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Module 2-2-22

The document discusses the fundamentals of communication systems, emphasizing the transfer of information and the randomness of message signals and noise. It explains random variables, distinguishing between discrete and continuous types, and introduces concepts like cumulative distribution function (CDF) and probability density function (pdf). Additionally, it covers ensemble averages, variance, and their significance in describing the randomness of variables.

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5 views21 pages

Module 2-2-22

The document discusses the fundamentals of communication systems, emphasizing the transfer of information and the randomness of message signals and noise. It explains random variables, distinguishing between discrete and continuous types, and introduces concepts like cumulative distribution function (CDF) and probability density function (pdf). Additionally, it covers ensemble averages, variance, and their significance in describing the randomness of variables.

Uploaded by

adithyanvs393
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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• The main objective of a communication system is the transfer of

information over a channel. All useful message signals appear


random.
• The receiver does not know, a priori, which of the possible message
waveforms will be transmitted.
• Also, the noise that accompanies the message signals is due to
random electrical signals.
• Therefore, we need to be able to form efficient descriptions of
random signals.
Random Variables
• A random variable X(A) represent the functional relationship between a
random event A and a real number. Designate the random variable by X
• The random variable may be discrete or continuous.
• Discrete Random Variables : -A discrete random variable is one which can
take on only a countable number of distinct values like 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5…100,
1 million, etc.
• Some examples of discrete random variables include:
• The number of times a coin lands on tails after being flipped 20 times.
• The number of times a dice lands on the number 4 after being rolled 100 times.
•
• Continuous Random Variables :- A continuous random variable is one
which can take on an infinite number of possible values. Some
examples of continuous random variables include:
• Height of a person
• Weight of an animal
• Time required to run a mile
Cumulative distribution function(CDF)
• The distribution function FX(x) of the random variable X is given by

• where P(X≤ x) is the probability that the value taken by the random
variable X is less than or equal to a real number x.
• The distribution function F X (x) has the following properties:
Probability density function (pdf)
• The probability density function (pdf), denoted

• The name “density function” arises from the fact that the probability
of the event x1 ≤ X ≤ x2 equals
The probability that a random variable X has a value in some very narrow range between x and x +
∆x can be approximated as
Ensemble Averages

• The nth moment of a probability distribution of a random variable X is


defined by
• The variance of X is also denoted as , and its square root, X, is called
the standard deviation of X.
• Variance is a measure of the “randomness” of the random variable X.
• By specifying the variance of a random variable, we are constraining
the width of its probability density function.
• The variance and the mean-square value are related by
Examples of Random Variables

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