Introduction

Phytoplankton, the microscopic photosynthetic organisms inhabiting the sunlit

upper layers of almost all aquatic ecosystems, are foundational to the aquatic
food web and crucial to global biogeochemical cycles. Despite their minute
size, phytoplankton exhibit an astonishing diversity that rivals that of terrestrial
plants, reflecting a vast array of adaptive strategies and ecological niches.
Phytoplankton are tiny, plant-like organisms that live in the ocean and other
bodies of water. They are very important because they produce a lot of the
oxygen we breathe and are the base of the aquatic food chain. Just like there are
many different types of plants on land, there are many different types of
phytoplankton in the water. This variety, or diversity, of phytoplankton is
crucial for the health of marine ecosystems. Different types of phytoplankton
thrive in different conditions, and their presence can tell us a lot about the health
of the water. By studying the diversity of phytoplankton, scientists can learn
more about how to protect our oceans and the life within them. This diversity
encompasses a wide range of morphological forms and physiological
capabilities, making phytoplankton a critical focus of study for understanding
ecological dynamics and environmental change.

1
 Objectives for Studying the Diversity of
Phytoplankton
1.Morphological and Functional Characterization

Objective: Characterize the morphological and functional traits of

phytoplankton to understand their ecological roles and adaptations.

Phytoplankton exhibit a wide range of morphological forms and functional traits

that contribute to their ecological success. This objective focuses on detailed
morphological studies using microscopy and imaging techniques, alongside
functional assays to measure photosynthetic efficiency, nutrient uptake, and
motility. Understanding these traits will provide insights into how
phytoplankton adapt to different environmental conditions and their roles in
ecosystem processes.

2. Ecological Distribution and Community Dynamics

Objective: Investigate the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of

phytoplankton and their community dynamics.

Phytoplankton communities vary significantly across different aquatic

environments and seasons. This objective aims to map the distribution of
phytoplankton species using field surveys and remote sensing technologies.
Long-term monitoring will reveal patterns in community dynamics, such as
seasonal blooms and responses to environmental changes. This information is
crucial for predicting how phytoplankton communities might shift under
changing climate conditions.

2
3. Biogeochemical Cycles and Ecosystem Functioning

Objective: Examine the role of phytoplankton in biogeochemical cycles and

their impact on ecosystem functioning.

Phytoplankton play a pivotal role in global biogeochemical cycles, particularly

in carbon and nutrient cycling. This objective involves studying the
contributions of different phytoplankton groups to primary production, carbon
sequestration, and nutrient cycling. Experimental approaches, such as
mesocosm studies and biogeochemical modeling, will help quantify these
contributions and elucidate the mechanisms by which phytoplankton influence
ecosystem processes.

4. Impact of Environmental Stressors

Objective: Assess the impact of environmental stressors, such as climate

change, pollution, and acidification, on phytoplankton diversity and function.

Phytoplankton are sensitive indicators of environmental change. This objective

focuses on evaluating how stressors like rising temperatures, nutrient pollution,
and acidification affect phytoplankton diversity and physiology. Laboratory
experiments and field studies will be conducted to understand the tolerance
limits of different species and the potential for shifts in community composition.
Such assessments are vital for predicting the impacts of global change on
marine and freshwater ecosystems.

3
 Annual Rainfall
The annual rainfall for 2023-24 showed significant regional variation, with
some areas experiencing above-average precipitation due to strong monsoons,
while others faced drought conditions. Overall, global patterns reflected a mix
of climatic influences, emphasizing the need for adaptive water management
strategies in response to changing weather patterns.

DATE/MONTH Cumulative rainfall (in mm)

20/04 87.9
27/04 88.3
05/05 88.4
11/05 89.2
13/05 89.4
16/05 93.6
18/05 96.5
22/05 105.1
29/05 110.2
01/06 111.8
07/06 114.1
15/06 115.3

4
 MORPHOLOGICAL AND
FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY
Phytoplankton, the microscopic organisms that form the foundation of the
aquatic food web, come in a wide range of sizes. Their size can significantly
influence their role in the ecosystem, including their nutrient uptake, light
absorption, and susceptibility to predation.

1. Picoplankton: These are the smallest phytoplankton, ranging from 0.2 to 2

micrometers. Examples include cyanobacteria and some small eukaryotic algae.
Despite their tiny size, picoplankton are incredibly abundant and play a crucial
role in global carbon cycles.

2. Nanoplankton: These phytoplankton range from 2 to 20 micrometers. They

include small diatoms and flagellates. Nanoplankton are important in nutrient-
poor environments because their small size allows them to efficiently absorb
nutrients from the water.

3. Microplankton: Ranging from 20 to 200 micrometers, microplankton

include larger diatoms and dinoflagellates. They are often more visible under a
microscope and can form significant blooms, such as the well-known red tides.

4. Mesoplankton and Macroplankton: Although less common, some

phytoplankton can grow larger than 200 micrometers. Examples include certain
large diatoms and colonial forms that can reach several millimeters in size.

5
This size diversity allows phytoplankton to occupy various ecological niches
and adapt to different environmental conditions, making them vital to aquatic
ecosystems.

i) MORPHOLOGICAL VARIANCES
1.Diatoms are a type of phytoplankton known for their intricate and beautiful
silica shells, called Frustules. These frustules are like tiny glass houses that
protect the diatoms and come in a wide variety of shapes and patterns. The
morphological diversity of these silica shells is astounding. Some diatoms have
long, needle-like shapes, while others are round, triangular, or even star-shaped.

The surface of these shells is often decorated with complex patterns of pores,
ridges, and spines, which are unique to each species. These patterns are not just
for beauty; they play a crucial role in the diatom's life. The pores, for instance,
allow nutrients and waste to pass in and out of the cell, while the overall shape
and structure help the diatoms float and protect them from predators.

The diversity in frustule morphology also helps diatoms thrive in various

environments. Different shapes and sizes can influence how diatoms move
through water, how they interact with light, and how they adapt to changes in
their surroundings. This incredible variety in form and function makes diatoms
a fascinating subject of study for scientists interested in the biodiversity and
ecology of marine life.

2.Dinoflagellates are a type of phytoplankton known for their bioluminescence

the ability to produce light. Morphological diversity in bioluminescent
dinoflagellates refers to the variety of shapes, sizes, and structures these

6
organisms exhibit. This diversity is fascinating and plays a crucial role in their
survival and ecological functions.

Bioluminescent dinoflagellates can vary greatly in shape, from simple ovals to

complex forms with spines and intricate patterns. Their cell walls are often
covered with plates made of cellulose, which can be smooth or adorned with
ridges, pores, and other features. These structural differences help them adapt to
different environmental conditions and avoid predators.

The bioluminescence in dinoflagellates is produced by specialized structures

called scintillons, which contain the enzyme luciferase and the molecule
luciferin. When disturbed, such as by the movement of water, these organisms
emit a blue-green light. This light can startle predators, attract mates, or
communicate with other dinoflagellates.

Overall, the morphological diversity of bioluminescent dinoflagellates enhances

their ability to thrive in various marine environments, contributing to the
dynamic and vibrant ecosystems of our oceans.

ii) FUNCTIONAL VARIAENCES

1.The aquatic food web begins with phytoplankton, microscopic organisms

that convert inorganic carbon into organic matter through photosynthesis. Using
sunlight, carbon dioxide (CO₂), and water, phytoplankton produce oxygen and
organic compounds, such as sugars. This process forms the basis of the marine
food web.

Phytoplankton are primary producers, meaning they generate the organic matter
that fuels the entire ecosystem. Zooplankton, small animals that feed on
7
phytoplankton, are the next level in the food web. These, in turn, are eaten by
larger animals, such as small fish and crustaceans. Predatory fish, marine
mammals, and seabirds occupy the higher trophic levels, feeding on these
smaller creatures.

Through this process, energy from the sun is transformed into chemical energy
stored in organic matter, which flows through the food web. This supports a
diverse array of aquatic life, from tiny microorganisms to large marine
predators.

2.The regulation of atmospheric nitrogen and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels

significantly affects phytoplankton populations. Phytoplankton require nitrogen
for growth, and variations in nitrogen availability can impact their productivity
and composition. Increased nitrogen levels, often from agricultural runoff, can
lead to phytoplankton blooms, some of which may be harmful.

CO2 levels also influence phytoplankton. As CO2 dissolves in water, it becomes

available for photosynthesis, boosting phytoplankton growth. However, rising
CO2 levels contribute to ocean acidification, which can negatively affect certain
species, particularly those with calcium carbonate shells, like some
coccolithophores.

These changes in phytoplankton populations can have cascading effects on

marine food webs and biogeochemical cycles. For example, altered
phytoplankton dynamics can influence the amount of carbon sequestered in the
deep ocean, impacting global carbon cycles and climate regulation. Thus,

8
understanding and managing nitrogen and CO2 levels are crucial for
maintaining healthy marine ecosystems.

iii) ECOLOGICAL VARIANCES

Spring blooms in temperate regions are a significant ecological event that

profoundly affects phytoplankton populations. These blooms occur when
environmental conditions become optimal for rapid phytoplankton growth,
typically in the spring when sunlight increases and nutrient levels are high after
winter mixing.

During winter, strong winds and colder temperatures lead to the mixing of the
water column, bringing nutrient-rich waters from the depths to the surface. As
spring arrives, the increasing sunlight warms the surface waters, creating a
stable, stratified water column with a well-lit upper layer. This combination of
ample light and abundant nutrients provides the ideal conditions for
phytoplankton to thrive, leading to a bloom.

Phytoplankton, primarily diatoms in temperate regions, experience rapid

population growth during these blooms. Diatoms, with their silica-based cell
walls, can outcompete other phytoplankton due to their efficient nutrient uptake
and rapid reproduction rates. The resulting high biomass of phytoplankton
forms the basis of the marine food web, supporting zooplankton and,
subsequently, higher trophic levels, including fish and marine mammals.

Spring blooms have several ecological impacts. Firstly, they contribute

significantly to primary production, the process by which phytoplankton convert
CO2 into organic matter through photosynthesis. This process not only sustains

9
marine food webs but also plays a crucial role in the global carbon cycle by
sequestering carbon in the deep ocean when phytoplankton die and sink.

Secondly, the rapid growth and subsequent death of phytoplankton during

blooms can lead to hypoxic conditions, or low oxygen levels, in the water. As
dead phytoplankton sink and decompose, oxygen is consumed, which can create
dead zones that are detrimental to marine life.

Finally, while spring blooms are generally beneficial for marine ecosystems,
they can sometimes lead to harmful algal blooms (HABs). Certain species of
phytoplankton can produce toxins that are harmful to marine life and humans.
Monitoring and managing these blooms are crucial to mitigating their adverse
effects.

In summary, spring blooms in temperate regions are critical events that drive
primary production, support marine food webs, and influence biogeochemical
cycles. Understanding their dynamics helps in managing and protecting marine
ecosystems.

These microscopic organisms are responsible for nearly half of the global
photosynthetic activity, converting carbon dioxide (CO2) into organic carbon,
which forms the base of the marine food web. This process, known as primary
production, not only sustains marine life but also sequesters CO2 from the
atmosphere, helping to regulate global climate.

As phytoplankton photosynthesize, they absorb CO2, converting it into organic

matter. When phytoplankton die or are consumed by other marine organisms, a
portion of this carbon sinks to the ocean depths, where it can be stored for

10
centuries. This biological pump is a crucial component of the carbon cycle,
mitigating the effects of anthropogenic CO2 emissions.

DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA

Kelageri Lake
Kelageri Lake is located in the Dharwad district of Karnataka, India,
approximately 7 kilometers southeast of the city of Dharwad. This man-made
reservoir is situated at geographic coordinates of approximately 15.4333° N
latitude and 75.0167° E longitude. The lake is primarily fed by seasonal rainfall
and runoff from the surrounding catchment area, which includes agricultural
lands and minor urban settlements. The fluctuating water levels in Kelageri
Lake reflect the semi-arid climate of the region, characterized by a distinct wet
and dry season. The lake serves as a vital water source for irrigation, domestic
use, and local biodiversity.

Kelageri Lake, situated in Dharwad, Karnataka, is a reservoir known for its

fluctuating water levels due to seasonal rainfall. These fluctuations create a
dynamic ecosystem where nutrient levels and phytoplankton communities
change throughout the year. The lake hosts a diverse array of phytoplankton,
including diatoms (Navicula, Coscinodiscus), green algae (Chlorella,
Scenedesmus), cyanobacteria (Microcystis, Anabaena), and dinoflagellates.
Diatoms are predominant, reflecting moderate nutrient levels and good light
penetration, while green algae indicate nutrient-rich conditions. Cyanobacteria,
which thrive during warmer months, can lead to harmful algal blooms if
nutrient levels are excessively high. The dynamic nature of Kelageri Lake
necessitates continuous monitoring and effective nutrient management to
maintain its ecological health and prevent cyanobacterial dominance.

11
Phytoplankton Diversity in Kelageri Lake

Kelageri Lake, a man-made reservoir, has a history of fluctuating water levels

due to its dependence on seasonal rainfall. This fluctuation impacts the nutrient
dynamics and consequently the phytoplankton diversity. Studies have shown
that Kelageri Lake hosts a variety of phytoplankton groups, including diatoms
(Bacillariophyceae), green algae (Chlorophyceae), blue-green algae
(Cyanophyceae), and dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae). Diatoms such as Navicula
and Coscinodiscus are particularly abundant, reflecting the lake’s moderate
nutrient levels and good light penetration

12
 Sadhankeri Lake
Sadhnakeri Lake is also located within the Dharwad district, positioned closer to
the urban center of Dharwad city, about 3 kilometers to the west. The
geographic coordinates for Sadhankeri Lake are approximately 15.4667° N
latitude and 74.9833° E longitude. Unlike Kelageri, Sadhankeri Lake benefits
from more stable water levels due to its proximity to urban infrastructure and
consistent water inputs from nearby residential and agricultural areas. The lake
is surrounded by a mix of urban and semi-urban landscapes, making it an
accessible recreational spot for the local population and an important ecological
zone amidst urbanization.

Sadhanakeri Lake, also located in Dharwad, presents a more stable hydrological

environment compared to Kelageri Lake. Its relatively constant water levels and
nutrient inputs from surrounding land use support a rich and balanced
phytoplankton community. The lake is home to various phytoplankton groups,
including green algae (Spirogyra, Volvox), euglenoids (Euglena), and diatoms
(Synedra, Nitzschia). The prevalence of green algae indicates nutrient-rich
conditions, while euglenoids thrive in nutrient-enriched, sometimes stagnant
waters. Diatoms contribute significantly to primary productivity and nutrient
cycling. The stability of Sadhankeri Lake fosters a diverse and healthy
phytoplankton population, which underscores the importance of sustainable
nutrient management practices to preserve its ecological balance and prevent
eutrophication.

13
Phytoplankton Diversity in Sadhankeri Lake

Sadhankeri Lake, another important water body in Dharwad, differs from Kelageri Lake in
terms of its size, depth, and surrounding land use. It tends to have more stable water levels,
which can influence the phytoplankton community structure differently. Sadhankeri Lake
supports a rich diversity of phytoplankton, with notable groups including green algae
(Chlorophyceae), euglenoids (Euglenophyceae), and diatoms (Bacillariophyceae).

Green algae such as Spirogyra and Volvox are prevalent in Sadhankeri, indicating nutrient-
rich conditions often associated with agricultural runoff and organic matter. Euglenoids,
represented by Euglena species, thrive in the nutrient-enriched and sometimes stagnant
waters of the lake. Diatoms like Synedra and Nitzschia are also present, contributing to the
primary productivity and indicating good water quality.

Both lakes, despite their geographical proximity, exhibit distinct environmental

conditions influenced by their specific locations and surrounding land uses,
contributing to their unique ecological characteristics.

14
 Methods and Procedures
Air Temperature
Select a location away from direct sunlight, buildings, and other structures that
might influence the temperature reading. Ideally, measure at a height of 1.25 to
2 meters above the ground to avoid heat from the ground. For traditional
thermometers, ensure they are mounted in a Stevenson screen (a ventilated box)
to shield them from direct sunlight and precipitation. Allow the thermometer to
stabilize before taking a reading. Note the time and conditions (e.g., clear sky,
cloudy) during the measurement.Record the temperature reading accurately.
Ensure the thermometer or measuring device is regularly calibrated to maintain
accuracy.

Water Temperature

Calibrate the thermometer or data logger according to the manufacturer’s

instructions. Ensure the device is clean and free from any contaminants. Select
multiple sampling points within the water body. For depth measurements, use a
water sampler to bring water from various depths to the surface, then measure
the temperature immediately. If using a data logger, ensure it is securely
deployed at the desired depth. Record the temperature readings along with the
date, time, and location of each measurement. Take multiple readings at each
sampling point to ensure accuracy.

15
Ph

Turn on the pH meter and allow it to warm up if required. Rinse the electrode
with distilled water and gently blot it dry with a tissue. Immerse the electrode in
the pH 7 buffer solution and calibrate the meter according to the manufacturer’s
instructions. Rinse the electrode, then immerse it in the pH 4 buffer solution and
adjust the meter. Repeat the rinse and calibration with the pH 10 buffer solution
if a three-point calibration is required. Rinse the electrode with distilled water
and gently blot it dry. Immerse the electrode in the water sample. Wait for the
reading to stabilize and record the pH value. Rinse the electrode with distilled
water after each measurement.

EC

Turn on the conductivity meter and allow it to warm up if required. Rinse the
conductivity cell with distilled water and then with a standard solution of known
conductivity. Immerse the conductivity cell in the standard solution. Adjust the
meter to read the known value of the standard solution according to the
manufacturer's instructions. Repeat the calibration process with another
standard solution if necessary to ensure accuracy. Collect water samples in
clean, contamination-free containers.Allow the samples to reach room
temperature, as temperature can affect conductivity readings. Rinse the
conductivity cell with a portion of the water sample to avoid
contamination.Immerse the conductivity cell in the water sample. Ensure there
are no air bubbles trapped in the cell, as they can affect the readings. Wait for
the reading to stabilize and then record the value displayed on the meter. Report
the EC in microsiemens per centimeter (µS/cm) or millisiemens per centimeter
(mS/cm), depending on the range of the measurement.

16
Ca
Take a known volume (e.g., 50 mL) of the water sample and place it in a conical
flask. Add about 2 mL of ammonia buffer solution to the sample to adjust the
pH to around 10. This helps in the proper functioning of the indicator. Add a
few drops of Eriochrome Black T indicator to the sample. The solution should
turn wine red if calcium and magnesium ions are present. Fill a burette with the
standardized EDTA solution. Slowly titrate the water sample with EDTA
solution while continuously swirling the flask. Alternatively, you can use a
magnetic stirrer. As the EDTA binds with calcium and magnesium ions, the
color of the solution will change. Continue titrating until the color changes from
wine red to pure blue, indicating that all calcium and magnesium ions have been
complexed with EDTA. Note the volume of EDTA used to reach the endpoint.
Calculate the concentration of calcium

Mg

Pour the water sample into a graduated cylinder or volumetric flask to measure
its volume. Ensure you read the volume at the bottom of the meniscus at eye
level. Since the density of water is 1 g/mL, the volume in mL is numerically
equal to the mass in grams (g). For instance, if you have 100 mL of water, the
mass is 100 g.

17
TH

Rinse all glassware with distilled water to avoid contamination. Fill the burette
with the EDTA solution and record the initial reading. Measure 50 mL of the
water sample into a conical flask. Add 1-2 mL of the buffer solution to the
flask. This will adjust the pH to around 10, which is necessary for the indicator
to work properly.Add a small amount (a pinch) of Eriochrome Black T indicator
to the flask. The solution will turn wine red if hardness ions are present.Begin
titrating with the EDTA solution. Add the EDTA from the burette to the flask
slowly, with continuous swirling.The solution will change color from wine red
to blue. The point at which the color changes to a stable blue is the endpoint of
the titration. Record the final reading on the burette.

TA

Rinse all glassware with distilled water. If using a pH meter, calibrate it using
standard pH buffers. Collect the water sample and allow it to reach room
temperature. Measure the initial pH of the water sample using the pH meter or
indicator. Pour 100 ml of the water sample into an Erlenmeyer flask or beaker.
Place the flask on a magnetic stirrer and add a stir bar if available. Fill the
burette with the 0.1 N HCl solution. Slowly add the acid to the water sample
while continuously stirring. Monitor the pH continuously. Continue adding the
acid until the pH reaches approximately 4.2 (the endpoint for alkalinity titration
in most natural waters). Record the volume of acid used to reach the endpoint.

18
CO2

Collect the water sample in a clean, airtight container to prevent gas exchange
with the atmosphere. Transfer 50 mL of the water sample to an Erlenmeyer
flask. Add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator to the water sample. If the
sample turns pink, it indicates the presence of hydroxide or carbonate ions.
Titrate the sample with 0.02 N NaOH until the pink color just disappears. This
will determine the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the sample. Record the
volume of NaOH used (V1). Add 2-3 drops of methyl orange indicator to a
separate 50 mL water sample. Titrate with 0.02 N NaOH until the color changes
from pink to yellow. Record the volume of NaOH used (V2).

DO

Fill the DO bottle completely with the water sample to avoid trapping air
bubbles. Add 1 mL of manganese sulfate solution to the sample. Add 1 mL of
alkaline potassium iodide solution. Stopper the bottle carefully to avoid air
bubbles and invert several times to mix. Allow the precipitate to settle, forming
a brownish floc. Add 1 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid. Stopper and invert the
bottle several times until the precipitate dissolves completely. Transfer 50 mL
of the sample to an Erlenmeyer flask. Titrate with sodium thiosulfate solution
until the yellow-brown color almost disappears. Add a few drops of starch
indicator solution, which will turn the solution blue. Continue titrating until the
blue color just disappears.

19
BOD

Collect water samples in BOD bottles without trapping air bubbles. Fill the
bottles to the brim to avoid oxygen exchange with the atmosphere. Measure the
initial dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration using a DO meter or the Winkler
titration method. Record the initial DO level. Seal the BOD bottles tightly to
prevent air from entering. Incubate the bottles in the dark at 20°C for 5 days.
The dark condition prevents photosynthesis, which could alter the DO levels.
After the incubation period, measure the final DO concentration in the water
samples. BOD is calculated as the difference between the initial and final DO
concentrations.

20
 READINGS

WEEK 1

KELAGERI SADHANKERI
TH 194.6 186.6
TA 24.0 15.2
CO2 8.29 5.99
DO 1.2 2.52
BOD 2.4 2.52

WEEK 2

KELAGERI SADHANKERI
TH 149.3 161.8
TA 18.9 13.4
CO2 7.39 5.29
DO 1.6 3.6
BOD 2.0 3.2

21
 WEEK 3

KELAGERI SADHANKERI
TH 162.4 170.6
TA 20.60 14.6
CO2 6.92 5.5
DO 2.8 2.64
BOD 1.38 1.72

WEEK 4

KELAGERI SADHANKERI
TH 151.3 165.3
TA 20.3 14.1
CO2 7.6 5.03
DO 2.9 3.54
BOD 1.78 3.6

22
 WEEK 1

KELAGERI SADHANKERI
AIR TEMP 25 25
WATER TEMP 27 27
PH 7.3 7.7
EC 3.7 3.8

WEEK 2

KELAGERI SADHANKERI
AIR TEMP 24 25
WATER TEMP 26 27
PH 7.4 8.1
EC 3.8 3.7

23
 WEEK 3

KELAGERI SADHANKERI
AIR TEMP 22 23
WATER TEMP 24 25
PH 8.9 8.3
EC 4.4 3.7

WEEK 4

KELAGERI SADHANKERI
AIR TEMP 23 24
WATER TEMP 25 26
PH 7.8 8.5
EC 3.7 3.5

24
 Ca

KELAGERI SADHANKERI
WEEK 1 147.3 342
WEEK 2 173.2 320.6
WEEK 3 376 308
WEEK 4 380.6 367.2

Mg

KELAGERI SADHANKERI
WEEK 1 2.8 3.6
WEEK 2 4.7 7.3
WEEK 3 51 7.7
WEEK 4 6.512 3.62

25
 CHARTS
WEEK 1

WEEK 1

BOD

DO

CO2

TA

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

SADHANKERI KELAGERI

TH
196

194

192

190

188

186

184

182
KELAGERI SADHANKERI

26
 WEEK 2

WEEK 2

BOD

DO

CO2

TA

0 5 10 15 20

SADHANKERI KELAGERI

TH
164
162
160
158
156
154
152
150
148
146
144
142
KELAGERI SADHANKERI

WEEK 3
27
 WEEK 3

BOD

DO

CO2

TA

0 5 10 15 20 25

SADHANKERI KELAGERI

TH
175

170

165

160

155

150

145

140
KELAGERI SADHANKERI

WEEK 4
28
 WEEK 4

BOD

DO

CO2

TA

0 5 10 15 20 25

SADHANKERI KELAGERI

TH
170

165

160

155

150

145

140
KELAGERI SADHANKERI

WEEK 1
29
 WEEK 1
30

25

20

15

10

0
AIR TEMP WATER TEMP pH EC

KELAGERI SADHANKERI

WEEK 2

WEEK 2
30

25

20

15

10

0
AIR TEMP WATER TEMP pH EC

KELAGERI SADHANKERI

WEEK 3

30
 WEEK 3
30

25

20

15

10

0
AIR TEMP WATER TEMP pH EC

KELAGERI SADHANKERI

WEEK 4

WEEK 4
30

25

20

15

10

0
AIR TEMP WATER TEMP pH EC

KELAGERI SADHANKERI

Ca/Mg

31
 Ca
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3 WEEK 4

KELAGERI SADHANKERI

Mg
60

50

40

30

20

10

0
WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3 WEEK 4

KELAGERI SADHANKERI

RESULTS

32
i) ANALYSIS OF PHSICO-CHEMICAL
PARAMETERS OF KELAGERI AND
SADHANKERI
The data represents various physico-chemical parameters measured over four
weeks in two locations: Kelageri and Sadhankeri. Below is an analysis of these
parameters:

Total Hardness (TH)

Kelageri: TH ranges from 149.3 to 194.6 mg/L.

Sadhankeri: TH ranges from 161.8 to 186.6 mg/L.

Kelageri generally has a slightly higher range of total hardness compared to

Sadhankeri, indicating a higher concentration of calcium and magnesium ions.

Total Alkalinity (TA)

Kelageri: TA ranges from 18.9 to 24.0 mg/L.

Sadhankeri: TA ranges from 13.4 to 15.2 mg/L.

Kelageri shows higher alkalinity levels than Sadhankeri, suggesting better

buffering capacity against acidification.

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Kelageri: CO2 levels range from 6.92 to 8.29 mg/L.

Sadhankeri: CO2 levels range from 5.03 to 5.99 mg/L.

33
CO2 levels are consistently higher in Kelageri, which might indicate higher
respiration rates or organic matter decomposition.

Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Kelageri: DO ranges from 1.2 to 2.9 mg/L.

Sadhankeri: DO ranges from 2.52 to 3.6 mg/L.

Sadhankeri has higher dissolved oxygen levels, suggesting better aeration or

lower organic pollution.

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)

Kelageri: BOD ranges from 1.38 to 2.4 mg/L.

Sadhankeri: BOD ranges from 1.72 to 3.6 mg/L.

Higher BOD levels in Sadhankeri indicate higher organic pollution compared to

Kelageri.

Week 1

Air and Water Temperature

Kelageri: Air Temp 25°C, Water Temp 27°C

Sadhankeri: Air Temp 25°C, Water Temp 27°C

Temperatures are similar at both sites, indicating uniform atmospheric

conditions.

pH

Kelageri: pH 7.3

34
Sadhankeri: pH 7.7

Both sites have slightly basic water, with Sadhankeri being more basic.

Electrical Conductivity (EC)

Kelageri: EC 3.7 μS/cm

Sadhankeri: EC 3.8 μS/cm

EC values are similar, indicating comparable levels of dissolved salts.

Week 2

Air and Water Temperature

Kelageri: Air Temp 24°C, Water Temp 26°C

Sadhankeri: Air Temp 25°C, Water Temp 27°C

Sadhankeri is slightly warmer, both in air and water.

pH

Kelageri: pH 7.4

Sadhankeri: pH 8.1

Sadhankeri shows a higher pH, indicating more basic water.

Electrical Conductivity (EC)

Kelageri: EC 3.8 μS/cm

Sadhankeri: EC 3.7 μS/cm

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Kelageri's EC is slightly higher, indicating more dissolved ions.

Week 3

Air and Water Temperature

Kelageri: Air Temp 22°C, Water Temp 24°C

Sadhankeri: Air Temp 23°C, Water Temp 25°C

Both locations have cooled down compared to previous weeks.

pH

Kelageri: pH 8.9

Sadhankeri: pH 8.3

Kelageri shows a significant increase in pH, indicating very basic conditions.

Electrical Conductivity (EC)

Kelageri: EC 4.4 μS/cm

Sadhankeri: EC 3.7 μS/cm

Kelageri has higher EC, indicating higher ion concentration.

Week 4

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Air and Water Temperature

Kelageri: Air Temp 23°C, Water Temp 25°C

Sadhankeri: Air Temp 24°C, Water Temp 26°C

Temperatures have stabilized but remain cooler than the first two weeks.

pH

Kelageri: pH 7.8

Sadhankeri: pH 8.5

Sadhankeri shows an increase in pH, remaining more basic.

Electrical Conductivity (EC)

Kelageri: EC 3.7 μS/cm

Sadhankeri: EC 3.5 μS/cm

Both sites show a decrease in EC compared to Week 3.

Calcium (Ca)

Kelageri: Ranges from 147.3 to 380.6 mg/L.

Sadhankeri: Ranges from 308 to 367.2 mg/L.

Kelageri shows more variability and higher peaks in calcium concentration

compared to Sadhankeri.

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Magnesium (Mg)

Kelageri: Ranges from 2.8 to 51 mg/L.

Sadhankeri: Ranges from 3.6 to 7.7 mg/L.

Kelageri shows higher variability and significantly higher magnesium levels,

especially in Week 3.

Kelageri generally exhibits higher levels of total hardness, alkalinity, CO2, and
magnesium, whereas Sadhankeri shows higher dissolved oxygen and biological
oxygen demand, indicating varying water quality dynamics and potential
sources of pollution. The pH levels indicate both sites generally maintain
slightly basic conditions, with notable spikes in Kelageri during Week 3.
Electrical conductivity is similar across both sites, reflecting comparable levels
of dissolved salts.

Overall, Kelageri appears to have higher concentrations of certain ions and

more variability in water quality parameters, while Sadhankeri shows more
stable but sometimes poorer quality in terms of organic pollution.

ii) PROPERTIES OF WATER

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The physico-chemical properties of water in Kelageri and Sadhankeri were
analyzed over four weeks. Key parameters include Total Hardness (TH), Total
Alkalinity (TA), CO2, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD). In Kelageri, TH ranged from 149.3 to 194.6 mg/L, while in
Sadhankeri, it ranged from 161.8 to 186.6 mg/L. TA varied between 18.9 and
24.0 mg/L in Kelageri and 13.4 to 15.2 mg/L in Sadhankeri. CO2 levels were
higher in Kelageri, peaking at 8.29 mg/L, compared to Sadhankeri's maximum
of 5.99 mg/L. DO levels fluctuated, reaching up to 2.9 mg/L in Kelageri and 3.6
mg/L in Sadhankeri. BOD showed similar variability, with values between 1.38
and 2.4 mg/L in Kelageri, and 1.72 to 3.6 mg/L in Sadhankeri. Additionally, the
pH, electrical conductivity (EC), air and water temperature, calcium (Ca), and
magnesium (Mg) content were recorded, indicating slight differences between
the two locations, particularly in Ca and Mg concentrations.

Discussion on the Diversity of

Phytoplankton
The diversity of phytoplankton represents a cornerstone of aquatic ecosystem
functioning, yet it remains an area ripe for further exploration and
understanding. This diversity is not merely a catalog of species but a complex

39
interplay of genetic, morphological, and functional variations that underpin
ecosystem productivity and stability. Phytoplankton's role in primary production
positions them as critical players in carbon cycling and climate regulation. Their
ability to photosynthesize and sequester carbon dioxide is pivotal in mitigating
the impacts of anthropogenic climate change.

Moreover, the ecological dynamics of phytoplankton communities offer

profound insights into the health and resilience of aquatic systems. Shifts in
phytoplankton diversity can signal changes in environmental conditions, such as
nutrient loading, temperature fluctuations, and acidification. These changes, in
turn, influence higher trophic levels, affecting the entire food web, from
zooplankton to fish and marine mammals. Therefore, monitoring phytoplankton
diversity provides an early warning system for ecosystem health and informs
conservation strategies.

The resilience of phytoplankton communities to environmental stressors is

another critical area of interest. Understanding how different species adapt or
succumb to changes in their environment can inform predictive models of
ecosystem response to climate change. For instance, the increasing frequency
and intensity of harmful algal blooms, driven by nutrient pollution and warming
waters, underscore the need for targeted research on the factors that control
phytoplankton population dynamics.

Ultimately, the study of phytoplankton diversity is integral to addressing

broader environmental challenges. It bridges the gap between microscopic
processes and global ecological trends, highlighting the interconnectedness of
life on Earth. By advancing our knowledge in this field, we can better safeguard
the ecosystems that sustain biodiversity and human well-being.

Comparative Analysis and Ecological Implications

40
The phytoplankton diversity in Kelageri and Sadanakere lakes showcases the
influence of environmental factors such as water stability, nutrient availability,
and seasonal variations. Kelageri Lake, with its fluctuating water levels, shows
a dynamic phytoplankton community that can shift rapidly in response to
changing conditions. In contrast, Sadanakere Lake's more stable environment
supports a consistently diverse and balanced phytoplankton population.

Understanding these differences is crucial for managing these lakes sustainably.

The presence of potentially harmful cyanobacteria in Kelageri Lake during
warmer months necessitates monitoring and management to prevent algal
blooms and maintain water quality. For Sadanakere Lake, maintaining the
balance of nutrient inputs from surrounding areas is essential to preserve its
diverse phytoplankton community and overall ecological health.

Conclusion
Phytoplankton, the primary producers in aquatic ecosystems, play a vital role in maintaining
ecological balance and supporting diverse aquatic life forms. The study of phytoplankton
diversity in Kelageri and Sadanakere lakes in Dharwad provides insights into the health and
functioning of these freshwater bodies. This conclusion synthesizes the key findings and
ecological implications of phytoplankton diversity in these two lakes, highlighting the unique
characteristics and challenges associated with each.

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Kelageri Lake: Dynamic Ecosystem with Seasonal Variability

Kelageri Lake, characterized by its man-made origin and reliance on seasonal rainfall,
exhibits significant fluctuations in water levels. These fluctuations lead to variable nutrient
dynamics, directly impacting the phytoplankton community. The lake supports a diverse
assemblage of phytoplankton, including diatoms, green algae, cyanobacteria, and
dinoflagellates.

Ecological Implications: Kelageri Lake’s dynamic ecosystem, driven by seasonal changes,

necessitates continuous monitoring to prevent and manage HABs. The presence of diverse
phytoplankton forms indicates a resilient ecosystem capable of rapid response to
environmental changes. However, nutrient management is crucial to mitigate the risk of
cyanobacterial dominance and ensure the lake’s ecological health.

Sadanakere Lake: Stable Ecosystem with Rich Biodiversity

Sadanakere Lake, in contrast, features a more stable hydrology with relatively constant water
levels, influenced by its size, depth, and surrounding land use. This stability fosters a rich and
balanced phytoplankton community, including green algae, euglenoids, and diatoms.

Ecological Implications: The stable environment of Sadanakere Lake supports a consistently

diverse and balanced phytoplankton community, indicating a healthy ecosystem. However,
maintaining this balance requires careful management of nutrient inputs to prevent
eutrophication. The rich biodiversity of phytoplankton in Sadanakere Lake underscores its
ecological importance and the need for sustainable conservation practices.

KEY FINDINGS
Nitzschia sigma is a species of diatom, a type of microalgae found in marine
and freshwater environments. Found this rare phytoplankton in Kelageri.

Classification

 Kingdom: Protista
 Phylum: Bacillariophyta (Diatoms)

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  Class: Bacillariophyceae
 Order: Bacillariales
 Family: Bacillariaceae
 Genus: Nitzschia
 Species: Nitzschia sigma

Nitzschia sigma has a distinctive elongated shape with a pronounced raphe, a

slit-like structure that allows for movement along surfaces. The cells are often
found in single or chain formations, and their silica cell walls (frustules) are
intricately patterned, aiding in species identification. Nitzschia sigma, like other
diatoms, is used as an indicator species for water quality assessment. Its
presence and abundance can reflect environmental conditions such as nutrient
levels, pollution, and overall ecosystem health. Changes in the population of
Nitzschia sigma can signal shifts in water quality and help in monitoring
ecological changes.

Gonyaulax is a genus of dinoflagellates, specifically known for their ability to

cause harmful algal blooms (HABs). Found this rare phytoplankton in
Sadhankeri.

Classification

 Kingdom: Protista
 Phylum: Dinoflagellata

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  Class: Dinophyceae
 Order: Gonyaulacales
 Genus: Gonyaulax

Gonyaulax species are capable of forming toxic blooms, often referred to as red
tides. These blooms can produce potent toxins, such as saxitoxin, which can
accumulate in shellfish and pose risks to human health if consumed. Gonyaulax
species typically have a distinctive morphology, with a characteristic shape and
a cellulose cell wall that is often ornamented with plates. These features help in
identifying different species within the genus.

Cymbella tumida is a species of diatom, a

type of algae belonging to the
Bacillariophyceae class within the phylum
Ochrophyta. Diatoms are characterized by
their intricate silica cell walls, which give
them their distinctive shapes and structures.
Found in both lakes.
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Classification

 Phylum: Ochrophyta
 Class: Bacillariophyceae
 Order: Cymbellales
 Family: Cymbellaceae
 Genus: Cymbella
 Species: tumida

Cymbella tumida has a distinct elliptical shape and is often found as

solitary cells or in loose colonies. The cell walls are composed of silica,
forming intricate patterns that can vary among individuals. It is
commonly found in freshwater environments, such as lakes, ponds, and
streams, where it thrives in nutrient-rich conditions. Diatoms like
Cymbella tumida play a crucial role in freshwater ecosystems by
contributing to primary production and nutrient cycling.

Pinnularia is a genus of diatoms

belonging to the class Bacillariophyceae.

Classification:

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  Kingdom: Chromista
 Phylum: Ochrophyta
 Class: Bacillariophyceae
 Order: Pennales
 Family: Pinnulariaceae
 Genus: Pinnularia

Pinnularia diatoms are characterized by their elongated rectangular or elliptical

frustules (silica cell walls), which are often asymmetrical. They possess distinct
longitudinal lines (striae) and may have various ornamentations on their valve
surfaces. The raphe, a longitudinal slit used for movement and nutrient uptake,
is present on the valve face.  They play a significant role in freshwater
ecosystems by contributing to primary production and nutrient cycling.
Pinnularia diatoms are sensitive indicators of water quality and environmental
changes, often used in ecological assessments and biomonitoring programs.

46
 RECOMMENDATION
Kelageri and Sadankeri lakes are vital water bodies in the region, serving not
only as sources of water but also as important ecological habitats and
recreational sites for the local community. To ensure their sustainability and
enhance their value, a series of recommendations are proposed based on current
observations and stakeholder inputs.

1. Water Quality Monitoring and Management

- Regular monitoring of water quality parameters such as pH, dissolved

oxygen, and pollutant levels.

- Implementation of a bioremediation program to address issues of

eutrophication and algal blooms.

- Establishing buffer zones with native vegetation to filter runoff and reduce
nutrient loading.

2. Habitat Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation

- Restoration of natural shorelines with native plant species to enhance habitat

diversity.

- Introduction of fish species that are both ecologically beneficial and

culturally significant.

- Creating bird sanctuaries and nesting sites to support avian biodiversity.

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3. Sustainable Water Use Practices

- Promotion of water-saving irrigation techniques among local farmers.

- Installation of rainwater harvesting systems in nearby communities to reduce

dependency on lake water.

- Encouraging responsible recreational use to minimize water wastage and

pollution.

4. Community Engagement and Education

- Organizing workshops and awareness programs on the importance of lake

conservation.

- Involving local schools and colleges in lake clean-up drives and ecological
studies.

- Establishing a citizen science program for monitoring and reporting on lake

health.

5. Infrastructure Development

- Improving accessibility to the lakes with eco-friendly pathways and viewing

platforms.

- Developing amenities such as benches, picnic areas, and educational signage

to enhance visitor experience.

- Ensuring adequate waste disposal and sanitation facilities to maintain

cleanliness.

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6. Policy and Governance

- Strengthening regulations on industrial and agricultural runoff into the lakes.

- Collaborating with local government bodies to ensure the enforcement of

conservation policies.

- Seeking funding and partnerships with environmental NGOs for ongoing

conservation projects.

Implementing these recommendations will not only preserve Kelageri and

Sadankeri lakes but also enhance their ecological, recreational, and cultural
value. A collaborative approach involving local communities, government
agencies, and environmental organizations is essential to achieve these goals
and ensure the long-term sustainability of these precious water bodies.

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 REFERENCES
1. Phytoplankton diversity in the lentic water bodies of Navalgund, Dharwad
district, Ratna Airsang (2015)
2. Physico-chemical studies of freshwater lakes in Dharwad and screening of
algal species for biofuel production, Shakeel Ahmed Adhoni, C T
Shivasharan, B B Kaliwal (2023)
3. The phytoplankton community in Egypt's Bitter Lakes during 2012-2013,
Mohamed Zein Alabdein Nassar (2016)
4. The seasonal diversity and abundance of phytoplankton in the southwestern
Caspian Sea, Heydari and Fatemi (2018)

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