SECONDARY 2 SET 3
LOGICAL THINKING
1. Find the average of the following sequence:
2024, 2033, 2042, 2051, 2060, … , 3154, 3165, 3176, 3185
5−8𝑥
2. How many integral solution(s) is/are there for 𝑥 if −14 < < 5?
7
3. There are 153 balls. Azra and Ben need to pick 4 to 9 balls by turns. The person picking up the last
ball will be the winner. Azra is picking the ball in the first turn. If he can add balls before the game
starts, at least how many ball(s) does he need to add to ensure his victory?
4. Given that 𝐴: 𝐵 = 3: 2, 𝐵: 𝐶 = 4: 1, 𝐶: 𝐷 = 7: 3 and 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 = 2320. Find the value of 𝐶.
5. There are 21 pieces of blue socks, 23 pieces of yellow socks and 36 pieces of green socks in the box.
If you want to get 2 pairs of green socks and 5 pairs of non-green socks, at least how many
piece(s) of sock(s) is/are needed to be drawn?
ALGEBRA
45
6. It is known that 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑥 = 45 , find the value of 𝑥.
4+ 45
4+ 45
4+
4+⋯
7. Factorize 𝑥 2 + 18𝑦 2 − 9𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑥 − 30𝑦.
8. For real numbers 𝑥 and 𝑦, find the value of 𝑥 if
|2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 8| + |3𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 4| = 0.
9. Given that 𝑎 > 7 and the equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 54𝑥 + 9𝑐 = 0 has real root(s), what is the maximum value
of integer 𝑐?
10. Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 and 𝑓(−2) = 21, 𝑓(−1) = 10 and 𝑓(3) = 6. Determine the value
of 𝑓(1).
NUMBER THEORY
11. If 12𝑥 ≡ 7(𝑚𝑜𝑑 19), find the maximum value of 2-digit number 𝑥.
12. If the highest common factor of a 4-digit number and 5916 is 493, find the largest possible value
of this number.
13. If 𝐴 = 1 + 8 + 27 + 64 + ⋯ + 8000, determine the value of the last digit of 𝐴.
14. Find the sum of all positive factor(s) of 5700.
15. Find the remainder when 3620 is divided by 17.
GEOMETRY
16. An interior angle of an 𝑛-sided regular polygon is (10𝑛 + 6)°. Find the maximum value of 𝑛.
17. If a straight line 𝐿 passes through 𝐴(14,6) and 𝐵(39, −4), determine the 𝑥-intercept of 𝐿.
18. If the lengths of three sides of a triangle are 41,43 and 80, find the area of the triangle.
19. Given that there is a pair of right-angled triangles ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶~∆𝐷𝐸𝐹 and two right-angled sides 𝐴𝐵 =
𝐷𝐸
11, 𝐵𝐶 = 60. Find the value of .
𝐷𝐹
3
20. A cone is formed by a circle and a semi-circle and its surface area is 12561 14 𝑐𝑚2. Find the radius
22
of the semi-circle. (Take 𝜋 = )
7
COMBINATORICS
21. A fair 6-faced die is thrown three times. Find the probability that the product of the numbers is a
multiple of 9.
22. Seventy cards are marked from 14 to 83 and 2 cards are drawn at random. Find the probability
that the two cards drawn are both multiples of 9.
23. Three identical brown cups, 6 identical violet cups and 7 identical green cups are put from left to
right. How many different arrangement(s) is/are there?
24. Use 4,5,6,7,8,9 to form 5-digit numbers. The odd digits cannot be next to each other. How many
number(s) can be formed in this way?
25. There are 7 balls in a box including 5 gray balls and 2 brown balls. One gray ball is added every 4
seconds (0:04, 0:08, 0:012, …, 1:00). Also at 48 seconds, 1 brown ball will be added into the box. If
it needs to wait 15 seconds after each draw, find the maximum value of the probability to draw the
brown ball within 1 minute.
SECONDARY 2 SET 3
Solution Manual
LOGICAL THINKING
1. Find the average of the following sequence:
2024, 2033, 2042, 2051, 2060, … , 3154, 3165, 3176, 3185
5209 1
Answer: 𝑜𝑟 2604 2 𝑜𝑟 2604.5
2
Solution:
Note that this is an arithmetic sequence with common difference 9.
This means that the average is
2024 + 3185 5209 1
= 𝑜𝑟 2604 𝑜𝑟 2604.5.
2 2 2
5−8𝑥
2. How many integral solution(s) is/are there for 𝑥 if −14 < < 5?
7
Answer: 16
Solution:
5 − 8𝑥
−14 < <5
7
−98 < 5 − 8𝑥 < 35
−103 < −8𝑥 < 30
30 103
− <𝑥<
8 8
6 7
−3 < 𝑥 < 12
8 8
−3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12
We have 16 integral solutions from −3 to 12.
3. There are 153 balls. Azra and Ben need to pick 4 to 9 balls by turns. The person picking up the last
ball will be the winner. Azra is picking the ball in the first turn. If he can add balls before the game
starts, at least how many ball(s) does he need to add to ensure his victory?
Answer: 7
Solution:
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 + 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 = 4 + 9 = 13
The strategy here is whenever Ben picks a certain number of balls, Azra must pick a number of
balls that will add up to 13.
By this way, we can ensure that the last person will get all the remaining balls in his/her last turn.
Hence, we have
153
= 11 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 10.
13
Since we have a remainder of 10 and the greatest number of balls to be picked is 9, then Azra must
complete another group/pair with sum of 13 and then add the minimum number of balls to be
picked, that is
(13 − 10) + 4 = 7 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠.
4. Given that 𝐴: 𝐵 = 3: 2, 𝐵: 𝐶 = 4: 1, 𝐶: 𝐷 = 7: 3 and 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 = 2320. Find the value of 𝐶.
Answer: 203
Solution:
Establishing ratio 𝐴: 𝐵: 𝐶 ∶
3(2): 2(2): 1(1) = 6: 4: 1
Establishing ratio 𝐴: 𝐵: 𝐶: 𝐷 ∶
6(7): 4(7): 1(7): 3(1) = 42: 28: 7: 3
Now,
2320 2320
= = 29.
42 + 28 + 7 + 3 80
Hence, the value of 𝐶 is 7(29) = 203.
5. There are 21 pieces of blue socks, 23 pieces of yellow socks and 36 pieces of green socks in the box.
If you want to get 2 pairs of green socks and 5 pairs of non-green socks, at least how many
piece(s) of sock(s) is/are needed to be drawn?
Answer: 48
Solution:
Worst-case scenario:
21 𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑠 + 23 𝑦𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑠 + 4 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑠 = 48
ALGEBRA
45
6. It is known that 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑥 = 45 , find the value of 𝑥.
4+ 45
4+ 45
4+
4+⋯
Answer: 5
Solution:
45
𝑥=
4+𝑥
2
𝑥 + 4𝑥 = 45
2
𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 45 = 0
(𝑥 + 9)(𝑥 − 5) = 0
𝑥 = −9,5
Hence, the value of 𝑥 is 5.
7. Factorize 𝑥 2 + 18𝑦 2 − 9𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑥 − 30𝑦.
Answer:(𝑥 − 6𝑦)(𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 5) 𝑜𝑟 (𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 5)(𝑥 − 6𝑦)
Solution:
𝑥 2 − 9𝑥𝑦 + 18𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 − 30𝑦
= (𝑥 − 6𝑦)(𝑥 − 3𝑦) + 5(𝑥 − 6𝑦)
= (𝑥 − 6𝑦)(𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 5)𝑜𝑟 (𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 5)(𝑥 − 6𝑦)
OR
Treat this as a quadratic expression with respect to 𝑥.
𝑥 2 + (5 − 9𝑦)𝑥 + 18𝑦 2 − 30𝑦
Remember that (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏.
Hence, we have
𝑥 2 + (5 − 9𝑦)𝑥 − 6𝑦(−3𝑦 + 5)
= (𝑥 − 6𝑦)(𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 5) 𝑜𝑟 (𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 5)(𝑥 − 6𝑦) .
8. For real numbers 𝑥 and 𝑦, find the value of 𝑥 if
|2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 8| + |3𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 4| = 0.
Answer: 1
Solution:
The addends are all nonnegative, which means that in order to have a sum of 0, each addend must
also be equal to 0.
2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 8 = 0
3𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 4 = 0
We eliminate 𝑥 by adding the two equations together.
We have
−2𝑦 + 4 = 0
2𝑦 = 4
𝑦 = 2.
Using either addend,
2𝑥 − 5(2) + 8 = 2𝑥 − 10 + 8 = 2𝑥 − 2 = 0
2𝑥 = 2
𝑥 = 1.
9. Given that 𝑎 > 7 and the equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 54𝑥 + 9𝑐 = 0 has real root(s), what is the maximum value
of integer 𝑐?
Answer: 11
Solution:
We will use the discriminant since it is given that it has real root(s).
𝐷 = 542 − 4(𝑎)(9𝑐) ≥ 0
2916 − 36𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0
−36𝑎𝑐 ≥ −2916
𝑎𝑐 ≤ 81
Note that as 𝑎 gets larger, the maximum value of 𝑐 gets smaller.
7𝑐 < 81
81 4
𝑐< = 11
7 7
Hence, the maximum integer value of 𝑐 is 11.
10. Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 and 𝑓(−2) = 21, 𝑓(−1) = 10 and 𝑓(3) = 6. Determine the value
of 𝑓(1).
Answer: 0
Solution:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐴 + 𝐵(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 1).
When 𝑥 = −2,
𝑓(−2) = 𝐴 + 0 + 0 = 𝐴 = 21.
When 𝑥 = −1,
𝑓(−1) = 𝐴 + 𝐵(−1 + 2) + 0 = 21 + 𝐵 = 10
𝐵 = 10 − 21 = −11.
When 𝑥 = 3,
𝑓(3) = 𝐴 + 𝐵(3 + 2) + 𝐶(3 + 2)(3 + 1) = 21 − 11(5) + 20𝐶 = 6
20𝐶 = 6 − 21 + 55
𝐶 = 2.
Hence,
𝑓(𝑥) = 21 − 11(𝑥 + 2) + 2(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 1).
Therefore,
𝑓(1) = 21 − 11(1 + 2) + 2(1 + 2)(1 + 1) = 21 − 33 + 12 = 0.
NUMBER THEORY
11. If 12𝑥 ≡ 7(𝑚𝑜𝑑 19), find the maximum value of 2-digit number 𝑥.
Answer: 94
Solution:
12𝑥 ≡ 7(𝑚𝑜𝑑 19)
12𝑥 ≡ −12(𝑚𝑜𝑑 19)
𝑥 ≡ −1(𝑚𝑜𝑑 19)
𝑥 ≡ 18(𝑚𝑜𝑑 19)
Now,
𝑥 = 19𝑘 + 18, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑘
19𝑘 + 18 ≤ 99
81
𝑘≤
19
5
𝑘≤4 .
19
Using 𝑘 = 4, we have
𝑥 = 19(4) + 18 = 94.
12. If the highest common factor of a 4-digit number and 5916 is 493, find the largest possible value
of this number.
Answer: 9367
Solution:
5916 = 493 × 22 × 3
Now,
9999
⌊ ⌋ = 20.
493
So, in order for us to have 493 as the highest common factor, we must pick the largest value less
than or equal to 20 that doesn’t have any common factor with 22 × 3, that is 19.
Hence, we have
493 × 19 = 9367.
13. If 𝐴 = 1 + 8 + 27 + 64 + ⋯ + 8000, determine the value of the last digit of 𝐴.
Answer: 0
Solution:
𝐴 = 13 + 23 + 33 + 43 + ⋯ + 203
Note that
3 3 3 3
𝑛2 (𝑛 + 1)2
1 +2 +3 +⋯+𝑛 = .
4
We have
202 (21)2
𝐴 𝑚𝑜𝑑 10 ≡ 𝑚𝑜𝑑 10
4
𝐴 𝑚𝑜𝑑 10 ≡ 102 (21)2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 10
𝐴 𝑚𝑜𝑑 10 ≡ 0 𝑚𝑜𝑑 10.
Hence, we have 0.
14. Find the sum of all positive factor(s) of 5700.
Answer: 17360
Solution:
5700 = 22 × 3 × 52 × 19
We have
(20 + 21 + 22 )(30 × 31 )(50 + 51 + 52 )(190 + 191 )
= (7)(4)(31)(20)
= 17360.
15. Find the remainder when 3620 is divided by 17.
Answer: 16
Solution:
3620 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 17) ≡ 220 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 17) ≡ 165 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 17)
−15 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 17) ≡ −1(𝑚𝑜𝑑 17) ≡ 16 𝑚𝑜𝑑 17
Hence, we have 16.
GEOMETRY
16. An interior angle of an 𝑛-sided regular polygon is (10𝑛 + 6)°. Find the maximum value of 𝑛.
Answer: 15
Solution:
180(𝑛 − 2)
= 10𝑛 + 6
𝑛
180𝑛 − 360 = 10𝑛2 + 6𝑛
10𝑛2 − 174𝑛 + 360 = 0
5𝑛2 − 87𝑛 + 180 = 0
(5𝑛 − 12)(𝑛 − 15) = 0
𝑛 = 15
17. If a straight line 𝐿 passes through 𝐴(14,6) and 𝐵(39, −4), determine the 𝑥-intercept of 𝐿.
Answer: 29 𝑜𝑟 (29,0)
Solution:
6 − (−4) 10 2
𝑚= = =−
14 − 39 −25 5
Now, the slope should be the same at the 𝑥-intercept. Then
6−0 2
𝑚= =−
14 − 𝑥 5
6 2
=−
14 − 𝑥 5
30 = −(2)(14 − 𝑥)
30 = −28 + 2𝑥
2𝑥 = 58
𝑥 = 29.
Hence, we have 29 𝑜𝑟 (29,0)
18. If the lengths of three sides of a triangle are 41,43 and 80, find the area of the triangle.
Answer: 82√39
Solution:
41 + 43 + 80
𝑠= = 82
2
Using Heron’s Formula, we have
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = √82(82 − 41)(82 − 43)(82 − 80)
= √82(41)(39)(2)
= √(82)2 (39)
= 82√39.
19. Given that there is a pair of right-angled triangles ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶~∆𝐷𝐸𝐹 and two right-angled sides 𝐴𝐵 =
𝐷𝐸
11, 𝐵𝐶 = 60. Find the value of .
𝐷𝐹
11
Answer:61
Solution:
Solving for 𝐴𝐶 using Pythagorean Theorem, we have
𝐴𝐶 = √112 + 602 = √3721 = 61.
Since ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶~∆𝐷𝐸𝐹, then
𝐷𝐸 𝐴𝐵
=
𝐷𝐹 𝐴𝐶
𝐷𝐸 11
= .
𝐷𝐹 61
3
20. A cone is formed by a circle and a semi-circle and its surface area is 12561 14 𝑐𝑚2. Find the radius
22
of the semi-circle. (Take 𝜋 = )
7
Answer: 73
Solution:
Let 𝑟1 be the radius of the semi-circle and 𝑟2 be the radius of the circle.
Note that the circumference of the circle is equal to the arc length of the semi-circle, that is
2𝜋𝑟2 = 𝜋𝑟1
2𝑟2 = 𝑟1
1
𝑟2 = 𝑟1 .
2
Also, the total surface area of the cone is equal to the sum of the areas of the circle and semi-circle.
1 3
𝑆𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟22 + 𝜋𝑟12 = 12561
2 14
2
22 1 1 22 3
( ) ( 𝑟1 ) + ( ) 𝑟12 = 12561
7 2 2 7 14
22 1 1 3
( ) ( ) (𝑟1 )2 ( + 1) = 12561
7 2 2 14
22 1 3 2 3
( ) ( ) ( ) 𝑟1 = 12561
7 2 2 14
33 2 175857
𝑟 =
14 1 14
2
𝑟1 = 5329
𝑟1 = 73
Hence, the radius of the semi-circle is 73 𝑐𝑚.
COMBINATORICS
21. A fair 6-faced die is thrown three times. Find the probability that the product of the numbers is a
multiple of 9.
7
Answer: 27
Solution:
In order for us to have a product that is a multiple of 9, at least two of these dice must be multiples
of 3.
Hence, we have
1 − ((𝑁𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 6) + (1 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒 3 𝑜𝑟 6))
4 4 4 2 4 4
= 1 − (( × × ) + 3 ( × × ))
6 6 6 6 6 6
64 96
= 1 − (( )+( ))
216 216
160
=1−
216
56
=
216
7
= .
27
22. Seventy cards are marked from 14 to 83 and 2 cards are drawn at random. Find the probability
that the two cards drawn are both multiples of 9.
4
Answer: 345
Solution:
We have eight multiples of 9 from 14 to 83.
Hence,
8 7
×
70 69
8 1
= ×
10 69
8
=
690
4
= .
345
23. Three identical brown cups, 6 identical violet cups and 7 identical green cups are put from left to
right. How many different arrangement(s) is/are there?
Answer:960960
Solution:
(3 + 6 + 7)! 16!
= = 960960
3! 6! 7! 3! 6! 7!
24. Use 4,5,6,7,8,9 to form 5-digit numbers. The odd digits cannot be next to each other. How many
number(s) can be formed in this way?
Answer: 252
Solution:
We have the following arrangements:
𝑂𝐸𝑂𝐸𝑂
𝐸𝑂𝐸𝑂𝐸
𝑂𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑂
𝐸𝑂𝐸𝐸𝑂
𝐸𝐸𝑂𝐸𝑂
𝑂𝐸𝐸𝑂𝐸
𝑂𝐸𝑂𝐸𝐸
Counting the total number of arrangements, we have
7(3! × 3 × 2)
= 7(36)
= 252.
25. There are 7 balls in a box including 5 gray balls and 2 brown balls. One gray ball is added every 4
seconds (0:04, 0:08, 0:012, …, 1:00). Also at 48 seconds, 1 brown ball will be added into the box. If
it needs to wait 15 seconds after each draw, find the maximum value of the probability to draw the
brown ball within 1 minute.
1019
Answer: 1539
Solution:
We need to find the probability such that for each draw, we just get gray balls.
(Denote 𝐺 for gray and 𝐵 for brown)
0𝑠 15 𝑠 30 𝑠 45 𝑠 60𝑠
5𝐺 (5 − 1) + 3 (7 − 1) + 4 (10 − 1) + 4 (13 − 1) + 4
=7𝐺 = 10 𝐺 = 13𝐺 = 16 𝐺
2𝐵 2𝐵 2𝐵 2𝐵 3𝐵
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 5 7 10 5 13 16
=
7 9 12 6 15 19
Hence,
𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒
5 7 5 13 16
=1−( × × × × )
7 9 6 15 19
520
=1−
1539
1019
= .
1539
