Chapter 8
Decolonization
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MAO
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1 China [formation of the Republic of China under the
communist]
Introduction
During the early part of 19th century China was kept aloof
from the rest of the world
by the middle of 19th century Europeans began to show
interest in trade with China
the Dutch came first
then the British followed
there after other European territories wanted have control
over and interest in China
1 Boxer rebellion[ and after month]
In 1894- 95 China was defeated by Japan
China was forced to surrender large territories
Against this encroachment boxing Rebellion started
It was started in 1850
It was partially a religious and partially a political reform
movement
It was initiated by regional Armies
It was the beginning of the process of asserting
independence of the regions
It became a violent antiforeigner movement
but China was defeated by international Army
Then they began to have control over the Manchu Empire
China had to pay compensation for damage of property of
the foreigners
this in fact gave a chance to think of integrity of China
2 Revolution of 1911
Government responded to the call of the revolters
in 1910 government initiated for compromise for national
assembly
Invited for participation in government
Revolters were not ready to make compromise with
Manchu autocracy
This led to revolution
They captured Nanking and made it the capital of the
provisional republic
Made Dr Sun Yat Sen as the President 1912
3 Role of Japan
China had no direct relation in the first world war
but Japan declared 21 demands on China and I wanted to
have control over China(In January 1915, Japan presented
China with the "Twenty-One Demands," a secret ultimatum
that aimed to significantly increase Japan's influence and
control over China, including its political, economic, and
military affairs. These demands were intended to effectively
turn China into a Japanese protectorate. While some
demands were ultimately retracted due to international
pressure, the incident significantly damaged Sino-Japanese
relations and fueled Chinese nationalism)
England France Russia signed a secret treaty with Japan
and these Big powers supported
They accepted Japan’s claim on Chinese territories
It created anty- Japanese feeling in China
thus anty- Japan agitation started
4 The Kuomintang Party[ KMT] and The Communist
KMT came to rule under Dr Sun at Sun
He formed Republican government
after 5 years became the leader of KMT
his main principles wereNationalism,democracy and
peoples livelihood
Gained great support
Died in 1925
5 Role of Yuan- Shi- Kai
Dr sun yat sen resigned and Yuan- Shi- Kai became the
president
He was against the communists
Was a military dictator
He wanted to restore totalitarian government
Wanted to establish monarchy
Led to insurgency
Bu the death of Dr Sun Yat Sen changed the situation in
favour of Yuan- Shi- Kai
6 The Long March
Yuan- Shi- Kai was against the communist
Mao-Zedong became the leader of Communist
Communism became very powerful under Mao-Zedong
He was afraid of Yuan- Shi- Kai
The young the communists took shelter in the mountain
regions
They trained there the red army
Yuan- Shi- Kai attacked surrounding the mountains
When the final destruction of Communist started
Mao-Zedong and his communists fled to more than 600
miles
And to the country of north west
crossed 18 mountains
24 rivers
and thousand perished
20,000 reached Yenam
This is known as the GreatLong March
In 1937 Japan attacked China
Communist and KMT joined against Japan
Japan was defeated in the Second World War
Dereat of japan in the World War separated them again
ultimately the communist compelled KMT and supporters
to leave mainland
And take refuge in Formosa protected by USA
on 1st October 1949 declared the establishment of People’s
Republic of China
Mao became the chairman of this Republic
7 why did the communist succeed in China
Japanese attack made China weak
military depleted government
this added to the strength of communism
and KMT was known for corruption, bribe ,nepotism
administration was inefficient
no initiative was taken by KMT to get the support of common
man
It looked after the interest of the landlord and the Industrialist
communist won the heart of the people through their efforts for
clean government
Communist troop were disciplined and moral
So succession communists was due to the weakness of KMT
8 Initial problems
Devastation after the war with Japan and the civil war
Road, railway, Canal were destroyed
Shortage of Food
Industry tend to be backward
Agriculture incapable of feeding the poverty stricken people
Inflation was out of control
Efforts taken for improvement
Decided to use trial and error method to find out which worked
the main policies introduced were the following
9 Agrarian policy
He first wanted to introduce reforms in the field of agriculture
Land took from the landlord were distributed to peasants
Farmers were requested to join Cooperative farms
by 1956 about 95% were in the Cooperative farms with joint
ownership of land
10 Industrial policy
Most of the industries were brought under the scheme of five
year plans
Promoted development of heavy industries
Iron and steel ,thermal industry
Russia assisted China with cash ,equipments
country began to be self sufficient
small factories setup to promote tools for the heavy industries
11 Hundred Flowers campaign 1957
It was a policy introduced to invite constructive criticism for
Development
Wanted to bridge the gap between party members and the
individuals who supported the development of China
The slogan was
‘Let a hundred flowers Bloom and 1,000 schools of thought
content’
But this was a failure
because of incompetency overenthusiasm , power centralisation
and undemocratic policies
The intelligent Scholars severely criticized the policy of
government
Mao stamped down his critics
He insisted that his policies were right
12 political development
the constitution of 1950 was finally adopted
1954 constitution provided to The National people’s Congress
the final authority for legislation
members of this body were elected for five years by the people
the state Council
and chairman were are elected by congress
the main function of this Council
was to see how the laws are carried out
the state Council choose the political bureau
this Bureau was to take important decisions
the Communist Party dominated this members
13 the great Leap Forward[ economic development]
by late 50 Russia reduced giving economic aid to China
this compelled Mao to introduce new economic policy for
development
this was known as the great Leap Forward
features
the communes those who collectively own the farm were
brought together
they performed the functions of local government under an
elected community
each family received a share of the crop from the sale of the
produce share
Promotion of big Industries reduced
small factories were set up to supply tools for agriculture
different Public Works like building of Dam were undertaken
China decided to remain as an agricultural country-
and labour oriented economy to avoid and unemployment
initially it was a failure but succeeded in the long run
