and elevated
temperatures.

2 Experimental Program

2.1 Materials

The type of cement used in the present study was Composite Portland Cement (CEM II/A 42.5)
brought from the BISKRIA CEMENT factory, Biskra (Algeria). The cement used has a bulk
and a specific gravity of 1.96 g/cm3, and 3.11 g/cm3, respectively, and Blaine fineness of 3225
cm2/g.
In the present research, two different sorts of sand have been employed; dune sand, denoted by
(DS), and alluvial sand denoted by (AS). These sands are from the Djelfa region (Algeria). The
physical specifications of each sand are given in Table 1. DS and AS sands have grain sizes of
0/0.315 mm and 0/4 mm, respectively (Figure 1). The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows
the presence of SiO2 (Quartz) as the main component, which indicates the siliceous nature of
the sands used (Figure 2).
Table 1: Physical properties of the sands used
Property AS DS
Apparent density (g/cm3) 1.61 1.46
Specific gravity (g/cm3) 2.60 2.53
Total porosity (%) 38 43
Compactness (%) 62 57
Water absorption capacity (%) 0.87 2.35
Visual sand equivalent (%) 81 79
Sand equivalent with the piston (%) 80 75
Fineness modulus 2.36 0.86

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Ghrieb A., Abadou Y., Choungara T., and Bustamante R.

100
90 Alluvial Sand (AS)

80 Dune Sand (DS)

70

% of passing
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0,01 0,1 1 10
Grain size (mm)

Figure 1: Particle size distribution of the sands studied

Figure 2: X-ray diffraction patterns of sands used

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste used in this study has a tensile strength of up to 36
MPa, a melting point of 255-265°C, and a range of glass transition temperatures between 70°C
and 80°C. The used Polyethylene Terephthalate fibers, designated by (F), were obtained
manually by cutting packaging straps. Their dimensions are between 15 and 20 mm in length,
1.0 and 1.5 mm in width, and 0.55 mm in thickness. The fibers used have a density of 1.29.
Figure 3 shows a sample of the PET fibers used.

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Figure 3: PET strap waste fibers used

2.2 Mix Proportions and Sample Preparation

The experimental procedures applied in this work to determine the mechanical resistance
employed prism samples measuring 4×4×16 cm3. Dune sand mortar mixtures with various
amounts of PET-SBF fibers were prepared and performed according to the NF EN 196-1
standard (Table 2). In order to assess the impact of fiber inclusion on the different physical and
strength characteristics of the mortar, the dune sand was substituted by 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%,
2.0%, and 2.5% PET fibers.
Table 2: Mix composition of designed mortars
Mixture Composition Cement (g) DS (g) AS (g) F (g) W/C
MAS 100% AS 450 - 1350 0 0.7
MDS 100% DS 450 1350 - 0 0.7
M1 84.5% DS + 0.5% F 450 1343.3 - 6.7 0.7
M2 84% DS + 1% F 450 1336.5 - 13.5 0.7
M3 83.5% DS + 1.5% F 450 1329.8 - 20.2 0.7
M4 83% DS + 2% F 450 1323 - 27 0.7
M5 82.5% DS + 2.5% F 450 1316.3 - 33.7 0.7

After mixing is complete, the fresh mixtures were molded, and they were then subjected to 20
to 30 seconds of vibration on a vibrating table. During the first 24 h, the samples were stored
in ambient laboratory conditions of temperature (23 ± 2°C) and relative humidity (50% ± 10%).
They were then demolded and kept submerged in drinking water until the test day.

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Ghrieb A., Abadou Y., Choungara T., and Bustamante R.

2.3 Testing Procedures and Heat Treatment Process

For fresh mortar, the workability was determined using an LCPC mortar maniabilimeter, (NF
P18-452 standard). The experiment consists of determining the consistency of a fresh mortar
subjected to specified vibrations. For hardened mortar samples, the mechanical characteristics
were evaluated at 28 days before and after the heat treatment process, using mortar prism
samples of 4×4×16 cm3 in dimension (NF EN 196-1 standard). The three-point bending test
was used to assess the flexural strength. After that, the half-samples resulting from the flexural
test were tested in axial compression. The water absorption capacity and apparent density
of mortar in the hardened state were investigated according to the European standards NF EN
1015-18 and NF EN 1015-10 respectively.
500
100 °C
400 200°C
Temperature (°C)

400°C
300

200

100

0
0 100 200 300 400

Time (min)

Figure 4: Heat treatment process diagram

To evaluate the effect of elevated temperature on the mechanical characteristics of the mortar
studied, the samples were heated in an electric furnace laboratory (FOURS ME brand) for 2
hours at temperatures of 100 °C, 200 °C, and 400 °C, with an increment rate of 7.84 °C per
minute (Figure 4). After that, the samples were allowed to cool to room temperature (23 ± 2
°C). It should be noted that when raising the temperature from 200°C to 400°C, we observed
the melting of the PET fibers appearing on the faces of the samples. Figure 5 illustrates the state
of the mixture M2 when the temperature reaches 200°C and 400°C.

Figure 5: The visual state of the mortar M2 at a temperature of 200°C and 400°C

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3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Consistency of Fresh Mortar

The results of the flow time of PET fiber-reinforced mortar mixtures with different fiber
contents are plotted in Figure 6. The results of this experiment showed that the incorporation of
PET fibers with substitution rates less than or equal to 1.5% does not have a substantial impact
on the consistency of the mixes; the consistency shows a constant value (4 seconds) for 0%,
0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% PET fibers. On the other hand, it is found that beyond 1.5%, the flow time
decreases progressively with the number of fibers added, to reach a minimum value (one
second) for 2.5% of PET fibers. The substitution of 2.5% dune sand with PET waste fibers
makes it possible to achieve consistencies equal to those of alluvial sand mortar (MAS); which
shows that the incorporation of 2.5% fibers results in a considerable increase in workability.
6
MDSF% MAS
5

4
Flow time (s)

0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
Fiber mass percentage (%)

Figure 6: Evolution of the consistency as a function of PET fibers amount

The increase in consistency may be attributed to the distinction in water absorption capacity
between DS and fibers, which increased the amount of excess water and therefore the
workability. The decrease in flow time is also attributed to the longitudinal shape of PET waste
fibers, which assist the mixed particles to flow over each other [20].

3.2 Bulk Density of a Hardened Mortar

The results presented graphically in Figure 7 show that at room temperature, the inclusion of
recycled fibers results in a significant enhancement in bulk density for a reinforcement rate of
0.5% (the case of the mixture M1). This replacement ratio allows for a bulk density comparable
to that of alluvial sand mortar (1.98 g/cm3). Beyond this percentage, a general decrease in
apparent density was observed. The mortar specimens with recycled fibers exhibited apparent
densities varying from 1.95 to 1.79 g/cm3 at room temperature. The reinforcement of dune sand
mortar with 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5% PET strap waste fibers induces reductions of 0.5%, 2.1%,
1.6%, and 5.8%, respectively, in comparison to a mortar without fibers. This might be related

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Ghrieb A., Abadou Y., Choungara T., and Bustamante R.

to PET fibers' specific gravities which are relatively low compared to those of dune sand (1.29
and 2.53, respectively).

The findings demonstrate that the exposure of the investigated mortar specimens to high
temperatures has an important effect on the bulk density; for 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% of
PET fibers, the increase in temperature significantly decreases this characteristic. For 0.5% of
fibers, treatment of the mortar samples at temperatures of 100°C, 200°C, and 400°C causes
reductions of 3.6%, 5.1%, and 5.6%, respectively, in comparison to the bulk density at room
temperature.

Figure 7: The influence of replacement rate on mortar dry bulk density at room and high temperatures

These results coincide with those obtained by other authors who have studied the thermo-
mechanical characteristics of mortars containing expanded vermiculite powder at high
temperatures [21]. On the other hand, for 2.5% fibers, we notice improvements of 1.5% and
4.5% for 100°C and 200°C, respectively.

3.3 Water Absorption at Room Temperature

Figure 8 illustrates the impact of the fiber ratio on the water absorption of dune sand mortar.
From the results obtained, it should be noted that the reinforcement of the DS-mortar by the
introduction of PET fibers results in a continuous increase in the water absorption capacity,
which shows that these fibers do not participate in improving the compactness of mortar mixes.

The samples of the dune sand mortar with PET fibers exhibited water absorption capacities
varying from 11% to 15.5%. The minimum value of water absorption capacity (11%) was
observed at 0% and 0.5% replacement levels. The maximum value is given by the mixture
containing 2.5% PET fibers (mixture M5); the incorporation of PET fibers can generate an
important increase in water absorption of the order of 40% in comparison to the mortar without

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fibers. The reinforcement of dune sand mortar with PET strap waste fibers does not allow
obtaining water absorption values close to those of the SA-based mortar (MSA); this might be
attributed to the AS sand's better particle size distribution as compared to the DS sand.

Figure 8: Impact of the PET replacement ratio on the water absorption capacity

3.4 Compressive Strength of Hardened Mortar

Figure 9a depicts the results of the compressive strength test on mortar specimens after exposure
to temperatures ranging from room temperature to 400 °C. Figure 9b depicts the changes in
compressive strength at temperatures of 100 °C, 200 °C, and 400 °C. As it appears, the mortar
samples treated with recycled fibers developed compressive strengths ranging from 17.8 to 21.2
MPa at room temperature. Under these storage conditions, the fiber reinforcement of the dune
sand mortar does not make it possible to give higher resistances than that of the AS-based
mortar (MAS). of 21.2 MPa was achieved for a replacement rate of 2% (an improvement of
10.4%), and the minimum value of 17.8 MPa was noted for the mortar containing 1% PET
fibers, i.e., a reduction of 7.3% in comparison with the control mortar (MDS). The factors that
lead to a decrease in compressive strength were principally attributed to the increase in porosity
and decrease in bulk density with increasing replacement ratio.

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Ghrieb A., Abadou Y., Choungara T., and Bustamante R.

Figure 9a: Evolution of compressive strength as a function of the heating temperature

The inclusion of recycled fibers improved the mechanical performance of the reinforced mortar
at 100°C, 200°C, and 400°C. At 100 °C, the incorporation of 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5% PET
fibers showed good performance with improvements in compressive strengths of 40%, 24%,
9%, and 10%, respectively, as compared to the control mortar (MDS). However, a reduction in
strength of 6% was recorded at 0.5% of fibers. The improvement in compressive strength can
be attributed to reactions that occur during the heating process. [22]. At 200 °C, a very high
compressive strength enhancement (82%) was recorded at a replacement rate of 2.5%.
However, at 0.5% PET fibers, there is still a strength reduction of 6%; it seems that the behavior
of the fibers is better when they overlap or intersect than when they are isolated.

Figure 9b: Influence of heating temperature on compressive strength variations

At 400 °C, improvements in compressive strength were observed for fiber contents of 0.5%,
1%, 1.5%, and 2.5%. The results also show that adding 2.5% PET fibers to dunes sand mortar
results in the highest compressive strength. It is also noted that the DS-based mortars, with or
without PET fibers, exhibit better high-temperature resistance performance than AS-based

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mortar; it appears that the illite of DS is a refractory or heat-resistant component that contributes
to this enhancement at high temperatures. The AS-based mortar exhibited compressive strength
reductions of 5.1%, 39.1%, and 32.1% at 100°C, 200°C, and 400°C temperatures, respectively.

3.5 Flexural Strength of Hardened Mortar

Figure 10a shows the experimental results obtained from the bending test of the samples studied
after being subjected to heating temperatures ranging from room temperature to 400 °C. Figure
10b illustrates the improvements and losses in flexural strength values at different temperatures.
As shown, the dune sand mortars reinforced with PET strap waste fibers exhibited bending
strengths ranging from 1.23 to 1.72 MPa at ambient temperature. Similar to the results for
compressive strength, the use of PET waste fibers as mortar reinforcement does not make it
possible to achieve higher flexural strengths than that of the AS-based mortar. The greatest
value (1.72 MPa) was achieved for 0.5% PET fiber (an improvement of 11%). The significant
gain in strength is the result of the bonding force between the fibers and the mortar matrix. In
comparison to the control mortar (MDS), the bending strength decreased by 20.6%, reaching
its lowest value of 1.23 MPa. This reduction in strength is mainly related to the decrease in
compactness with increasing fiber content; the water absorption values (Figure 8) show the
impact of PET fiber inclusion on compactness.

Figure 10a: Effect of temperatures rate on flexural strength

At 100°C and 200°C, the best flexural strength results were obtained for the fiber content of
0.5%; the improvements recorded for this replacement rate are respectively 8.9% and 6% in
comparison to the DS-based mortar without fiber (MDS). For mortar specimens heated at 400
°C, a decrease in flexural strength was noticed compared to those heated at 200 °C. These
samples exhibited strength reductions of 44.7%, 35.1%, 41.3%, 21.0%, 18.3%, 23.4%, and
65.7% for MSA, MSD, M1, M2, M3, M4, and M5, respectively. These important reductions
may be associated with the cracking in the mortar matrix and with the voids created after the
melting of the PET fibers. Also, this would coincide with the melting temperature of the fibers
(Figure 11). It is also noted that the mortar with 2.5% PET fibers (M5) has the lowest flexural

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Ghrieb A., Abadou Y., Choungara T., and Bustamante R.

strength values when compared to other mixes; this is primarily due to the high content fiber,
which reduces adhesion between fiber and matrix, resulting in poor tensile stress transfer.

Figure 10b: Effect of temperatures rate on flexural strength variations

Figure 11: Formation of voids in the M5 mortar matrix after heating at 400 °C

4 Conclusions

Many experiments on PET fiber-reinforced dune sand mortar have been conducted. According
to the findings of this study, adding recycled PET fiber to mortar had a significant impact on
the physical and mechanical characteristics of the mortar obtained in both fresh and hardened
states.

The research's conclusions may be summarized as follows:

• The incorporation of PET fiber with replacement rates less than or equal to 1.5%, has little
impact on the mortar consistency. However, beyond 1.5% the flow time decreases with the
percentage of fibers until it reaches the lowest value (at 2.5% of PET).

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• The inclusion of 0.5% PET waste fibers results in a significant increase in bulk density at
room temperature. After this percentage, a general decrease in apparent density was observed.

• The use of PET strap waste fibers improves the behavior of reinforced dune sand mortar at
100°C, 200 °C, and 400°C. Compared to AS-based mortars, DS-based mortars have much
higher mechanical performance at high temperatures.

• The best flexural strength results measured after heating at 100 °C and 200 °C were obtained
for 0.5% fiber. For mortar samples exposed to 400 °C, a decrease in flexural strength is
observed compared to samples exposed to 200 °C.

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