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Sampling
What is sampling amd need oB sampling
Ans' Need o Samplinq
) AlL he eallite signalo ne conHnuous Hme siqnalo while
intosmation caied over im real-Hme appli(ationo is
conHouous in nature
a) Hovoewu the Systems wed for proteasing hese signals
ae diqital in natwre amd they wmdustand the sig nalo
which ae diqital siqnado
3) huo it is requred to convet reduce the contOUous timel
Sinal into di'screte time siqnal and fueten it is
qu amtied & enoded to be a digital ainal
4) The proceas of convhng the conHouous ine sigaal into
discrete time signal in talled Sampling"
4 mtmessage SU)- m(t).
cct)
Sigoa
Samplo
[Mutibiu [Sampled
Coninuoub Hme Siqnal Sinad
TBand-Iimited siqnal ect&(i- nTs)
Fouue
Mtu)
tranofornn
(omponemt
-25s T, 21s 3*s t
fn Te
Ts: Sampling peuod
non-zeo for a imited (Sampling intenva
band ot trequtnica fs = : Sanpling rate
Ts (sampting
rqency)
cy whene
) Sampled siqnal is muttipli catipn ot m(t) & measage
ct)sa Samplig syna &mt) o he oriqinal
signad
Prátibha
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7) Mathemal cally, sampling Can be qjven by

sCE):m() clt)
Now 0e knoo Mulkipli caton in me domain is Convolubion
An frequtnq domain:
stw): M(w)* c(w)
c(w) fs s-nfs) A ccora'ng to Foui
tram&horm ot tran ot
impulbo
s(o) : M (0) fs E s(f -nfs)
27 n: - 00

: fs Mw) * Z S (E-nfs)
2T n- 0

=Fs MCw) * &(f-nfs)|

27

Thus wwing the propety of convolwtion wjnq Selta tunchion,

S(w) S M(0-ntws)

The oriqinal speckrurn AM(D)

o M (o) ar ME) io shifed by 'nus

Sampling can be achieued only if he signal is band-limited

to
Samplhng requen do gredte than or equal
fregueny companomt þreoent in he mo`aqe
signal fs> 2fm (ondiion for
sam pling
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heorem in dtal
Si Explain Samnpling Hh
Ano Sampling heorem s importamnt to cunderst and the
Sampling sf a siqnal amd the econdtrutian o the
signal rom its Samples
2) Sampling thetorem states hat,
"A siqnal Cam be represented in its Samples and (an
be neconstructed back h its oriqinal forrm from he
Sam ples 0hem He Samplinq rate is qreater Han
eq ua h tuice the maiimum
mumm equcny cemponent.
preaemin he &ignal"
3)ds say Fs Sampling rate
Erna Maa freguemq emponent preocntin siana
them , according to amplinHeorem
fs >, 2fm

A) Sampling theortan Can aloo beenpressed in termms

Samplinq ioheual, Do
fs

Ds
2fm
Sam plinq psd sam pling intuval shauld be less than
Samp lhg of_ signa
s (a)
in eg
donaia)
-fsin -f-fm

-ts fm Fs fttmf
Hee fs-Fm 2 frn -fstFm
fs >2fm [oveDann pling
Here fs -fm Fm Criti cal
.fs= 2fm Sampling
we muot bae
) for toai thtul reconot ruction o sinal
the
Sampling freguenty qreato than or egual to toice
mari mwm reg tonponent o siqnal
Peatbha
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Qi Explan the e7ect of unde Sampling aliaoing tho

Ano: Siqnd inis Samples amd
for repÊSentation oh signad
heconotruction ok siqna back to its oriqinal form,
oR munt hawe
fs >, 2 fm
si Sampling f cqueny Samplinq rate
Fmi man frequen ty com ponunt preoent in

2) HowWe, Lk fs < 2fm the con diHon cs rekurcd

wndersampling The phenomeon tA aloo
caled as
Aliasing
lookske
Sampled signa nSCO) ors(F)

fs tfm
+fnts
-fS
-fstfm fs-fm
4) Th we can obsewe From the Spe ctrum hat as
fs-fm <Fm je

Hhe highen freguenty components act as alas ot

loa hregueny compa nemts.
Due fo thìn in he re cons tructian proceas the siqnal
is not re covred back to its oriqinal shape amd.

6)h e
gutlowun7athgu aignal
paDS Plte that s uoed For Hhe gConotrucHon
Cam not be designed for unduwampling
freguency omponnte trtaent due to aiaain

(Peatbha 4
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Q Explaus reconot ru ction oh siqnal om itsgumples

Ano: ) Áhand-limited siqnal Cam be teconstructed back tom
}S. samplto auh aly i he sampling Eheoren do
Satis7ied iePrs2im
whue fsi Sompling trequeny
Emi Max yq ueny tomponent pheoent in
in signal
2) The pxoceas o reconotruction Cam be tabulated
Low poD
mct)
Sampleo recoveed or
(musage Sampled (LPF)
reconotructed
S1g na) signd
cCE) siqnd
$reg Comperent Sampling
fc
prunt in
signal - fc
Signat fs: Samplig
frequen

3) Mathemahcaly it cam be repreaemted as

mct) cCt)
S(w) M(w) * cCw)
whene s(w) in the Shectrum o Sampled Signal

whre H(); Spectrum ot LPF

Mr(w)i Spechrum ot reconatructed signa
M
()or M(F)

-fet
fm

- Fs -fm o fm Fm fs fstm
Spectrurn ob mepsage Spechrum ot Sampltd
M, )
LÝF Speclrum Reconotuda
Smpled
A: siynal spectrum
m
Sign
fro
fs-Fro
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5) Thus for lhe reconotruchon ot Hhe siqnal tht Low

pass kilten shad bt deoiqned in such a oy that
its cut-okk frequenq, fe should be qreau tham
Fm( man eg component o the siqna)
) For he re construchon signal Followinq (itoia
showd bt Sahiskitd

P <fs -Fm
fm< fr<fs- fm
7 for he condihHons
Hhe re construction ok he siqnal is nat possi ble 4
reconstructed
signal

si Ezplain disfuent ty pea st Samp ling mehods in detail

Asi Taene
here ane hree tY pes of Samplnq methods wwed
) Lmputoe Samplisa rdeat Sampling
Jnstamtameous Samplinq
ay Naluad Sampling ular Sampling
3) Elat-top Sampling
Ipulse Sampling ordta Sampling
priniplt ot multiplicahion
The mtaSage siqncd do mutiplied oith the he
train of impulbo h prodce iampltd siq nal output
mcÉ [measage signal

st

11 SC)E m(t):cct)
sCU) Sampled Signal

Ts o 1s 216 315
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that can be desiqned

# The circuit Can be qivn
be
Sampling" Guoitching
Samplen]
signal) sc) (Sampld
signal)
[ aroumd)
Sanpler o wDd o qen caate traun ofimpulss
#A Sloitching 1s Sampling insenwal

m(t) &(t-h ts)

Hence sCt)

emty doman
In freguS() fs M(-nfs)

sampling is nat prachi call4 possible

* Tdealmpulbe h qcneae mpuses
iE is not practialley po ssible
impuoe s almost Ze, e enengy
As he oidth o the
siqnal belomes So lo tat he noise intentuene
ot he lonotruction a Siqnal
becomes dominamt and Hhe ne
pocsible in implat Sampling mthod
2)Natua Sampling Pulse Samþling

It Uses choeing poinciple h qennateSampled signa

multiplied oith the pulbeo t
Tne meosage siqna) s naturally sam pled output
fiote Di th to produce
1

n(E) (measagesiqoal)

[Train
ain ot pubeo o7 finite
Ts i Zumplinq intewal
S) Saypled cutput)
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deoigned too implement "Natural or

# Circait had can be deigned
pulse Sampling" can
Can be qivem
ccE)
SCt)

Puloes
# Mathmahi cally famit cam be erpressed
SCE) mE) cCt)
SCE) mt) if sl s closed

traqueny he Suaitching o7 susitcha is the

SampligSan
# Natual gueng
Saam pliagfulae sampling o used practicals
acd
as he width ot
prach cay
pulos
wsed fo Sampling
4
Samplzd signal. initt
finit enay of tthe Sanpled siqna implies he
noise inhutehene Josw in his Hype of sampling
3)E\al-top Sampling
lat- top Sampling Cam also be called as puse amplitude
modultion" (PAM)
amd hold circut.
Sample
The Sample &hald circwt used For gampling
Samplh
ampled
Sy Capacitor output)

Dischange
Soifck

Sarg ple Hhe measage Sampling Suoitch s wed o

signal at an Tnotamt amd the
Sa vaue o ht sampied siqnal is held by
peatbha) 8
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tinite time until He dscharqe Switch dischages the

CapacitoY
# Thus, Sampling Switch chaqcs the capacitor ohite
djscharee suoitch dischangs the capacitor
Am (t)

cCt) ATran ok impulses) S(-n+s)

111s
-2 Ss -Ts 2Ts 3s 4Ts
sCe) (Sample signal
t

# Mathemati calLy it can be expreUsed as

sct) m(t): ccE)
m sCt-ns)

Elad-top Saampling due to holding ak thesample Fac a

+ 1n qets
hinite iod, Some Bat ak Ahe Sampled signasignal
aliminaed an d He re conotrucbion ot the
mes unkaithul Thin ethcct is caled
ttcct, naise immunity
For fla-top Sarmpling and it to nat commony
gocd
wed oY `umpling
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si find he Cumpling rate & Sampling intewal

reqired for the rcconatruction a he signal

Anoi Given siqnal x cE) has a combination ok too siqnads

IAe find H frequencio eeoent in the signao
Co mpagring s h stamdard
Siqnad A Cos wt

Similany for 5 sin 400tt

f 200 Hz
freguemty compon ent preoemt jn He signal 4o,
200Hz

Now -

aceorung4 to Samplinq theorem i

Sampling rate, fs 2im
ts . 2 X 200

s 2, 40o Hz
Smpling rate shoud be 4oo H2.

Sann pling intwal, Ts

fs

-2
= O12Sxlo
3
Sec.
Ts s 25 m sec

Hemce Sompting 1ntta -

Sampting theorem s atoo ctteo as' ygust
5orem and Sim)la s Nygust
NygSt rate ntea