BASIC INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER & ITS DEVICES

What is Computer?
“Computer is an electronic machine that takes input then process on it. After processing provides
output and then stores it.”
Computer word derived from compute to mean calculate, but it is not calculation works only it
perform different works, so we called it versatile machine.

Computer Stands for…

C Common
O Operating
M Machine
P Particularly Used for
T Trade
E Education and
R Research

Father of computer & computer science.

Father of computer is Charles Babbage and Computer science’s father is Allen Turing.

WINDOWS stands for:

Wide
Interactive
Network
Development for Office
Work
Solution

In which field Computer is using now.?

Nowadays, Computer is using in every field, but we will discuss here about some major
used such as, at houses computer can be used to manage the budget and monthly expense &
gaming. In education dept…computer can be used to store th all records of department such as
student, teachers and other employees. In weather forecasting Computer can be used to know
update about weather. In health dept, computer can be used to store the records of doctors,
patients and other employees.

Difference b/w data & Information.

Data Information
Data presented in a given context Information is a processed, organized.
and is useful to humans.
Data is an individual unit that Information is a group of data that
contains raw material which does collectively carry a logical meaning.
not carry any specific meaning.

Define data processing.

It occurs when data is collected and translated into usable information. Usually
performed by a data scientist or team of data scientists, it is important for data processing to be
done correctly as not to negatively affect the end product or data output.

Define desktop publishing.

The use of the computer and software to create visual displays of ideas and
information. Desktop publishing documents may be for desktop or commercial printing or
electronic distribution, including PDF, slideshows, email newsletters, electronic books, and the
Web.

Write the name of four operations/cycles of computer.

1) Input
2) Processing
3) Output
4) Storage

Major difference b/w backspace key and delete key.?

Backspace key delete one character from left side, while delete key remove one character
from right side.

Major difference b/w Caps lock & Shift key.?

When caps lock on then alphabetic are write in Uppercase, while shift key write alphabetic
in Uppercase when we press it.

Which type of keyboard using nowadays?

QWERTY
Computer types:
There are the three major types according to the computer classification.
1) Analogue computer
2) Digital computer
3) Hybrid computer

Digital Computer types:

1) Micro computer
2) Mini computer
3) Mainframe Computer
4) Super computer
5) Embedded computer

Computer devices:
There are three different computer devices are as follow…
1) InPut devices
2) Output devices
3) Storage devices
Some commonly used devices are as given below.

Input devices Output devices Storage devices

Mouse LCD/Monitor USB
Keyboard Printer Floppy disc
Microphone Speakers CD
Scanner Multimedia Zip Disc
Web cam/camera Plotters Hard Disc
Joystick Head phone Memory card

Difference between Trackball and Mouse.

Trackball is a stationary pointing device with a ball on its top or side. To move the pointer
using a trackball, you rotate the ball with your thumb, fingers, or the palm of your hand. With a
mouse, users control the movement of the pointer.

What is keyboard, tell about its keys?

Keyboard is the most useful input device that is used to enter the data the data in
computer. Keyboard can be wire-based or wireless. A standard keyboard contains 101-106 keys.
How many types of keys on keyboard?
A standard keyboard contains on follow different keys…
1) Functions keys…………….(Total keys 12)
2) Alphabetic keys…………..(Total keys 26)
3) Alpha numeric keys
4) Numeric keys……………..(Total keys 10)
5) Arrow keys………………….(Total keys 4)
6) Additional keys

Uses of function keys in Windows:

1. F1 -Display help screen.
2. F2 Highlight file or folder for renaming.
3. F3 Open search tool.
4. Ctrl+F4 closes the tab in the active window
5. Alt+F4 - Close the current window.
6. F5 - Refresh the contents of a window or webpage.
7. F6 Move the cursor to the address bar in Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, and most
other Internet browsers.
8. F7 is used for spell checker. Shift+F7 run a thesaurus.
9. F8 - Boot Windows into Safe Mode by holding F8 during startup.
10. F9. While it has no essential Windows function.
11. F10 Used to enable the menu of the program that you use. After you press F10 on
your keyboard, you can use the directional keys to navigate through the program's
menu options. When used in combination with the Shift key, it displays the right-
click menu.
12. The F11 key is a function key found at the top of almost all computer keyboards.
The key is most often used to Enter and exit full screen mode in all modern Internet
browsers.
13. F12 Key used for Save As file.

Types of Printer.
Two types of Printer are
1) Impact Printers
2) Non-Impact Printers
Impact printers are printers which work by creating a direct contact between ink ribbon and
paper. These printers are noisy yet popular. Impact printers have mechanical moving parts to
conduct printing. Examples: Dot-matrix printers, Daisy-wheel printers, and line printers.
Non-impact printers are printers use a cartridge filled with toner or liquid ink, which allows
them to produce fine-quality images quickly and quietly. Inkjet printers also form images with
tiny dots, they simply spray small charged droplets of ink from four nozzles through holes in a
matrix at high speed onto paper.Exapmles: LASER, LED, inkjet, solid ink, thermal.

Define software, hardware. what are the two major types of software? Write
their name.
Software: Software is a set of instructions that is given to computer to solve a problem. We can’t see
and touch the software.

Types of software:
1) Application Software
2) System Software

Application software: It is a type of software which is used for software created for a specific
purpose. It is generally a program or collection of programs used by end users.
System software: It is software designed to provide a platform for other software. Examples of
system software include operating systems like Mac OS, Linux/Unix, android and Microsoft
Windows.

what is operating system.?

An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware, software
resources, and provides common services for computer programs.

What is Customised software?

Customised software (also known as bespoke software or tailor-made software) is software that
is specially developed for some specific organization or other user.

Hardware
Hardware is the physical part of computer. We can see and touch the hardware. For
example,.Mouse, keyboard, CPU.

What is Malware/malicious software.?

A program or file that is intentionally harmful to a computer, network or server. Types of malware
include computer viruses, worms, Trojan horses, ransomware and spyware.

Define driver.
A driver is a software component that lets the operating system and a device
communicate with each other.
Define Firewall.
In computing, a firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls incoming
and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. A firewall typically
establishes a barrier between a trusted network and an untrusted network, such as the Internet.

Define Firmware
The programs which are as permanent as hardware and stored in ROM.

What is register and its types:

A processor register (CPU register) is one of a small set of data holding places that are part of the
computer processor. A register may hold an instruction, a storage address, or any kind of data
(such as a bit sequence or individual characters). Some instructions specify registers as part of
the instruction
Types of Registers are as Followings:
 MAR stand for Memory Address Register
 Program Counter
 Accumulator Register
 Memory Data Register (MDR) ·
 Index Register.

Difference b/w hardcopy & Softcopy.

Hardcopy Softcopy
We can see it. We can’t see it.
We can touch it. We can’t touch it.
It is tangible. It is not tangible.

Computer - Memory Units.

Some commonly used units are these…
Bit 0,1
1 Nibble 4 bit
1 Byte 8 bits
1 Killo bytes (KB) 1024 bytes
1 Mega Bytes 1024 Killo bytes
(MB)
1 Giga Bytes (GB) 1024 Mega bytes
1 Tera Bytes (TB) 1024 Giga bytes
1 Peta Bytes (PB) 1024 Tera bytes
1 Exa Bytes (EB) 1024 Peta bytes
 1 Zetta Bytes 1024 Exa bytes
(ZB)
1 Yotta Bytes 1024 Zetta bytes
(YB)
1 Bronto Bytes 1024 Yotta bytes
(BB)
1 Geop Bytes 1024 Bronto bytes
(GB)

What is Password.?
“Most common tool used to restrict access to a computer system.” Password must be
combination of letters and words, because it is not easy to break.

What is Spoofing.?
The common name for the crime of stealing passwords.

What is Encryption and Decryption.?

Encryption is the process of translating plain text data (plaintext) into something that appears to
be random and meaningless (ciphertext). Decryption is the process of converting ciphertext back
to plaintext. To decrypt a particular piece of ciphertext, the key that was used to encrypt the data
must be used.

What is back up?

Protecting data by copying it from the original source to a different destination.

What is Hacking.?
An unauthorized access into others system.

Responsible for performing all tasks.

Processor (CPU), it is also called brain of computer.

Data is stored in memory in which form…

Binary form (0,1)

Performance of processor can be in…form.

Mega Hertz (MGH), Giga Hertz (GHZ)

Graphical pictures that represent an object like file, folder etc are:

Icons

What are the responsibilities/works of a computer operator?

 Provides data by operating a computer.
 Determines sequence of operations by studying production schedule.
 Performs defined tasks per documented instructions/processes.
 Prepares equipment for operations by accessing software in computer.
 Makes appropriate changes to the documentation, as needed.

Define Database.

A database is an organized collection of data, generally stored and accessed electronically from
a computer system. Where databases are more complex they are often developed using formal
design and modeling techniques.

What is folder, how we create it.?

A folder is a storage space, or container, where many files can be placed into groups and organize
the computer. A folder can also contain other folders. A folder (also called directory, or catalog).
By right click can create a folder or by using shortcut key Ctrl+shift+N.Folder name can be
changed by right click or F2.

What is file, how many types of file can be?

File A file is a container in a computer system for storing information. For example, word
documents file.

Types of file

There are two types of files.

1) Program files
2) Data Files

Program files are then made up by two files called, source program files and executable files.

Some other, files format by file extension.

.docx use for Microsoft Word file
.pdf -Writer document file
 .pptx used for PowerPoint file
.xlsx used for Excel workbook file
.inp is used for Inapge (Urdu) file
.mdb used for database file
JPEG, PNG, GIF used for image file, GIF Graphics Interchange Format files are widely used for web
graphics, because they are limited to only 256 colors, can allow for transparency, and can be
animated.

What is field.?

A field is a single piece of information; a record is one complete set of fields; and a file is a
collection of records. For example, a telephone book is analogous to a file. It contains a list of
records, each of which consists of three fields: name, address, and telephone number.

What is record.?

a record is a basic data structure. Records in a database or spreadsheet are usually called "rows".
A record is a collection of fields, possibly of different data types, typically in a fixed number and
sequence.

How many types of memory?

There are two types given below...

1) RAM we also called it Primary memory/volatile or non-permanent memory.

2) ROM we also called it secondary memory/non-volatile or permanent memory.

Difference between RAM & ROM.?

Random Aces Memory (RAM) Read Only Memory (ROM)

RAM is volatile memory that temporarily ROM is non-volatile memory that

stores the files you are working on. permanently stores instructions for your
computer.

RAM data is static and remains in ROM prerecorded data and it is used to boot
the computer even if computer is switched computer.
off.

RAM chip is a volatile storage medium, which ROM chip is a non-volatile storage medium,
means it require a constant source of power. which means it does not require a constant
source of power.
What is buffer area in computer.?

A data buffer (or just buffer) is a region of a physical memory storage used to temporarily store
data while it is being moved from one.

Define Cache Memory.

a cache is a hardware or software component that stores data so that future requests for that
data can be served faster; the data stored in a cache might be the result of an earlier computation
or a copy of data stored elsewhere.

CONNECTIVITY OF COMPUTER

How many necessary components are required to connect a computer?

Necessary components are given below…

1) Power cable
2) Video Graphic Array(VGA) cable
3) CPU
4) Keyboard
5) Mouse
6) LCD/Monitor

How many types of connection?

Connection can be Wireless or wire-based, such as wireless keyboard, mouse. For wire-
based /Physical connection we use coaxial cable, twisted pair of fiber optic.

History of Microsoft:

Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology company with headquarters in

Redmond, Washington. It develops, manufactures, licenses, supports, and sells computer
software, consumer electronics, personal computers, and related services. Founder of Microsoft
is bill gates, Paul Allen. Founded on April 4, 1975, its headquarters in Redmond, Washington,
United States.
 MS-WORD
It is an application software. To write the descriptive data such as Letter, Reports, Proposals
Application writing, we used it. Ms-word file saves with .docx extension. Version of ms-word can
be 2003, 2007,2010,2013, etc, Mostful using version is 2007.

Shortcut Keys of Ms-Word, but these are mostly used in every application software….

SHORTCUT KEY WORK SHORTCUT KEY WORK

Ctrl+A To Select all data. Ctrl+B To bold the selected
Selection can be data
done by mouse click
drag or Shift key
with any arrow key.

Ctrl+Z Undo/last action Ctrl+Y Redo/Repeat last

action

Ctrl+N For new file Ctrl+P For Priniting

Ctrl+O To open a existing file Ctrl+F2 For print preview

Ctrl+S To save a file Ctrl+X To cut the selected

data

F12 Save as file Ctrl+C To Copy the selected

data

Ctrl+V To Paste the data Ctrl+Shift+C In Ms-Word, Format

Painter Short cut key

Ctrl+Shift+F To chane the font Ctrl+Shift+P or Ctrl+[ To decrease the font

face by using keyboard size

Shift+Insert Paste
Ctrl+Shift+P or Ctrl+] To increase the font
by using keyboard size
Ctrl+I To Italic the selected Ctrl+U To underline the
data selected data

Ctrl+Shift+D Double Underline Ctrl+= Subscript the data,

for example as H2o

Ctrl+shift++ Superscript the data, Ctrl+shift+L Apply bullet is Ms-

for example as X2 word

To indent the
Ctrl+M Paragraph from left Ctrl+F To find/search any
side data

Ctrl+H To replace any data Ctrl+G Go-to Command

Ctrl+L Left alignment Ctrl+R Right alignment

Ctrl+E Center alignment Shift+Enter Line break

Ctrl+J To justify the data Ctrl+Enter Page break

Ctrl+K Hyper link Alt+= Equation

F7 Spell checker Alt+shift+T To insert time in

Ms-word

Alt + F4 Close current open Ctrl + F4 Close window in

program program

Alt+ctrl+K Apply auto format in Ctrl+Shift+G To open word count

Ms-word list in Ms-word
 Alt+ctrl+O Outlin view in Ms- Ctrl+F1 To open task pane in
word ms-word

Ctrl+1 Sinlge line Spacing Ctrl+2 Double line Spacing

Ctrl+5 1.5 line Spacing Ctrl+Spacebar Deletes words to left

side of cursor

Ctrl+Spacebar Resest highlighted Ctrl+Home Move the cursor to

text to the default the beginning of the
font document
Ctrl+End Move the cursor to Ctrl+Alt+1 Changes text to
the End of the heading 1
document
Ctrl+Alt+2 Changes text to Ctrl+Alt+3 Changes text to
heading 2 heading 3

Ctrl + 1 Single-space lines Ctrl + 2 Double-space lines

Some question about Ms-word

Define clipboard.
It is a buffer that some operating systems provide for short-term storage and transfer
within and between application programs. The clipboard is usually temporary and unnamed, and
its contents reside in the computer's RAM. The clipboard is sometimes called the paste buffer.

Bold, Italic, Regular are known as:

Font Styles

Superscript, subscript, outline, emboss, engrave are known as:

Font Effects
Shimmer, Sparkle text, Blinking Background etc. are known as:
Text Effects

How format painter works in ms word, excel,etc?

lets you copy all of the formatting from one object and apply it to another one – think of
it as copying and pasting for formatting. Select the text or graphic that has the formatting that
you want to copy.

Where are use header and footer.?

A header is the top margin of each page, and a footer is the bottom margin of each
page. Headers and footers are useful for including material that you want to appear on every
page of a document such as your name, the title of the document, or page numbers.

There are 5 Change cases, to Change the Case Shortcut key….Shift+F3

1) Sentence Case
2) UPPER CASE
3) Lower case
4) Capitalize Each Word
5) tOGGLE cASE

Bold, italic, Underline, Strike etc, called….

Formatting

Any Change in appearance of sentence, is called….

Formatting

Bullets, Numbering & Multilevel lists can be added from which menu…

Home tab

There are three text alignments in Ms -Word such as…

1) Left …. Ctrl+L
2) Center… Ctrl+E
3) Right … Ctrl+R
4) Justification… (Ctrl+J)
Commonly used line-Spacing.

1.15

Border can be….

Top-border, Bottom-border, Left-border, Right-border, in side border, outside border, all

order, inside horizontal border, outside vertical border

Thesaurus mean….

Synonym (Same meaning)

What is Drop Cap, in ms word?

A drop cap (dropped capital) is a large capital letter used as a decorative element at the beginning
of a paragraph or section. By default,it covers three line and maximun covers 10 lines.

Following things can be inserted from insert menu…

 Cover page
 Blank page
 Page break … (Shift+Enter)
 Table
 Picture
 Clip art, Shapes
 Chart/Smart Chart
 Hyper link… (Ctrl+K)
 Bookmark, Cross-reference
 Header,Footer,Page number
 Text Box, Word art, Drop Cap
 Signature line,Date&time,object
 Equation… (Alt+)= ,Symbol

Following things can be inserted from Page Layout menu…

 Theme, Color, Font,Effects

 Margin (Normal, Narrow, Moderate, Wide, Mirrored, Custom can be.)
 Orientation (Portrait, Landscape), Portrait is mostly used.
 Paper Size (Letter, Legal, Executive, A4, A5, A6,etc),,A4 is mostly used and
complete printing on page Legal size is used mostly.
  Break, Line break (Shift+Enter), Hyphenation
 Watermark, in custom option mark we set our watermark.
 Page color, Page border (Box, Shadow,3-D,Custom)
 Indent (Left, right)
 Spacing (before, after)
 Align option (left, right, center)

Following things can be inserted from Reference menu…

Table of Contents, add text, update table

Insert footnote, marks citation, insert caption, mark entry

Following things can be inserted/checked from view menu…

Print layout, full screen reading, web layout, outline, Draft, Ruler, grid, document map,
New window, switch window, Zoom, macros

Min and Maximum zoom of ms-word…

10% to 500%

MS-EXCEL
It is an application software. For calculation and make database, such we want the calculate the
mark of students, we used it. Different formulas used in it formulas start with = symbol .For
example we want add/sum values …=sum (A1:A10). Ms-excel file save with .xls extension.

Some questions about to ms-excel:

Total rows in Ms-Excel are…rows are represented/range by…

1048576…Numbers (1 to 1048675)

Total columns in Ms-Excel are…columns are represented/range…

16384…English Alphabetic (A to XFD)

Cell is combination of…

Row & coulm

Working area of ms-excel is called…

Workbook/Worksheet

We can move to next cell…

By click/arrow key or press Tab button

We can move to Previous cell…

By click/arrow key or press Shift+Tab button

By default, selected cell in Ms-excel ….

A1

To edit the formula from cell…

Double click on cell/F2

If we want to set any condition in Excel, then we used:

If Condition

To add a new sheet in ms-excel, shortcut key:

Shift+F11

Move to next worksheet in ms-excel:

Ctrl+Pagedown

Wrap text mean:

To allocate/adjust the required space in one Colum, shortcut key used for it Alt+Enter

Go to last cell in data region in ms-excel:

Ctrl+End
We can set the data of table any way like in horizontal/vertical form, by using:

Pivot table

In Ms-Excel, Print set area & print title option available in which menu:

Page Layout

In ms-excel current time/date can be inserted in workbook:

Ctrl+: or click on any cell =now()

In ms-excel current date can be inserted in workbook:

Ctrl+; or click on any cell =today()

To open a new chart in Ms-Excel:

F11

To minimize workbook in Ms-excel:

Ctrl+F9

Insert columns/rows in ms-excel:

Ctrl+sift++ (plus sign)

To Increase the width colum, we drag the colum to:

Right side

To select the entire/whole colum we used:

Ctrl+Spacebar

To select the entire/whole Row/tuple we used:

Shift+Spacebar

By default, height of row:

15
By default, width of colum:

8.43

To Hide the colum, we used:

Ctrl+0

To Hide the row, we used:

Ctrl+9

Format cells, shortcut key:

Ctrl+1

To place the outline border around the selected cells:

Ctrl+Shift+&

Min & Maximum zoom of ms-excel is:

10% to 400%

What is cell range in excel?

A cell range in an Excel file is a collection of selected cells. ... A cell range can be referred to in a
formula as well. In a spreadsheet, a cell range is defined by the reference of the upper left cell
(minimum value) of the range and the reference of the lower right cell (maximum value) of the
range.

What is absolute cell reference in excel.?

In an Excel spreadsheet, a cell reference specifies an individual cell or a range of cells that is to
be included in a formula. ... In contrast, the definition of absolute cell reference is one that does
not change when it's moved, copied or filled.

What is the difference between workbook and worksheet answer?

The difference between Excel Workbook and Worksheet is that a worksheet is a single-page
worksheet, while the workbook is a file or a book. ... The worksheet is a single spreadsheet that
contains data in a tabular form in rows and columns. Multiple worksheets can be added to a
workbook as it depends on the memory.
 MS-POWERPOINT
It is an application software. To represent our ideas, expressions or lecture in front of others in
powerful way by using facts&figures, we use powerpoint. It is also called presentation software.
File extension of PowerPoint is .pptx.

Some questions about to Ms-Powepoint are given below:

How to create a new presentation in PowerPoint.?

Click on file menu/Ctrl+N

Working area in PowerPoint is called:

Slides

Slide can be added from:

Home tab menu (New slide option) /Ctrl+M

How we can go to next slide in PowerPoint?

Press down arrow key

Slide can be deleted from:

Home tab menu (delete option) or right click on slide that you want to delete.

Lay out of slide can be change from which menu:

Home tab

Page setup & Slide orientation option is available in which menu:

Design menu

By default, slide oriententation:

Landscape

Orientation of Master slide, outline or handouts is:

Portrait
By default, orientation of Slide:

LandScape

By default, slide size:

4:3 width 10 inches, Height 7.5 inch

Slide show/From beginning, shortcut key:

F5

To show the current slide, shortcut key:

Shift+F5

Toggle screen white in PowerPoint press:

Toggle screen white in PowerPoint press:

To end slide, show in PowerPoint press:

Esc key

Pause the slide show in PowerPoint during presentation press:

Slide can be hide from:

Slide show menu (Hide option)/Right click on slide that you want to hide.

Following option are available in view menu:

 Normal
 Slide sorter
 Notes page
 Slide show
 Slide master
  Handout master
 Notes master
 Fit to window
 Macros (Alt+F8)

To change the effect of slide:

Transition

To change the effect of object (Text/Picture/Shape) that lies on slide, then we

used:

Animation

Speed can be applied on:

Transition

Min & Maximum zoom of Ms-PowerPoint is:

10% to 400%

MS-ACCESS
It is an application software. It is used to make the data base of any organization, school, college
or university. File extension of ms access is mdb.

 Difference b/w ms-access & excel is that queries are apply to find out the required data
from access while in excel different formulas are applied.
 We can make any query by using Structure Query Language (SQL).
 Forms are also created, where we can put the data in tables. Forms are front end that
are linked with table. Data stored in tables.
 Tables are also created in Ms-Access, we can also make their relation b/w them.
 Table is the backbone of database.
 For example: I created a table with Table1 name where Name Field contain many names
but,i wants to find out only Kamran then I will apply this query,
Select* from Table1 where Name=kamran
 INPAGE
 It is also an application software that is used for urdu typing.
 All formatting is same like other software such as ms word, excel, powerpoint, access.
 When we open the in-page then a small questioning box is open we click on OK.
 For Urdu typing we used Phonetic keyboard mostly, because it is to remember the words
sound like A gives sound of Alif or Alma daa, S for seen and sooad etc.
 We can also type English in inpage.Shortcut key for change of language is Ctrl+Space.
 Ife we want to copy Urdu text from inapge to word then we will write urdu in box and then
select the box and copy it and then we will go to ms word and click on special paste click on
picture box.
 Different symbols can be added from symbol menu or their short cut keys are given in menu.

Some shortcut keys are here, regarding to InPage…

Shortcut key Work Shortcut key Work

Ctrl+Alt+S Save as file Ctrl+Y Import a file

F2 Story editor Ctrl+H Find/Replace

F5 Fit in a window F6 50% window

F7 Actual window F8 200% window

F9 Snap to guide Ctrl+H Any change in

Character

Ctrl+G Paragraph Ctrl+Alt+T Tabs

adjustment

Ctrl+T Style sheet Alt+ins Page Number

Ctrl+Alt+I Index entry Ctrl+L Spell checker

Ctrl+Alt+O Table of contents F12 Ribbon

 NETWORKS, INTERNET AND E-MAILING
What is Network.?
Two or more computers connected to each other of sharing information.

Components of Data Communication

1) Message: The message is the information (data) to be communicated.
2) Sender: The sender is the device that sends the data message.
3) Receiver: The receiver is the device that receives the message.
4) Transmission medium. The transmission medium is the physical path by which a
message travels from sender to receiver.
5) Protocol: Communication protocols include basic data communication tools like TCP/IP
and HTTP.
Define Protocol.
A protocol is a standard set of rules that allow electronic devices to communicate with
each other. These rules include what type of data may be transmitted, what commands are used
to send and receive data, and how data transfers are confirmed.
How many types of network protocols?
There are three main types of network protocols. These include

1) Network management protocols

2) Network communication protocols
3) Network security protocols

Communication protocols include basic data communication tools like TCP/IP and HTTP.
Security protocols include HTTPS, SFTP, and SSL.

What is network, how many types of network?

A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources
(such as printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic communications. The computers
on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared
light beams.

A computer network is mainly of four types:

1) LAN (Local Area Network) A computer network that interconnects computers
within a limited area such as a Computer lab residence, school, laboratory, university
campus
 2) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network A computer network across an entire city,
college campus, or a small region.

3) WAN (Wide Area Network) A WAN can cover many cities, country and continent.

4) PAN (Personal Area Network) A computer network for interconnecting electronic

devices centered on an individual person's workspace. It provides data transmission
among devices such as computers, smart phones, tablets and personal digital
assistants.
Commonly used network devices:
 Hub.
 Switch.
 Router.
 Bridge.
 Gateway.
 Modem.
 Repeater.
 Access Point.

Hub

A device that allows multiple computers to communicate with each other over a network.
It has several Ethernet ports.

Switch

A networking hardware that connects devices on a computer network by using packet

switching to receive and forward data to the destination device.

Router

A device that connects two or more packet-switched networks or subnetworks. It serves

two primary functions: managing traffic between these networks.

Gateway

A network node used in telecommunications that connects two networks with different
transmission protocols together.
Bridge
A networking device that creates a single, aggregate network from multiple
communication networks or network segments.

Modem
A hardware device that converts data from a digital format, intended for communication
directly between devices with specialized wiring, into one suitable for a transmission medium
such as telephone lines or radio.

Repeater
A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it. Repeaters are
used to extend transmissions so that the signal can cover longer distances or be received on the
other side of an obstruction.

E-commerce
E-commerce is the activity of electronically buying or selling of products on online services
or over the Internet.

What is Internet?

The Internet is a vast network that connects computers all over the world. Through
the Internet people can share information and communicate from anywhere. The Internet is the
global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite
(TCP/IP) to communicate between.

History of Internet.

The first workable prototype of the Internet came in the late 1960s with the creation of
ARPANET, or the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. Originally funded by the U.S.
Department of Defense, Advanced Research Project Agency Network (ARPANET) used packet
switching to allow multiple computers to communicate on a single network.

Difference b/w Intranet & Extranet.

An intranet is a private network, operated by a large company or other organization,

which uses internet technologies, but is insulated from the global internet. An extranet is
an intranet that is accessible to some people from outside the company, or possibly shared by
more than one organization.
Web Page
A document which can be displayed in a web browser such as Firefox, Google Chrome,
Opera, Microsoft Internet Explorer or Edge, or Apple's Safari. These are also often called just
"pages."

Website
A collection of web pages which are grouped together and usually connected together
in various ways. Often called a "web site" or “site."

Web server
A computer that hosts a website on the Internet.

Difference b/w browser & search engine.

A browser is your access to the internet, and a search engine allows you to search the
internet once you have access. We use a browser to get to a search engine.

The Top 10 Most Popular Search Engines in the World

 Google.
 Microsoft Bing.
 Yahoo.
 Baidu.
 Yandex.
 DuckDuckGo.
 Ask.com.
 Ecosia.

Some Popular Web - Browser Types

 Internet Explorer.
 Google Chrome.
 Mozilla Firefox.
 Safari.
 Opera.

Define Website.
A website is a collection of web pages and related content that is identified by a common
domain name and published on at least one web server. Examples are wikipedia.org, google.com,
and amazon.com. All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute the World Wide Web.
 ABBRIVATIONS REGARDING TO IT

IT stands for Information Technology

ITU stands for International Telecommunications Union
HP stands for Hewlett-Packard
CRT stands for Cathode Ray Tube
LCD/LED stands for Liquid Crystal Display/Light Emitting Diode
LSB/MSB stands for Least Significant Bit/Most Significant Bit
BCD stands for Binary Coded Decimal

BIT stands for Binary Digit

KB stands for Kilobytes
KBPS stands for Kilobits per second
BPS stands for Bits per Second
MBPS stands for Mega Bits per Second
MIPS stands for Million Instructions per Second
DB Stands for Decibel

PDF stands for Portable document format

KBD stands for Keyboard

CPU stands for Central Processing Unit

Wi-Fi stands for Wireless fidelity

LI-FI stands for Light Fidelity

IC stands for Integrated Circuit

RAM stand for Random access memory

SDRAM stand for Synchronous Dynamic RAM

ROM stand for Read Only Memory

BIOS stands for Basic Input Output System

FDX stands for Full Duplex Transmission

FM stands for Frequency Modulation

FRC stands for Frequency Redudancy Checking

FSK stands for Frequency Shifty Key

FDM stands for Frequency Division Multiplexing

FDDI stands for Fiber Distributed Data Interface

FDD stands for Floppy disk drive

HDD stand for Hard Disk Drive

USB stands for Universal Serial Bus

CD stands for Carrier Detect & Compact Disc

CD-R stands for Compact Disc – Recordable
CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc-Read-Only Memory
DDR RAM stands for Double Data Rate Random Access Memory
CD-RW stands for Compact Disc - Read Write
CD-R stands for Compact Disk-Recordable
CD-WORM stands for Compact Disc - Write Once Read Many
DVD stands for Digital Video Disc/Digital Verstile Disc
DVD-R stands for Digital Video Disc-Recordable

WWW stand for World Wide Web…Invented by Tim Bener Lee

URL stands for Uniform resource locator (URL)

E-Mail stands for Electronic Mail
BCC stands for Blind Carbon Copy
HTTP stands for Hypertext transfer protocol
SMTP stand for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

HTML stands for Hypertext markup language

XML stands for Extensible Markup Language

FTP stands for File transfer protocol

CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheet

TCP/IP stands for Telecommunication Protocol/Internet Protocol

DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
MAC/ MAP stands for Media Access Control/ Multi Access Portal

PPP stands for Point to Point Protocol

DLC stands for Data Link Control

DLL stands for Dynamic Link Library
DPI stands for Dot Per Inch
PPM stands for Page Per Minute
PPI stands for Page Per Inches
LPI stands for Line Per Inch
ISO stands for International Organization for Standardization

ISP stands for Internet Service Provider

BIOS stand for Basic Input/output System

CMOS stand for Complementary Metal Oxide Semi-conductor

POST stands for Power On Self Test

DNS stand for Domain Name System

ISDN stands for Integrated Services Digital Network

ALU/CU stands for Arithmetic Logic Unit/Control Unit

IBM stands for International Business Machine

ATM stands for Automatic Teller Machine

CAD stands for Computer Aided Design
CAM stands for Computer Aided Manufacturing
BPS stands for Bit Per Second
COBOL stands for Common Business Oriented Language
FORTRAN stands for Formula Translation
FM stands for Frequency Modulation
CSMA-CD stands for Carrier Sense Multiple Access-Collision Detection
DAP stands for Directory Access Protocol
DMA stands for Directory Memory Access
DBMS stands for Data Base Management System
FAQ stands for Frequently Asked Questions
FAT stands for File Allocation Table
FDDI stands for Fiber Distributed Data Interface
LIFO/FIFO stands for Last In First Out/First In First Out
HD-Video stands for High Definition Video
IEEE stands for Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IDE stands for Integrated Development Environment
JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group
PNG stands for Portable Network Graphic
GIF stands for Graphics Interchange Format
TIFF stands for Tagged Image File Format
LOGO stands for Lanaguage of Graphic Oriented
LASER stands for Light Amplification by Stimulation of Radiation
LNB stands for Low Noise Block Down converter
MCB stand for Memory Control Block
UNIVAC stands for Universal Automatic Computer
EBCDIC stand for Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange
OS stands for Operating System
DOS stands for Disk Operating System
GUI stands for Graphical User Interface
CLI stands for Command Line Interface
PCB stands for Printed Circuit Board
PCI stands for Peripheral Component Interconnect
PNP stands for Plug and Play

PSTN Stands for Public Switched Telephone Network

LAN stands for Local Area Network

MAN stands for Metropolitan Area Network

WAN stands for Wide Area Network

PAN stands for Personel Area Network

VDU stands for Visual Display Unit ....... known as (Screen/Monitor)

OCR stands for Optical Character Recognition

MICR stands for Magnetic Ink Character Recognition

OMR stands for Optical MarkUp Reader

MIDI stands for Musical Instrument Data Interface

MIMD stands for Multiple Instructions Multiple Data

MISD stands for Multiple Instructions Single Data

MMX stands for Multiple Media Extensions

VRT stands for Volume Rendering Technique

VIRUS stands for Vital Information Recourse Under Siege

HDMI stands for High Definition Multimedia Interface

NIC stands for Network Interface Card

OTG stand for On The Go

NFS stands for Network File System

NTFS stands for New Technology File System

ANSI stands for American National Standards Institute

ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange

RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computing

SCSI stands for Small Computer System Interface

SDLC stand for System Development Life Cycle

SMS stands for Short Message Service

SIMM stands for Single Inline Memory Line Code

UDP stands for User Datagram Protocol

UPS stands for Uninterruptible Power Supply

VLSI stands for Very Large Scale Integeration

XGA stands for Extended Graphic Array

XMS stands for Extended Memory Specification

XT stands for Extended Technology

ZIF stands for Zero Insertion Force