Tutorial Notes 3
1. (a) Write | exp(2z + i)| and | exp(iz 2 )| in terms of x and y. Then show
that
| exp(2z + i)| + | exp(iz 2 )| ≤ e2x + e−2xy .
(b) Show that | exp(z 2 )| ≤ exp(|z|2 ).
(c) Prove that | exp(−2z)| < 1 if and only if Re z > 0.
2. Show that exp(iz) = exp(iz) if and only if z = nπ (n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . ).
3. (a) Recall (Sec. 6) that if z = x + iy, then:
z + z̄ z − z̄
x= , y= .
2 2i
By formally applying the chain rule in calculus to a function F (x, y) of two real
variables, derive the expression:
∂F ∂F ∂x ∂F ∂y 1 ∂F ∂F
= + = +i .
∂ z̄ ∂x ∂ z̄ ∂y ∂ z̄ 2 ∂x ∂y
(b) Define the operator:
∂ 1 ∂ ∂
= +i ,
∂ z̄ 2 ∂x ∂y
suggested by part (a), to show that if the first-order partial derivatives of the
real and imaginary components of a function f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) satisfy
the Cauchy-Riemann equations, then:
∂f 1
= [(ux − vy ) + i(vx + uy )] = 0.
∂ z̄ 2
∂f
Thus derive the complex form ∂ z̄ = 0 of the Cauchy-Riemann equations.
1
Problem 1(a): Express | exp(2z + i)| and | exp(iz 2 )|
in terms of x and y, and show that
| exp(2z + i)| + | exp(iz 2 )| ≤ e2x + e−2xy .
Solution:
For any complex number z = x + iy,
exp(z) = ex eiy .
Since |eiy | = 1, we get:
| exp(z)| = ex .
- For | exp(2z + i)|:
| exp(2z + i)| = | exp(2x + 2iy + i)| = e2x |ei(2y+1) | = e2x .
- For | exp(iz 2 )|: Let z 2 = (x + iy)2 = x2 − y 2 + 2ixy,
2
−y 2 )
| exp(iz 2 )| = | exp(i(x2 − y 2 + 2ixy))| = |e−2xy ei(x | = e−2xy .
Summing:
| exp(2z + i)| + | exp(iz 2 )| = e2x + e−2xy .
Thus, the inequality is satisfied.
Problem 1(b): Show that | exp(z 2 )| ≤ exp(|z|2 ).
Solution:
Let z = x + iy, then:
z 2 = x2 − y 2 + 2ixy.
Thus,
2
−y 2 i2xy
exp(z 2 ) = ex e .
Taking the modulus:
2
−y 2 i2xy 2
−y 2
| exp(z 2 )| = |ex e | = ex .
Since |z|2 = x2 + y 2 , we have:
2
−y 2 2
+y 2
ex ≤ ex .
Thus:
| exp(z 2 )| ≤ exp(|z|2 ).
2
Problem 1(c): Prove that | exp(−2z)| < 1 if and
only if Re(z) > 0.
Solution:
exp(−2z) = e−2x e−i2y .
Taking the modulus:
| exp(−2z)| = |e−2x e−i2y | = e−2x .
For | exp(−2z)| < 1, we need:
e−2x < 1.
Since e−2x is always positive, this holds if and only if:
−2x < 0 ⇒ x > 0.
Thus, | exp(−2z)| < 1 if and only if Re(z) > 0.
Problem 2: Show that:
exp(iz) = exp(iz)
if and only if:
z = nπ, n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .
Solution:
exp(iz) = ei(x+iy) = eix e−y .
Taking the complex conjugate,
exp(iz) = e−ix e−y .
Similarly,
exp(iz) = ei(x−iy) = eix ey .
Thus, the given equation transforms into:
e−ix e−y = eix ey .
Equating the magnitudes:
e−y = ey ⇒ −y = y ⇒ y = 0.
Thus, z must be purely real.
3
Equating the phase components:
e−ix = eix .
This holds if and only if:
−ix = ix + 2πin, n ∈ Z.
Solving for x:
−2ix = 2πin ⇒ x = nπ.
Thus, z must be of the form:
z = nπ, n ∈ Z.
z = nπ, n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .
∂F
Problem 3(a): Compute ∂ z̄ Using the Chain Rule
Given:
z = x + iy, z̄ = x − iy,
and
z + z̄ z − z̄
x= , y= .
2 2i
Applying the chain rule:
∂F ∂F ∂x ∂F ∂y
= + .
∂ z̄ ∂x ∂ z̄ ∂y ∂ z̄
We compute:
∂x 1 ∂y i
= , = .
∂ z̄ 2 ∂ z̄ 2
Thus,
∂F 1 ∂F ∂F
= +i .
∂ z̄ 2 ∂x ∂y
∂f
Problem 3(b): Prove that ∂ z̄ = 0 Using the Cauchy-
Riemann Equations
Define the operator:
∂ 1 ∂ ∂
= +i .
∂ z̄ 2 ∂x ∂y
4
Let f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y), where u and v satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equa-
tions:
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
= , =− .
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
Applying the operator to f :
∂f 1 ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
= +i +i +i .
∂ z̄ 2 ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
Using the Cauchy-Riemann equations:
∂f 1
= [(vy − vy ) + i(vx + uy )] = 0.
∂ z̄ 2
Thus, we derive:
∂f
= 0.
∂ z̄
This confirms analyticity.
Solution to the Problem on Complex Exponential Equality
