Social Work Principles

1. Acceptance: Genuine concern and mutual respect.

2. Client's participation: Involvement in decision-making.
3. Self-determination: Clients' right to make choices.
4. Individualization: Recognizing unique client qualities.
5. Confidentiality: Right to privacy and consent.
6. Non-judgmentalism: Avoiding blame and bias.
7. Purposeful expression: Encouraging open emotional expression.
8. Controlled emotional involvement: Sensitivity and understanding.
9. Self-awareness: Reflecting on personal biases.
10. Client-worker relationship: Foundation for effective support.
Ambivalence: dualistic conflict
Transference: unconscious transfer
Counter-transference: worker's unconscious response
11. Objectivity: Impartial examination of situations.
12. Accountability: Competence in practice methods.
13. Access to Resources: Linking clients to necessary support.
14. Social context awareness: Understanding individual experiences.
15. Self-reliance: Encouraging client strengths and independence.
16. Respect for Persons: Valuing diverse cultural beliefs.
Ambivalence: dualistic conflict
Transference: unconscious transfer
Counter-transference: worker's unconscious response

PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
Professional ethics: ethical principles and conduct rules accepted by a profession.

CODE OF ETHICS OF THE Philippine Association of Social Workers, Inc. (PASWI)

Ethics: principles guiding behavior
Dignity: inherent worth of individuals
Justice: fairness in social relations

Code of Ethics
1. Conduct: Standards of behavior for social workers.
- Propriety: High personal conduct.
- Competence: Ongoing professional skill development.
- Service: Primary obligation to serve clients.
- Integrity: Adherence to professional honesty.
- Scholarship: Research guided by scholarly standards.

2. Client Responsibility: Ethical duties towards clients.

- Privacy: Prioritize client interests.
- Rights: Support client self-determination.
- Confidentiality: Protect client information.
- Fees: Fair and reasonable pricing.

3. Colleague Responsibility: Ethical treatment of peers.

- Respect: Fair and courteous interactions.
- Professionalism: Consideration for colleagues' clients.

4. Employee Responsibility: Commitment to organizations.

- Adherence: Fulfill obligations to employers.

5. Profession Responsibility: Upholding social work values.

- Integrity: Advance profession's ethics and knowledge.
- Community: Facilitate public access to services.
- Knowledge: Develop and utilize professional knowledge.

6. Society Responsibility: Commitment to societal welfare.

- Welfare: Promote overall societal well-being.

Rules of Conduct for Social Workers

1. Nation Building: Align social work goals with national development.
2. Client Welfare: Prioritize clients' well-being without compromising self-health.
3. Respect: Accept all individuals regardless of differences.
4. Social Action: Engage in reforms for social change while respecting rights.
5. Professional Growth: Pursue education for improved client service.
6. Professional Standards: Adhere to regulations and ethical guidelines in practice.
ETHICAL DILEMMA
Ethical Dilemma: Conflict of ethical principles in decision-making.
Manipulation: Influencing clients or altering reports for desired outcomes.
Advocacy: Promoting conflict through insults, distortion, and violence.
Conflicting loyalties: Balancing loyalty to clients versus organization or colleagues.
Cultural realities: Using personal connections or political influence to bypass rules.

ETHICAL DILEMMA RANKING ETHICAL PRINCIPLES

1. Right to live
2. Right to fair treatment
3. Right to choice
4. Right to protection from harm
5. Right to quality of life
6. Right to privacy
7. Right to truth

Social Work Skills

Applying Theory: Use theoretical knowledge of human behavior in practice.
Planned Change: Identify challenges, set goals, and implement intervention plans collaboratively.
Intervention Levels: Work effectively with individuals, groups, and communities.
Relationship Skills: Build effective interpersonal relationships through empathy and self-awareness.
Communication Skills: Master oral and written communication, including interviewing and presentations.
Cultural Competence: Understand and incorporate diverse cultural perspectives in practice.
Policy Analysis: Analyze and contribute to social policies and advocacy efforts.
Research Skills: Collect, analyze data, and present findings.
Computer Literacy: Proficient in data entry and technology for research and client work.
Time Management: Effectively schedule and meet deadlines.

SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE FOUNDATION

- Origin of social work knowledge from various disciplines.
- Social work is a professional practice, not random methods.

AREAS OF KNOWLEDGE
1. Human Behavior and the Social Environment
- Understanding client dynamics and influences from various sciences.
- Includes personality theories and societal issues.

2. Social Welfare Policies, Programs, and Services

- Organization and operation of social welfare to address human needs.
- Focus on laws, institutions, and societal responses to needs and problems.

3. Social Work Practice Methods

- Methodological knowledge and skills for effective social work.
- Emphasizes philosophical foundations and practice theories.

Essential Elements in Social Work Practice

1. Client - Individual or group receiving help.
2. Worker - Professional change agent assisting clients.
3. Problem - Situation presenting difficulty or uncertainty.
4. Process - Phases of planned change in helping relationships.

(De Guzman) 4 P’s (Helen Perlman)

Person Person
Problem Problem
Agency Place
Helping Process Process

TYPES OF CLIENTS:
Walk-in: Individuals or groups seeking help independently.
Referred: Clients directed to services by others, including involuntary clients.
Reached out: Individuals aware of services but hesitant to seek help.

Two useful concepts in understanding the dynamics of planned change:

Change force - increases willingness to change
Resistance force - decreases willingness to change
AGENCY
Social welfare agency: organization assisting individuals or groups in managing affairs.
- DSWD: primary government welfare agency in the Philippines.
- Types of agencies: classifications based on funding sources (governmental, non-governmental, semiprivate).

The HELPING/PROBLEM-SOLVING PROCESS in Social Work

Helping process: The method through which social work achieves its goals.
- Exploration, assessment, and planning: Initial phase of identifying issues and creating a plan.
- Implementation and goal attainment: Middle phase focused on executing the plan and achieving objectives.
- Termination and evaluation: Final phase assessing outcomes and concluding the process.

(De Guzman) (Mendoza)

Identification of the presenting problem 1. Assessment
Data-gathering 2. Planning
Diagnostic assessment
Planning the intervention
Implementation/Intervention 3. Intervention/Plan Implementation
Evaluation 4. Evaluation and
Continuation or Termination 5. Termination

1. Identification: The initial step in the intake process where the presenting problem is identified to gather
vital information for subsequent actions.
Intake Process - The procedure for a potential client to become a client through initial contact with a social agency.
Intake Interview - A specific step where the social worker records identifying data about the client.

2. Data-Gathering: The comprehensive collection of information from primary (client) and secondary
(significant others) sources to understand the problem's dimensions and context.
Types of Source of communication:
Primary Source: Client himself.
Secondary Source: Significant others.
Existing Data: Previously collected information.
Worker’s Observations: Information from observing.

3. Diagnostic Assessment: The analysis and interpretation of information to define the problem and
evaluate the client's capacity and motivation for help.
The Intake Process and the Presenting Problem:
Assessment: Collection, analysis, interpretation of information for understanding client and problem context.
Diagnosis: Worker’s professional opinion on client’s need or problem nature.
Immediate Problem - present difficulty

Defining the Problem:

Underlying Problem - overall situation
Perpetuate - cause something to continue
Precipitate - cause
Working Problem - contributory factors hindering change

COMPONENTS OF AN ASSESSMENT
Opening Causal
Change Potential
Judgement about the seriousness of or urgency of the problem

4. Planning: The process of setting specific, measurable goals and strategies to address the identified
problem, linking assessment to intervention.
1. Goal Setting: first step in planning, desired outcomes, must be problem-related.
2. Characteristics of Goals: specific, measurable, feasible, relate to client’s problem.
3. Strategy: overall approach to change, orchestrated action involving different entities.

Criteria for selection: Maximum Feasibility, Availability of resources, Workability.

Feasibility: possible to do; achievable.
Enable: to make something possible or easy.
Advocate: a person who supports or promotes another's interests.

Contract: agreement between worker and client

5. Intervention: action or treatment

Plan implementation: executing agreed actions
Client's problem: addressing specific issues
Objectives: achieving end goals
INTERVENTIVE ROLES are activities undertaken to achieve client goals. Important definitions include:
Resource Provider: Directly supplies material aid and resources to clients to address deficiencies.
Social Broker: Connects clients to community services, performing various roles to ensure service delivery.
Mediator: Acts as an intermediary to resolve disputes between clients and other parties.
Advocate: Represents clients by negotiating and manipulating the environment for their benefit.
Enabler: Helps clients discover their own strengths to solve problems, focusing on client empowerment.
Counselor/Therapist: Aims to enhance clients' ability to adapt through various supportive techniques.

Interventive roles in BEYOND DIRECT PRACTICE include:

Mobilizer of the Community Elite: Engages community leaders and resources to support welfare programs.
Documenter/Social Critique: Records inadequacies in social welfare policies to advocate for improvements.
Policy/Program Change Advocate: Works to alter policies and programs for specific population needs based on
professional values.

Limitations on worker activity: constraints affecting client service effectiveness.

Time management: honoring commitments within specified timeframes and communicating delays.
Skill awareness: recognizing personal strengths and limitations, seeking expert assistance.
Ethical considerations: avoiding unethical practices for personal gain.
Agency function: understanding organizational roles and advocating for changes ethically.

GENERAL ROLES:
Catalyst: Enhances client’s psychosocial functioning by facilitating environmental changes.
Enabler: Links clients with resources, knowledge, or opportunities.
Change Agent: Implements planned transformations at a higher level.

SPECIFIC ROLES (those that touch the client directly or those that require the performance of specific
tasks):
Direct Provider: Supplies tangible aid to address client deficiencies.
Case Manager: Oversees delivery of social services and resource linkage.
Mediator: Acts on behalf of clients to procure necessary resources.
Facilitator: Removes obstacles to rational thinking and learning.
Therapist: Treats client illnesses or disorders.
Clinician: Enhances clients’ adaptive capacity and social adjustment.
Mobilizer: Energizes groups and resources to address problems.
Advocate: Seeks policy changes for client benefit.
Role Model: Serves as an example, often unrecognized.

6. Evaluation: Collection of data about program outcomes relative to pre-set goals and objectives.
Prerequisite: Statement of goals and objectives for result review.
Continual Process: Ongoing evaluation involving reassessment of objectives and intervention plans.
Terminal Final Evaluation: Conducted before ending the helping relationship.

Evaluation Model: Formative focuses on the process;

Summative focuses on outcomes.
Evaluation Elements:
Inputs are resources; Activities are organizational services;
Outputs are immediate results; Outcomes are long-term benefits.

Measurement Techniques:
Qualitative Measures describe client situations;
Quantitative Measures include scaling and self-ratings.

7. Termination/Disengagement: Reasons include achievement of goals, lack of progress, client self-

sufficiency, resource limitations, external system influences, and worker departure.
Transfer - process of client referral within the same agency.
Referral - directing client to another Social Worker or Agency for additional services.

Components of Termination:
Disengagement - emotional reactions such as denial, bargaining, depression, acceptance.
Stabilization of change - test of permanence in client behavior post-intervention.
Terminal Evaluation - appraisal of progress and goals from planning and assessment phases.