IJRIME Volume1Issue5 ISSN‐2249‐ 1619

STUDY AND DESIGN OF BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTO

VOLTAIC SYSTEM AT HCTM CAMPUS KAITHAL, HARYANA
Rajeev Kumar*
Gagan Deep Singh**

ABSTRACT
The depletion of fossil fuel resources on a worldwide basis has necessitated an urgent search
for alternative energy sources to meet up the present day demands. Solar energy is clean,
inexhaustible and environment-friendly potential resource among renewable energy options.
But neither a standalone solar photovoltaic system nor a wind energy system can provide a
continuous supply of energy due to seasonal and periodic variations. Therefore, in order to
satisfy the load demand, grid connected energy systems are now being implemented that
combine solar and conventional conversion units. The objective of this work is to estimate the
potential of grid quality solar photovoltaic power in HCTM Campus, Kaithal district of
Haryana and finally develop a system based on the potential estimations made for a chosen
area. Equipment specifications are provided based on the availability of the components in
India. Annual energy generation by proposed Grid connected SPV power plant is also
calculated. In the last, cost estimation and payback analysis of grid connected SPV power
plant is done to show whether it is economically viable or not.
Keywords: diurnal variations, daily energy output, monthly energy output, grid connected
photovoltaic (PV) system, PWM inverters, solar radiation, yearly energy output.

*Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Haryana College of Engineering and

Technology, Kaithal, Haryana
**Department of Electrical Engineering, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana,
Punjab

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1. INTRODUCTION
Electricity is obtained from the PV array most efficiently during daytime. But at night or
during cloudy periods, independent power systems use storage batteries to supply the
electricity needs. With grid interactive systems, the grid acts as the battery, supplying
electricity when the PV array cannot. The energy storage devices viz. battery has been
avoided in this work. This approach reduces the capital as well as the running cost. We have
tried to develop a grid connected photovoltaic system. Grid connected photovoltaic system is
well known in various parts of world, and several technologies are used. There have been
efforts to develop the power electronics circuitry involved. Several types of inverters have
been designed. But our focus is to obtain the potential of grid connected photovoltaic system
in Kaithal district of Haryana and finally develop a system based on the potential estimations
made for a chosen area. Equipment specifications are provided based on the availability of
the components in India. Annual energy generation by proposed Grid connected SPV power
plant is also calculated. In the last, cost estimation and payback analysis of grid connected
SPV power plant is done to show whether it is economically viable or not.

2. METHODOLOGY
To find out the solar potential available at Kaithal district of Haryana, reading of solar
radiation for site is required. So these readings are taken from HAREDA, Sec-26 Chandigarh.
The data for solar radiation for Kaithal district of Haryana is shown in table 1

Table 1 Comparison of average solar insolation data {kwhr/m2/day} of district Kaithal

Months HARSAC NASA % Deviation

Jan. 2.76 3.58 22.9
Feb. 4.15 4.38 5.25
March 4.86 5.59 13
April 6.24 6.1 2.2
May 5.86 6.4 8
June 5.04 6.2 18
July 4.6 5.5 16
Aug. 4.47 5.14 13
Sep. 4.5 5.23 13

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Oct. 4.85 4.71 2.9

Nov. 3.42 4.01 14
Dec. 2.53 3.36 24
Annual 4.44 5.02 11

HARSAC: Average values from January 2003 to December 2007

NASA: Average values from July 1983 to June 2005

Graph for monthly peak variation in Kaithal

8
solar insolation in

6
Kwh/m2

Graph 1
So, in order to design building integrated PV system in HCTM campus, district Kaithal, the
average of annual solar insolation in district Kaithal measured by two agencies i.e. HARSAC
and NASA is taken.
According to HARSAC, annual solar insolation in Kaithal = 4.44 kwhr/m2/day.
According to NASA, annual solar insolation in Kaithal = 5.02 kwhr/m2/day.
So, average annual solar insolation in Kaithal = (4.44 + 5.02)/2 = 4.73
kwhr/m2/day.
= 4.73/6 =
788.333w/m2/day.
Efficiency of solar panel = 14.3%
So, average peak output
= 788.3×0.143 = 112.73 W/m2

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Table 2 Load calculation of block A

Fan load Tube Lights 6A/3pinsocket load Coolers Computers load Total
(KW) load (KW) (KW) load (KW) load
(KW) (KW)
262 × 80 = 286 × 40 = 77 × 40 = 3.08 6 × 300 = 26 × 300 = 7.8 45.08
20.96 11.44 1.8

Total load of A-Block = 45.08 KW

Roof Area of Block A

Length = 358 ft = 109.14 m; Breadth = 58 ft = 17.68 m

Roof area = 109.14 × 17.68 = 1929.59 m2

3. ENERGY CALCULATION

Table 3 Energy generated from Block A

Name Available Area Average Possible Energy Energy

of Area (m2) used Peak Plant Generated Generated
Block (m2) Output Capacity per day per month
(W/m2) (KW) (KW-hr) (KW-hr)
A 1929.59 400 112.73 45 270 8100

4. SYSTEM SIZING

Table 4 Solar Panel Specification

Watt 180 Watt

Voltage 24 Volts
Current 7.5 A
Type Polycrystalline
Efficiency 14.3%

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Temperatture 25 deg c
Dimensioons (mm) 1593 × 790 × 50
Area of singgle panel = 11258470 (mm
m)
Area of singgle panel = 11.259 meter²²
Tilt anglee(slope) of PV
V Module 45 degree
Mountingg Fixed Type
The wirinng diagram of
o PV array is shown in Figure 1

Figgure 1 wiringg diagram off PV array

PWM invverters are used

u for supppressing the harmonics produced
p aftter DC to AC
C Conversionn.
The calcuulation for fiinding the ouutput voltagee of inverterr is shown beelow: [26]
Phase vooltage= Vph= 0.4714 × Vdc= 0.47144× 240= 113..136 Volts.
Line volttage = VL = 0.779 × Vdc = 0.779× 2240 = 187 Volts.
V
KVA ratiing = KW × assumed poower factor = KW × 0.8

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Table 5 Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant Specification

Plant Capacity 45 KW
Voltage Output 240 Volts dc

Current Output 187.5 A

No. of Modules 250
Area 400 m2

Table 6 Inverter Specification

KVA rating 36 KVA
Input DC voltage 240Volts DC
Input dc current 187.5A
Output AC voltage 113.136 V ac (phase voltage)
187 V ac (line voltage)
No. of Phases 3-φ
Type PWM (for suppressing 3rd harmonics)
Efficiency Almost 90-95%
Total harmonic distortion < 5%

Table 7 Transformer Specification

KVA rating 36 KVA
No of phases 3-φ
Frequency rating 50 Hz
Primary voltage rating 187 V
Secondary voltage rating 400 V
Primary current rating 192.51 A
Secondary current rating 90A
Connections Primary – delta (for
suppressing3rd harmonics)
Secondary – star

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10 to 25 taps in secondary

Efficiency Almost 95 %
Extra features Air cooled
5. COST ANALYSIS FOR 45 KW SOLAR PV PLANT:
1.Cost of solar panels: - The BP 7180 most powerful module manufactured by BP Solar is
used; cost of solar panel is Rs.160 per watt.
So cost of 180 watt panel is = 180 × 160 = Rs. 28, 800.
Total cost of solar panels = 250 × 28800 = Rs. 72, 00000.
2. Cost of 3-φ Inverter: - 36 KVA or 45 KW of an inverter /Power Conditioning Unit is
used; multiply the size of the inverter by Rs. 25 per rated watt.
Cost of inverter = 25 × 45,000 = Rs. 11, 25,000.
3. Cost of 3-φ step up Transformer: - 36 KVA or 45 KW of a step up transformer is used;
multiply the size of the transformer by Rs. 20 per rated watt.
Cost of transformer = 20 × 45000 = Rs. 9, 00000.
4. Cost of battery bank: - Exide Invared 400 Tubular Inverter Battery 12 V, 150Ah Price –
8,400/- . 40 numbers of batteries in two strings of 20 batteries in each string are used. [34]
So, cost of battery bank = 40 × 8400 = Rs 3, 36, 000.
Subtotal: Rs. 95, 61, 000.
5. Multiply the subtotal above by 0.2 (20%) to cover balance of system costs (wire, fuses,
switches, etc.).
Cost Estimate for Balance of System: (9561000 × 0.2) Rs. 19, 12, 200.
Total Estimated PV System Cost is Rs. 1, 14, 73, 200.

6. ANNUAL ENERGY GENERATION

The annual energy generation from the SPV power plant has been worked out based on the
data on mean global solar radiant exposure over Haryana at district Kaithal. The mean global
solar radiant exposure varies from 2.53 kWh/m² /day in the month of December to 6.24 kWh/
m²/day in the month of April according to HARSAC and from 3.36 kWh/m² /day in the
month of December to 6.4 kWh/m²/day in the month of May according to NASA. The
month-wise mean global solar radiant exposure is given at table below.
Table 8 Mean Global Solar Radiant Exposure Kaithal, HARYANA (Acc. To HARSAC)

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Month Daily solar insolation in (kWh/m²/day) Energy Generated(kWh)

Jan 2.76 4894
Feb 4.15 6646
March 4.86 8617
April 6.24 10707
May 5.86 10390
June 5.04 8648
July 4.6 8156
Aug 4.47 7926
Sept 4.5 7722
Oct 4.85 8600
Nov 3.42 5868
Dec. 2.53 4486
Monthly Average 4.44 7619
Table 9 Mean Global Solar Radiant Exposure Kaithal, HARYANA (Acc. To NASA)

Month Daily solar insolation in (kWh/m²/day) Energy Generated(kWh)

Jan 3.58 6348
Feb 4.38 7015
March 5.59 9912
April 6.1 10467
May 6.4 11348
June 6.2 10639
July 5.5 9752
Aug 5.14 9114
Sept 5.23 8974
Oct 4.71 8351
Nov 4.01 6881
Dec. 3.36 5957
Monthly Average 5.02 8614

Month Wise load calculation of HCTM, Campus based upon assumptions:

Table 10 Month wise load assumption

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Month Type of load Load (KW) % of Total load

(45 KW)
Jan Lighting+ computer 18 40
Feb Lighting+ computer 18 40
March Lighting+ computer + fan load 27 60
April Lighting+ computer + fan load 38 85
May Lighting+ computer + fan load 38 85
June Lighting+ computer + fan load 12 25
July Lighting+ computer + fan load 12 25
Aug Lighting+ computer + fan load 40 90
Sept Lighting+ computer + fan load 40 90
Oct Lighting+ computer + fan load 40 90
Nov Lighting+ computer 16 35
Dec. Lighting+ computer 16 35

Table 11 Month wise load and energy generation (according to HARSAC)

Month Energy consumption(KWh) Energy generated(KWh) Energy

surplus
(KWh)
Jan 3348 4894 1546
Feb 3024 6646 3622
March 5022 8617 3595
April 6840 10707 3867
May 7068 10390 3322
June 2160 8648 6488
July 2232 8156 5924
Aug 7440 7926 486
Sept 7200 7722 522
Oct 7440 8600 1160
Nov 2880 5868 2988
Dec. 2976 4486 1510

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Table 12 Month wise load and energy generation (according to NASA)

Month Energy consumption(KWh) Energy generated(KWh) Energy

surplus
(KWh)
Jan 3348 6348 3000
Feb 3024 7015 3991
March 5022 9912 4890
April 6840 10467 3627
May 7068 11348 4280
June 2160 10639 8479
July 2232 9752 7520
Aug 7440 9114 1674
Sept 7200 8974 1774
Oct 7440 8351 911
Nov 2880 6881 4001
Dec. 2976 5957 2981

7. SIMPLE PAYBACK ANALYSIS:

A simplified form of cost/benefit analysis is the simple payback technique. In this method,
the total first cost of the system is divided by the first-year energy cost savings produced by
the system. This method yields the number of years required for the system to pay for itself.
For new construction, it can be used to evaluate conventional construction to energy-efficient
design alternatives. In simple payback analysis, we are assuming that the service life of the
energy efficiency measure will equal or exceed the simple payback time. Simple payback
analysis provides a relatively easy way to examine the overall costs and savings potentials for

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a variety of project alternatives. While the payback period analysis does not take into
consideration the time dependent value of money, nor the total accumulated cost or savings
over the life of the system, for systems with equal expected lives, simple payback period can
be applied to determine relative performance among alternatives.

Simple Payback time (years) = Total cost of the system/ Annual Savings

Energy Consumption data

The energy consumption data from year 2010 -11 of HCTM, campus provided by accounts
office, HCTM was used for this study and is shown in Table 13

Table 13 Energy Consumption data of HCTM, campus

S.No. Month Total Units Utility Rate inclusive all charges Total
Consumed (Rs./KWh) Electricity
Bill (Rs.)
1 Jan 50385 4.6 2,31,771
2 Feb 52290 4.6 2,40,534
3 March 59500 4.67 2,78,234
4 April 94500 4.76 4,49,820
5 May 139250 4.68 6,52,554
6 June 155250 5.64 8,76,620
7 July 124250 6.06 7,53,220
8 Aug 136250 6.06 8,25,675
9 Sep 105045 4.93 5,18,670
10 Oct 93885 4.56 4,28,163
11 Nov 62465 4.6 2,87,339
12 Dec 53150 4.6 2,44,490

Graph for Monthly Variations in electricity bill of HCTM, Kaithal

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monthly variation in electricity bill of

HCTM, Kaithal
1,000,000

Bill in Rs.
0

Aug
Sept

Dec.
Feb
March

Oct
May
April

Nov
June
Jan

July
Graph 2
Simple Pay Back Time the total savings are given below.

Table 14 – Savings for different months (According to HARSAC)

S.No. Month Total Units produced with Utility Rate inclusive all charges Savings
PV (Rs./KWh) (Rs.)
1 Jan 4894 4.6 22,512
2 Feb 6646 4.6 30,571
3 March 8617 4.67 40,241
4 April 10707 4.76 50,965
5 May 10390 4.68 48,625
6 June 8648 5.64 48,774
7 July 8156 6.06 49,425
8 Aug 7926 6.06 48,031
9 Sep 7722 4.93 38,069
10 Oct 8600 4.56 39,216
11 Nov 5868 4.6 26,992
12 Dec 4486 4.6 20,635

Annual Savings = Rs. 4, 64,056.

Simple payback time = Total cost of system / Annual savings

= 1, 14, 73, 200/ 4, 64, 056

= 24.7 years (According to HARSAC)

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Table 15 – Savings for different months (According to NASA)

S.No. Month Total Units produced with Utility Rate inclusive all charges Savings
PV (Rs./KWh) (Rs.)
1 Jan 6348 4.6 29,200
2 Feb 7015 4.6 32,269
3 March 9912 4.67 46,289
4 April 10467 4.76 49,822
5 May 11348 4.68 53,108
6 June 10639 5.64 60,003
7 July 9752 6.06 59,097
8 Aug 9114 6.06 55,230
9 Sep 8974 4.93 44,241
10 Oct 8351 4.56 38,080
11 Nov 6881 4.6 31,652
12 Dec 5957 4.6 27,402
Annual Savings = Rs. 5, 26, 393.

Simple payback time = Total cost of system / Annual savings

= 1, 14, 73,200/ 5, 26, 393 = 21.7 years (According to NASA)

8. CONCLUSION
The methodology adopted seems satisfactory for determining the possible plant capacity for
an arbitrarily chosen area. The design described is based on the potential measured. System
sizing and specifications are provided based on the design made. Finally, cost analysis is
carried out for the proposed design. Total Estimated 45 KW PV System Cost is Rs. 1, 14,
73,200. Annual energy generation is also calculated. From calculations done in chapter 6, it is
clear that the estimated energy generated per month from block A is more than the energy
requirement. This surplus energy generated can be stored and supplied to the hostels or
.residential blocks in the campus during night time or may be used when sun is not available
or can be sold to grid. . In the end of chapter 6, the simple payback period is calculated
according to the solar radiation data given by two agencies namely HARSAC and NASA and
found to be 24.7 years and 21.7 years respectively. From the results, it can be concluded that
at current utility rate and demand charges, the system is not economically feasible. However,
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in future, at higher utility rates like Rs 10-12/Kwhr and rebates from the government or
utility, the system may be cost effective. With rebates, the demand for the PV panels will rise
gradually leading to more production of panels and a likely drop in price thereby making the
system more cost- effective.
FUTURE SCOPE
In future we will calculate the number of PV arrays and cost of the system which can meet
the load demand of all campus. In starting we have not taken into account the air-conditioners
load. In future we will include the load of air-conditioners. A detailed Cost analysis can be
conducted considering carbon credit to show whether it is economically viable or not. Since
the performance of PV system is strongly dependent on loss factors such as shading, PCS
losses, mismatch, PV array temperature rise, etc. There is a necessity for reviewing these loss
factors to evaluate and analyze accurately the performance of PV system. This system can be
designed with also some another electrical appliances like DC- DC booster for boosting up
the voltage wherever is necessary, filter for suppressing the ripples etc. Another transformer
less design also can be done. DC –DC choppers with variable duty cycle can be used along
with filters. For direct application of DC that kind of system can be designed. Intelligent
devices like microprocessors, PLC (programmable logic controller) may be added to the
system to keep the operating point (maximum power point) for maximum efficiency. To
taken care of the uncertainty in the insolation level, use of fuzzy control can be done. Use of
feedback path for automatic control-position control servo for changing the transformation
ratio of variac can be used. A detailed performance analysis of the present system can be
carried out to show its reliability as a future work. Solar PV is a technology that offers a
solution for a number of problems associated with fossil fuels. It is clean decentralized,
indigenous and does not need continuous import of a resource. On top of that, India has
among the highest solar irradiance in the world which makes Solar PV all the more attractive
for India. The state of Orissa and Andhra Pradesh also houses some of the best quality
reserves of silica. India has a large number of cells and modules manufacturers. In spite of all
above advantages Indian Photo Voltaic programme is still in the infancy stage. One of the
reasons could be absence of simple, action oriented and aggressive PV policy of the country
both in the state and central level. More quickly we do it with the professionals more we
protect our future energy security.
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