IN TEXT CITATIONS

Even though you have put someone else’s ideas or information in your own
words (i.e. paraphrased), you still need to show where the original idea or information
came from. This is all part of the academic writing process.

When citing in text within an assignment, use the author/s (or editor/s) last
name followed by the year of publication.

Example:

Water is a necessary part of every person’s diet and of all the nutrients a body
needs to function, it requires more water each day than any other nutrient (Whitney &
Rolfes, 2011).

or

Whitney and Rolfes (2011) state the body requires many nutrients to function
but highlight that water is of greater importance than any other nutrient.

or

Water is an essential element of anyone’s diet and Whitney and Rolfes (2011)
emphasize it is more important than any other nutrient.

Reference list entry:

Whitney, E., & Rolfes, S. (2011). Understanding nutrition (12th ed.). Australia:
Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Note: This book did not have a city for place of publication, just a country.

Extra note: This book has an edition. This information is included straight after the title.

1. Three, four or five authors

If a work has three (3), four (4) or five (5) authors, cite all authors the
first time and from then on include only the last name of the first author followed
by the words et al. (‘et al.’ is Latin for ‘and others’).

Example:

Research can be defined as a systematic method of creating new

knowledge or a way to verify existing knowledge (Watson, McKenna, Cowman
& Keady, 2008).
 Deciding on a research method demands the researcher consider
carefully the problem or area of investigation being researched (Watson et al.,
2008).

Reference list entry:

Watson, R., McKenna, H., Cowman, S., & Keady, K. (Eds.). (2008). Nursing
research: Designs and methods. Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill
Livingstone Elsevier.

Note: The people were identified as the editors, hence ‘(Eds.)’ is a shortened
version of Editors.

2. Six or seven authors

If a work has six (6) or more authors, cite only the last name of the first author
followed by et al. each time you refer to this work.

Example:
(Mikosch et al., 2010)

Reference list entry:

When a source has up to seven (7) authors, include all names in the reference list.

Mikosch, P., Hadrawa, T., Laubreiter, K., Brandl, J., Pilz, J., Stettner, H., & Grimm,
G. (2010). Effectiveness of respiratory-sinus-arrhythmia biofeedback on state-
anxiety in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Journal of Advanced
Nursing, 66(5), 1101-1110.

3. Eight or more authors

When there are eight (8) or more authors, cite only the last name of the first
author followed by ‘et al.’ each time you refer to this work.

Example:
(Vissing et al., 2004)

Note in the reference list: When there are eight (8) or more authors, include the first
six (6) authors’ names and then use ellipsis points (...) before concluding with the last
author’s name.

Reference list entry:

Vissing, K., Brink, M., Lonbro, S., Sorensen, H., Overgaard, K., Danborg, K., ...
Aagaard, P. (2008). Muscle adaptations to plyometric vs. resistance training in
untrained young men. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(6),
1799-1810.
4. Groups as authors
The names of groups that serve as authors (e.g., corporations, associations,
government agencies) are usually written in full each time they appear in a text
citation. The names of some group authors (e.g., associations, government agencies)
are spelled out in the first citation and abbreviated thereafter. In deciding whether to
abbreviate the name of a group author, use the general rule that you need to give
enough information in the text citation for the reader to locate the entry in the
reference list without difficulty. Some groups are recognized by an abbreviation (e.g.,
WHO for World Health Organization). Refer to the APA manual, 2010, p. 176.

First text citation: (Ministry of Health [MOH], 2007).

Second & subsequent citations: (MOH, 2007).

Reference list entry:

Ministry of Health. (2007). Looking at long-term residential care in a rest home or

hospital: What you need to know. Wellington, New Zealand: Author.

Note: If the author and publisher are the same – Author – can be used to indicate the
publisher in place of the full name. See the example above.

Group as author no abbreviation

New Zealand House of Representatives, Health Committee. (2007, August). Inquiry

into obesity and type 2 diabetes in New Zealand: Report presented to the
House of Representatives. Retrieved from
http://www.parliament.nz/NR/rdonlyres/47F52D0D-0132-42EF-A297-
6AB08980C0EA/61821/DBSCH_SCR_3868_5335.pdf

In text citation:
(New Zealand House of Representatives, Health Committee, 2007).

5. Similar information referred to by more than one author

There may be occasion to refer to more than one source in relation to similar
information. In this case, list the sources in alphabetical order within the brackets,
separated by a semi-colon.
Example:
 Resilience is seen as the ability to overcome adversary, combat stress and bounce
back from hardship (Dawson, 2006; Overton, 2005).

Reference list entry:

Dawson, L. (2006). Wise up!: How to be fearless and fulfilled in midlife. Auckland,
New Zealand: Random House New Zealand.
Overton, A. (2005). Stress less: Make stress work for you not against you. Auckland,
New Zealand: Random House New Zealand.
6. Citing a secondary source
Where possible use original material. However, if the information you wish to
use is cited by another author, acknowledge the source you have read, showing it is a
secondary source. This demonstrates you have not read the original source but read
about it in a secondary source. Within the text citation, use the words “as cited in” to
indicate this is a secondary source. In the reference list, include the author and details
of the source you actually read. Refer to the APA manual, 2010, p. 178.

Example:

Fawcett (as cited in Polit & Beck, 2008) outlined the four main concepts…

Reference list entry:

Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2008). Nursing research: Generating and assessing
evidence for nursing practice (8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer
Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

DIRECT QUOTATION

Quoting directly from a work should be done sparingly, in order to emphasis or

stress a point in your essay. When using a quote, it must be copied exactly as written in
the original work including any punctuation or incorrect spelling. When using a quote,
include the author’s last name, year of publication and page number/s where the quote
appears.

1. Short quote – less than 40 words

To indicate a short quote (less than 40 words), enclose the quotation within double
quotation marks.
Example:
 “Self-directed learning is also a term with which you will become familiar as you
study in Australia or New Zealand. Students are expected to take responsibility for
their own learning and organise their own study” (Hally, 2009, p. 7).

2. Longer quote – 40 words or more

For a quote that is 40 words or more, include it in your essay as a freestanding
piece of text or block form and do not use the quotation marks. Double-space the
entire quote. At the end of the quote, include the author’s name, year of publication
and page number/s after the full stop.
Example:
Principle-based teaching and principle-based learning are important in
nursing, particularly as they relate to clinical skills. Clinical skills are usually taught
according to principles, and this means that the student learns key principles
associated with the skill, and then applies those principles to the actual performance
of the skill. (Hally, 2009, p. 6)

Reference list entry:

Hally, M. B. (2009). A guide for international nursing students in Australia and New
Zealand. Sydney, Australia: Elsevier.

3. Quotations from online resources that do not provide page numbers

The APA manual (2010, p. 171-172) states when using direct quotes from
online material provide the author, year and page number within brackets ( ). If the
page number is not known, use a paragraph number.

If the paragraph number could confuse the reader, consider including a section
heading e.g. discussion section.

Example:

“The WTN exists to "encourage serendipity" -- the happy accidents of colliding ideas
and new relationships that cause the biggest breakthroughs for individuals and
institutions” (World Technology Network, 2014, para. 3).

Reference list entry:

World Technology Network. (2014). About the World Technology Network.

Retrieved from http://www.wtn.net/about

REFERENCING
 All references or information sources cited in any written work (i.e. essays, reports,
research papers, etc.) need to be listed in a reference list on a separate page at the end of your
assignment, headed REFERENCES. The reference list provides all the details necessary for
the person reading and/or marking the assignment to locate and retrieve any information
source cited. An accurate and properly constructed reference list provides credibility to the
written work it accompanies.

1. Books

● Author/s or Editor/s last name (surname) appears first, followed by initials

(Bloggs, J.).
● Year of publication in brackets (2010).
● Full title of the book. Capitalize only the first word of the title and the
subtitle, if any, and proper names. Italicize the title. Use a colon (:) between
the title and subtitle.
● Include the edition number, if applicable, in brackets after the title or subtitle
(3rd ed.) or (Rev. ed.). Note: No full stop, after the title, if there is an edition.
● Place of publication. Always include the city and 2-letter state code when
published inside the USA, and the city & country, if published outside the
USA (Fort Bragg, CA or Auckland, New Zealand or Benalla, Australia or
Weybridge, England). If there are two or more places included in the source,
then use the first one listed.
● Publisher’s name. Provide this as briefly as possible. Do not use terms such
as Publishers, Co., or Inc. but include the words Books & Press. When the
author and the publisher are the same, use the word Author as the name of the
publisher.

1.1 Book – one author

Collier, A. (2008). The world of tourism and travel. Rosedale, New

Zealand: Pearson Education New Zealand.

1.2 Book – two authors

Palmer, G. R., & Short, S. D. (2010). Health care and public policy: An
Australian analysis (4th ed.). South Yarra, VIC: Palgrave
Macmillan.

In text citation:
(Palmer and Short, 2010)
1.3 Book – three to five authors

Seeley, R., VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2011). Seeley’s anatomy
& physiology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
 In text citation:

First Quote In a recent study, Seeley, VanPutte, Regan, &

Russo (2011)
Subsequent Quote It was reported by Seeley et al. (2011) that ….
Note: For the first in-text citation, list all the authors, and then use the first
author’s last name followed by ‘et al.’ for subsequent citations.

1.4 Book – six to seven authors

Bulliet, R. W., Crossley, P. K., Headrick, D. R., Hirsch, S. W., Johnson, L.

L., & Northrup, D. (2011). The earth and its peoples: A global
history (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Wadsworth.

In text citation:
(Bulliet et al., 2005).

Note: For all in-text citations, list only the first author’s last name followed
by ‘et al.’ All authors are included in the Reference List.

1.5 Book – place of publication

Airey, D. (2010). Logo design love: A guide to creating iconic brand

identities. Berkeley, CA: New Riders.
Stein, R. (2001). Rick Stein’s seafood. London, England: BBC.

1.6 Book – editor

Aspinall, V. (Ed.). (2014). Clinical procedures in veterinary nursing (3rd

ed.). Edinburgh, Scotland: Elsevier.

1.7 Book – author & publisher are the same

MidCentral District Health Board. (2008). District annual plan 2008/09.

Palmerston North, New Zealand: Author.

1.8 Chapter in an edited book

Palmer, F. (2007). Treaty principles and Maori sport: Contemporary

issues. In C. Collins & S. Jackson (Eds.), Sport in Aotearoa/New
 Zealand society (2nd ed., pp. 307-334). South Melbourne, Australia:
Thomson.

2. Serial/ Journal Articles

● Author/s last name (surname) first, followed by initials.

● Year of publication in brackets. (2012)
● Title of article. Capitalize only the first word of the title and the subtitle, if any,
and proper names. Use a colon (:) between the title and subtitle.
● Title of the serial/journal in full in italics.
● Volume number, in italics. Do not use “Vol.” before the number.
● Issue number. This is bracketed immediately after the volume number but not
italicized.
● Month, season or other designation of publication if there is no volume or issue
number.
● Include all page numbers.
● Include any Digital Object Identifiers [DOI].

2.1 Serial / journal article (print)

Thompson, C. (2010). Facebook: Cautionary tales for nurses. Kai Tiaki:

Nursing New Zealand, 16(7), 26.

2.2 Serial / journal article – more than one author (print)

Gabbett, T., Jenkins, D., & Abernethy, B. (2010). Physical collisions and
injury during professional rugby league skills training. Journal of
Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(6), 578-583

2.3 Serial / journal article (online from a database – e.g. EBSCO or

Newztext)

Marshall, M., Carter, B., Rose, K., & Brotherton, A. (2009). Living with
type 1 diabetes: Perceptions of children and their parents. Journal of
Clinical Nursing, 18(12), 1703-1710. Retrieved from
http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0962-1067

2.4 Serial / journal – more than one author (online– DOI)

Gabbett, T., Jenkins, D., & Abernethy, B. (2010). Physical collisions and
injury during professional rugby league skills training. Journal of
Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(6), 578-583.
doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2010.03.007

If the article has no DOI:

 ● Consider providing the home page URL of the journal. If you are
accessing the article from a database, you may need to do a quick web
search to locate this URL.
● It is not necessary to include the name of the database.
● No retrieval date is necessary for content that is not likely to be changed or
updated. These are DOI resolver / locator sites: http://dx.doi.org/ and
http://www.crossref.org/

2.5 Serial / Journal article – 8 or more authors (online – no DOI)

Crooks, C., Ameratunga, R., Brewerton, M., Torok, M., Buetow, S., Brothers,
S., … Jorgensen, P. (2010). Adverse reactions to food in New Zealand
children aged 0-5 years. New Zealand Medical Journal, 123(1327).
Retrieved from http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/123-1327/4469/

3. Internet sources

Where possible, include similar information, in the same order, as you would for
other types of information and other sources (who, when, what) and then add the
electronic retrieval information required for people to locate the material you cited
(where).
1. Author/s of the document or information – individual or
organization/corporate author.
2. Date of publication. If no date is available use (n.d.).
3. Title of the document or webpage in italics.
4. Complete & correct web address/URL.

Note: APA 6th ed. does not require a retrieval date for most online information,
although, the APA manual states to include a retrieval date for material that may
change over time (e.g. Wikis) (p.192).

3.1 Internet – no author, no date

Pet therapy. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.holisticonline.com/stress/stress_pet-therapy.htm

In text citation:
(Pet therapy, n.d.).

3.2 Internet – Organization / Corporate author

Ministry of Health. (2014). Ebola: Information for the public. Retrieved
from http://www.health.govt.nz/your-health/conditions-and-
treatments/diseases-and-illnesses/ebolainformation-public

In text citation:
 First time cited: (Ministry of Health [MOH], 2014).

Second and subsequent citations: (MOH, 2014).

4. Various types of information sources

4.1 Act (statute / legislation)

Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992. (2013, December 16). Retrieved
from http://www.legislation.govt.nz

Note: The date in brackets is the date on the Act indicating the latest update
or reprint.

In text citation:
(Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992, 2013).

4.2 Blog post

Stefanie. (2014, October 8). What a tangled web: Website versus webpage
[Blog post]. Retrieved from
http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2014/10/what-a-tangled-web-
website-versus-webpage.html

Note: The title of the blog post is not italicised – who knows why not? The
vagaries of APA! Refer to the APA manual, 2010, p. 215. The APA manual
uses the technical term [Web log post] as the descriptor but we have used the
common terminology [Blog post].

In text citation:
(Stefanie, 2014).

4.3 Brochure / pamphlet

Tamihana, B. (2007). Gambling health promotion: Mate petipeti whakapiki

hauora [Brochure]. Palmerston North, New Zealand: Best Care
(Whakapai Hauora) Charitable trust.

4.4 Brochure / pamphlet (no author)

Ageing well: How to be the best you can be [Brochure]. (2009a).

Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Health.

In text citation (for print brochure):

(“Ageing well,” 2009a).
 Same brochure accessed online:

Ageing well: How to be the best you can be [Brochure]. (2009b). Retrieved
from https://www.healthed.govt.nz/resource/ageing-well-how-be-
best-you-can-be

4.5 Conference Paper

Williams, J., & Seary, K. (2010). Bridging the divide: Scaffolding the
learning experiences of the mature age student. In J. Terrell (Ed.),
Making the links: Learning, teaching and high quality student
outcomes. Proceedings of the 9th Conference of the New Zealand
Association of Bridging Educators (pp. 104-116). Wellington, New
Zealand.

In text citation:
(Williams & Seary, 2010).

4.6 Conference paper (online)

MacColl, F., Ker, I., Huband, A., Veith, G., & Taylor, J. (2009, November
12-13). Minimising pedestriancyclist conflict on paths. Paper
presented at the Seventh New Zealand Cycling Conference, New
Plymouth, New Zealand. Retrieved from
http://cyclingconf.org.nz/system/files/NZCyclingConf09_2A_MacColl
_PedCycleConflicts.pdf

In text citation:
First time cited: (MacColl, Ker, Huband, Veith & Taylor, 2009).
Second and subsequent citations: (MacColl et al., 2009).

4.7 Dictionary (print)

Weller, B. F. (Ed.). (2009). Bailliere’s nurses dictionary: For nurses and

health care workers (25th ed.). Edinburgh, Scotland: Elsevier.

4.8 Dictionary – no author (print)

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield,

MA: Merriam-Webster.

4.9 Dictionary (online)

 Acquiescence. (2011). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. Retrieved
from http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/acquiescence

In text citation:
(Acquiescence, 2011).

4.10 Specific entry in an online dictionary (no author or editor)

Simpson, J. (Ed.). (2011). Acquiescence. In Oxford English dictionary.

Retrieved from http://www.oed.com/

4.11 Specific entry in an online dictionary (editor)

Simpson, J. (Ed.). (2011). Acquiescence. In Oxford English dictionary.

Retrieved from http://www.oed.com/

4.12 DVD / Video / Motion Picture (including ClickView & Youtube)

Gardiner, A., Curtis, C., & Michael, E. (Producers), & Waititi, T.

(Director). (2010). Boy: Welcome to my interesting world [DVD].
New Zealand: Transmission.

In text citation:
(Gardiner, Curtis, Michael & Waititi, 2010).

4.13 e-book (including Safari and Google books)

Sadun, E., Grothaus, M., & Sande, S. (2011). Taking your iPad 2 to the
max (2nd ed.) [e-book]. Retrieved from http://books.google.co.nz

4.14 Figures (images, illustrations, photographs, maps, charts)

When you use a figure for educational purposes (e.g. in essays, reports,
presentations, Moodle) you need to reference the source of the figure. This
means you need to cite and reference the publication details of where you
found the figure e.g. the web page, newspaper, book, or any other publication.
Check with your lecturer to make sure you meet the program requirements for
referencing figures.

In text citation:
Insert the figure within your
essay/report, not as a separate page.
Use the most original source available.
The in-text citation below the figure
identifies the source.
Include the page or paragraph number
if there is one.
 (Evans, 2000, p.45).

or

Optional extras

You can include a label: Figure 1

You can include a title and/or information about
the figure. This can be in your own words if
necessary.
You do not need to repeat all the caption details
Figure within the narrative. You may simply refer to
In the1.reference
A fine tauihu
list (Evans, Figure 1, Figure 2 etc.
2000, p.45).
• Where did you find this figure?
• You need to provide the information to identify and find each source.
• Include all the publishing details in your reference list (Who. When.
What. Where from.) This is the information that will let your reader
find the book or journal article or web page or database where you
found the figure.

Source In text citation Reference list

(Who, When) Who. (When). What. Where from.
From Google (Zimbio, 2013) Zimbio. (2013). NZFW A/W 2013:
Images Charlie Brown – Backstage [Image].
Retrieved from
Find the original http://www.zimbio.com/
source by selecting pictures/ZIL6dIX5VQT/NZFW+
the image then
select ‘Visit page’. W+2013+Charlie+Brown+Backstage
Reference this page
i.e. go to where
Google located the
image
From a book (or a Evans, J. (2000). Waka taua: The
journal article)
Maori war canoe. Auckland,
Include the page
number in the in New Zealand: Reed.
text citation

(Evans, 2000,
p.45)
From a database Heart [Image]. (2012). Retrieved from
e.g. Britannica Encyclopedia Britannica Image
Images Quest or Quest database.
SMART Imagebase.
Note: No Who
(author) is
obvious, therefore
the What (title) is
used.

(Heart, 2012)
Unpublished – in a Not in the ‘Reference list’ as it has
personal collection
not been published
i.e. you created the
figure and it is not
published.

Douglas
Channel,
Canada, 2009
(Personal
collection)

Pool, P. (1973). Impressionism. London, England:

Thames & Hudson.
Art works

In the caption include the

details you consider to be
relevant about the art
work e.g. Artist, Title,
Year created. This is
followed by the in text
citation which is giving
details about where the
figure was published.
Figure 1. Manet,
River at Argenteuil,
1874 (Pool, 1973,
 p.134)
Clip Art Child’s footprint. [Image]. (n.d.).
Microsoft Word Clip Art.
Check with your
lecturer – do they
want you to
reference Clip Art
or not?
(Child’s
footprint, n.d.)

Copyright of figures (Images, illustrations, photographs, maps, charts)

You do not need to get copyright permission if you are using the figure for
educational purposes. The New Zealand Copyright Act (1994) allows the free use of figures
for educational purposes but they must be referenced. If you plan to sell or exhibit your work
you will need to get copyright permission for figures used. The Copyright Council of New
Zealand provides useful information at http://www.copyright.org.nz/infosheets.php

4.15 Magazine

Ng, A. (2011, October-December). Brush with history. Habitus, 13,

83-87.

In text citation:
(Ng, 2011).

4.16 Music recording (Whole album)

Midler, B. (2010b). Memories of you [CD]. London, England: Warner

Music UK.

In text citation:
(Midler, 2010b).

4.17 Music recording (Song from album)

Midler, B. (2010a). The folks who live on the hill. On Memories of you
[CD]. London, England: Warner Music UK.

In text citation:
The heartfelt “The folks who live on the hill” provides an ideal vehicle
for Midler to showcase her talents (Midler, 2010a, track 5).

4.18 Newspaper article

 Matthews, L. (2011, November 23). Foodbanks urge public to give
generously. Manawatu Standard, p. 4.

In text citation:
(Matthews, 2011).

4.19 Newspaper article (no author)

Little blue penguins homeward bound. (2011, November 23).

Manawatu Standard, p. 5.

In text citation:
Shorten the title and enclose in quotation marks.
(“Little blue penguins”, 2011).

4.20 Newspaper (online)

Rogers, C. (2011, November 26). Smartphone could replace wallets.
The Dominion Post. Retrieved from
http://www.stuff.co.nz/technology/gadgets/6038621/Smartpho
ne-could-replace-wallets

4.21 Personal communication

This refers to letters, including email, interviews, telephone

conversations and discussions on placement or work experience.
Personal communications are cited in text only and are NOT
included in the reference list. Refer to APA manual, 2010, p.179.

In text citation:

No-tillage technologies have revolutionized the way arable farmers

manage their farming operation and practices (W.R. Ritchie, personal
communication, September 30, 2014).

4.22 Podcast (audio or video)

Radio New Zealand. (2014, December 3). Filmmaker slams

corporates for delay tactics on climate change [Audio
podcast]. Retrieved from
http://www.radionz.co.nz/audio/player/20159538

4.23 Software (including apps)

UBM Medica. (2010). iMIMS (Version1.2.0) [Mobile application

software]. Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com
4.24 Television series

Flanagan, A., & Philipson, A. (Series producers & directors). (2011).

24 hours in A & E [Television series]. Belfast, Ireland: Channel
4.

4.25 Television (single episode from a series)

Beaudry, C. (Series producer). (2014). Northland harbours [Television

series episode]. In J. Curran (Executive producer), Our big
blue backyard. Dunedin, New Zealand: Natural History of New
Zealand.

4.26 Thesis (print)

Johnson, S. (2013). Style strategies (Master’s thesis). UCOL,

Whanganui School of Design, Whanganui, New Zealand.

4.27 Thesis (online)

Mann, D. L. (2010). Vision and expertise for interceptive actions in

sport (Doctoral dissertation, The University of New South
Wales, Sydney, Australia). Retrieved from
http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44704

4.28 Wikis (including Wikipedia)

Wikis can generally be written and edited by more than one

person. Use wiki information wisely. Wikipedia can be a good starting
point to discover background information on a topic and you can use
the citations and links in any entry to verify information and locate
original sources. Check with your lecturer – Are you allowed to use
Wikipedia as a reference source?

Moodle. (2014). Retrieved December 8, 2014, from Wikipedia:

http://en.wikipedia .org/wiki/Moodle

In text citation:
(Moodle, 2014).