Chapter 4
Results and discussion
4.1 Introduction
Well log analysis is a crucial task following drilling, as it helps identify reservoir rocks within
the drilled formations. It serves as one of the most valuable tools for petroleum geologists.
Understanding the properties of rocks is essential for geological studies. When logging data is
used in isolation, it provides static reservoir parameters such as water saturation, porosity, shale
content, and matrix constituents. These static parameters indicate the types of fluids present in
situ (under reservoir conditions) and the percentage of hydrocarbons occupying the reservoir's
pore space.
Well log evaluation involves the analysis of rock properties such as porosity, permeability, and
fluid distribution. In this study, a comprehensive suite of logs was recorded through the Upper
Sabil reservoir interval, including:
4.1.1 Porosity Logs
- DT (Sonic Log)
- ROHB (Density Log)
- CNL (Neutron Log)
4.1.2 Resistivity Logs
- Deepest Induction (ILD)
- Medium Induction
- Shallow Induction
4.1.3 Logging Details
- Each log was recorded at half-foot intervals for detailed analysis using Interactive Petrophysics
(IP) software, focusing on porosity and water saturation.
- Additionally, logs were read at 5-foot intervals for manual analysis of porosity and fluid
distribution.
4.2 Calculated Parameters
From this evaluation, the following parameters were calculated:
- Volume of Shale (Vsh): Indicates the proportion of shale within the reservoir.
- Water Saturation (Sw): Represents the fraction of pore space occupied by water.
- Reservoir Properties: Includes characteristics such as rock type and fluid content.
- Net Pay Thickness: The portion of the reservoir that can produce hydrocarbons effectively.
- Hydrocarbon Pore Volume (HCPV): The volume of pores that contain hydrocarbons, essential
for assessing the potential of the reservoir.
4.3 Additional Information
- Porosity: A measure of the void spaces in rocks, influencing the storage capacity for fluids.
High porosity typically indicates better reservoir potential.
- Permeability: The ability of the rock to transmit fluids, crucial for determining flow rates. It
can be affected by the rock's texture and structure.
- Fluid Distribution: Understanding how fluids (oil, water, gas) are distributed within the
reservoir aids in production planning and enhances recovery strategies.
4.4 Importance of Well Log Evaluation
Well log evaluation is vital for:
- Reservoir Characterization: Provides insights into the reservoir's physical and chemical
properties.
- Economic Assessment: Helps in determining the viability of hydrocarbon extraction.
- Production Optimization: Informs strategies for enhancing recovery and managing reservoir
behavior over time.
By integrating these data and methodologies, operators can make informed decisions regarding
drilling, completion, and production strategies in the Upper Sabil reservoir.
4.5 Manual interpretation
The process has account of the all logs for every 5 feet of 4 wells (B6,B9, B10 and B17).
4.6 Porosity:
All porosity log, Neutron, Density, and Sonic logs were used to quantitatively determine the total
porosity (∅SN-D) reservoir.
The Density Porosity (∅D) is the determined from equation (5.1) based the rock type of the
reservoir.
The total porosity values were determined by using equation (4.1)
∅D=(pbma-pblog)/(pbma-pf)………………Equation (4.1)
∅N-D=[(∅N^2+∅D^2)/2] 1/2 ………………Equation (4.2)
Where:
Pb = Bulk Density.
PF=Fluid density.gm\cc(log).
pbma=matrix densty (Upeer Sabil Limestone).
∅n=Neutron porosity.
∅D=Density porosity.
∅N-D= Total porosity.
The sonic porosity (∅s) values are calculated of sonic porosity using equation (4.3) This equation
is based on the fact that sonic waves of the sonic logs will travel through the matrix and avoid
isolated pore space.
∅s=(Δtlog-Δtma)/(Δtf-Δtma)……………… …..Equation (4.3)
Where:
∅s=sonic porosity calculated in equation (4.3).
Δt= Is The formation Travel time form Log Reading in Ms/Ft .
Δtf=Is The fluid Travel Time.
Δtma=Is The matrix Travel Time.
The Average per well was calculated using equation (4.4) and the average porosity per well (B6-
B9-B10-B17) is summarized in Table (4.1)
∅avg = Ʃ (∅ˣh) / Ʃh ………………………Equation (4.4)
Table 4.1 Summarized Average Porosity
Wells Porosity %
B6 14.4
B9 14.5
B10 13
B17 13.99
A relationship was established between the porosity of the reservoir in each well with the depth
(Figure 4.1 to 4.4 ) to show the distribution of porosity in the reservoir, and from the
Well B6
0 0.05 0.1 ϕ
0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
-5100
-5200
-5300
depth (ft)
-5400
-5500
-5600
-5700
Figure (4.1): The porosity with depth of reservoir in B6 well
The chart displays the well log data for Well B6, illustrating the relationship between depth (in
feet) and porosity (φ). The vertical axis indicates depths ranging from approximately -5100 ft to -
5700 ft, while the horizontal axis shows porosity values from 0 to 0.3. The chart reveals
variations in porosity at different depths, with some sections exhibiting higher porosity and
others showing lower values. This distribution is significant as it provides insights into the
reservoir characteristics, including fluid presence and rock quality. Understanding these porosity
measurements is crucial for assessing the potential productivity of the reservoir and gaining a
clearer picture of its geological features.
Well B9
-2.77555756156289E-17 0.1 ϕ 0.2 0.3
-5100
-5200
-5300
depth (ft)
-5400
-5500
-5600
-5700
Figure (4.2) : The porosity with depth of reservoir in B9 well
The chart represents the well log data for Well B9, illustrating the relationship between depth (in
feet) and porosity (φ). The vertical axis displays depths ranging from approximately -5100 ft to -
5700 ft, while the horizontal axis indicates porosity values from 0 to 0.25. The chart shows
variations in porosity across different depths, with some sections demonstrating low porosity,
while others exhibit moderate values. This variation in porosity is essential for interpreting
reservoir characteristics, including the presence of fluids and the quality of the rock formations.
Analyzing these porosity measurements is crucial for evaluating the potential productivity of the
reservoir and understanding its geological structure.
-0.1
Well B10
0.1 0.3
ϕ
-5100
-5200
-5300
Depth (ft)
-5400
-5500
-5600
-5700
Figure (4.3): The porosity with depth of reservoir in B10 well
The chart presents the well log data for Well B10, depicting the relationship between depth (in
feet) and porosity (φ). The vertical axis indicates depths ranging from approximately -5100 ft to -
5700 ft, while the horizontal axis shows porosity values from 0 to 0.30. The data reveals
significant variations in porosity at different depths, with some sections exhibiting higher
porosity, particularly in the range of 0.1 to 0.3, while other areas display much lower values.
This variability in porosity is crucial for assessing the reservoir characteristics, including fluid
content and rock quality. Understanding these measurements is vital for evaluating the reservoir's
potential productivity and gaining insights into its geological features.
well B17
ϕ
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
-5100
-5200
-5300
-5400
depth (ft)
-5500
-5600
-5700
Figure (4.4): The porosity with depth of reservoir in B17 well
The chart presents the well log data for Well B17, depicting the relationship between depth (in
feet) and porosity (φ). The vertical axis indicates depths ranging from approximately -5100 ft to -
5700 ft, while the horizontal axis shows porosity values from 0 to 0.35. The data reveals
significant variations in porosity at different depths, with some sections exhibiting higher
porosity, particularly in the range of 0.1 to 0.3, while other areas display much lower values.
This variability in porosity is crucial for assessing the reservoir characteristics, including fluid
content and rock quality. Understanding these measurements is vital for evaluating the reservoir's
potential productivity and gaining insights into its geological features.
4.7 Petrophysical Parameters:
Knowledge of the reservoir parameters such as cementation factor (m) , saturation exponent (n),
formation water resistivity(Rw),resistivity of formation (Rt),and porosity required for the
determination of reservoir water saturation (Sw).The porosity was discussed in the previous
section and the other parameters will be explained in some details below .
F=a/∅^m………………………………... Equation (4.5)
4.7.1 Cementation factor (m):
The cementation factor (m) is an essential parameter in the archie formula to determine water
saturation. It has been found that the cementation factor (m) of the reservoir of this study is
equal to (4.5).
4.7.2 Saturation Exponent value (n):
Saturation exponent (n) can only obtained from special core analysis data. The saturation
exponent (n) for this study is 2 and it was used in the water saturation calculation .
4.7.3 Formation Water Resistivity (Rw):
In this study the formation water resistivity was determined using the equation (4.6)
Rw = Ro/F …………………..Equation (4.6)
5.1.3.4 Determination of water saturation (SW):
The water saturation is calculated using Archie Equation (4.7).
Sw=[(a*RW)/ (∅ ^m*Rt)]^1/n…………………………Equation(4.7)
Where:
a=formation (Tortuosity) factor =(1)
∅=Total porosity (∅ND %)
m=Cementation factor= (2)
Rt= Formation resistivity (Ωm)
n=Saturation exponent = (2)
Rw= Water Resistivity =(Ωm)
The Average of water saturation was determined using equation (4.8).
SWavg=Σ(∅i×SW×hi)/Σ( ∅i×hi)………………………Equation (4.8)
A relationship was established between the water saturating of the reservoir in each well with the
depth (Figure 4.5 to 4.8) to show the resistivity and depth relationship.
Well B6
1 10 RT 100 1000 10000
-5100
-5200
-5300
depth (ft)
-5400
-5500
-5600
-5700
Figure (4.5): The water saturation with depth of reservoir in B6 well
The chart illustrates the well log data for Well B6, showing the relationship between depth (in
feet) and resistivity (RT). The vertical axis represents depths ranging from approximately -5100
ft to -5700 ft, while the horizontal axis displays resistivity values on a logarithmic scale, ranging
from 1 to 1000 ohm-meters.
The data reveals variations in resistivity at different depths, with some sections showing higher
resistivity values, which may indicate the presence of hydrocarbons or less conductive materials.
Analyzing these resistivity measurements is essential for evaluating the reservoir's potential and
understanding its geological characteristics. This information can be critical for making informed
decisions regarding exploration and production strategies.
Well B9
0.7 7 Rt 70
-5100
-5200
-5300
depth (ft)
-5400
-5500
-5600
-5700
Figure (4.6) : The water saturation with depth of reservoir in B9 well
The chart illustrates the well log data for Well B9, showing the relationship between depth (in
feet) and resistivity (RT). The vertical axis represents depths ranging from approximately -5100
ft to -5700 ft, while the horizontal axis displays resistivity values on a logarithmic scale, ranging
from 1 to 100 ohm-meters.
The data reveals variations in resistivity at different depths, with some sections showing higher
resistivity values, which may indicate the presence of hydrocarbons or less conductive materials.
Analyzing these resistivity measurements is essential for evaluating the reservoir's potential and
understanding its geological characteristics. This information can be critical for making informed
decisions regarding exploration and production strategies.
0.07
Well
0.7
B10 7 70
-5100
Rt
-5200
-5300
Depth (ft)
-5400
-5500
-5600
-5700
Figure (4.7) : The water saturation with depth of the reservoir in B10 well
The chart illustrates the well log data for Well B10, showing the relationship between depth (in
feet) and resistivity (RT). The vertical axis represents depths ranging from approximately -5100
ft to -5700 ft, while the horizontal axis displays resistivity values on a logarithmic scale, ranging
from 1 to 100 ohm-meters.
The data reveals variations in resistivity at different depths, with some sections showing higher
resistivity values, which may indicate the presence of hydrocarbons or less conductive materials.
Analyzing these resistivity measurements is essential for evaluating the reservoir's potential and
understanding its geological characteristics. This information can be critical for making informed
decisions regarding exploration and production strategies.
Well B17
RT
1 10 100 1000
-5100
-5200
-5300
depth (ft)
-5400
-5500
-5600
-5700
Figure (4.8) : The water saturation with depth of reservoir in B17 well
The chart illustrates the well log data for Well B17, showing the relationship between depth (in
feet) and resistivity (RT). The vertical axis represents depths ranging from approximately -5100
ft to -5700 ft, while the horizontal axis displays resistivity values on a logarithmic scale, ranging
from 1 to 1000 ohm-meters.
The data reveals variations in resistivity at different depths, with some sections showing higher
resistivity values, which may indicate the presence of hydrocarbons or less conductive materials.
Analyzing these resistivity measurements is essential for evaluating the reservoir's potential and
understanding its geological characteristics. This information can be critical for making informed
decisions regarding exploration and production strategies.
Table 4.2 Summarized Average Water Saturation
Wells Sw %
B6 41.2
B9 36.8
B10 33.8
B17 38.3
4.7.4 Volume of Shale:
In this study only the gamma Ray logs were used to determine the shale contents in the
reservoir.
The shale volume was calculated by using equations (4.9) and (4.10)
XGR=(GRlog-GRmin)/(GRmax-GRmin)………….Equation(5.9)
Larionov (1969) for older rocks :
Vsh=0.33ˣ(2^(2ˣXGR)-1))…………………. Equation(5.10)
Where:
XGR: Is the gamma Ray index.
GR log: Is the gamma Ray.-Reading (log).
GRmine: Is the minimum Reading from the log.
GRmax: Is the maximum Reading From the log.
Vsh: Is the volume of Shale (%) .
Table (4.3) Shows the Results of The Volume of Shale For The Study Wells
Wells VSL %
B6 24.3
B9 34
B10 20
B17 32
A relationship was established between the volume of shale of the reservoir in each well with the
depth (Figure 4.9 to 4.12) to show the distribution of VSL in the reservoir , and from the graph
shows the averages.
Well B6
Vsh
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-5100
-5200
-5300
depth (ft)
-5400
-5500
-5600
-5700
Figure (4.9) : The VSh with depth of the reservoir in B6 well
From the above figure (4.9) the relationship between depth and the volume of shale (Vsh) in a
geological context is essential for understanding subsurface formations and their properties.
Here’s a brief overview of this relationship: This represents the proportion of shale within a
given rock formation, typically expressed as a fraction or percentage of the total volume. In
geological terms, depth refers to the vertical distance below the earth's surface. As depth
increases, various geological processes, sedimentation rates, and compaction effects can alter the
volume of shale present.
The value was ranged between 0 in to 50% in the zone of intrest.
Well B9
Vsh
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
-5100
-5200
-5300
depth (ft)
-5400
-5500
-5600
-5700
Figure (4.10) : The VSh with depth of the reservoir in B6 well
From the above figure (4.10) the relationship between depth and the volume of shale (Vsh) in a
geological context is essential for understanding subsurface formations and their properties.
Here’s a brief overview of this relationship: This represents the proportion of shale within a
given rock formation, typically expressed as a fraction or percentage of the total volume. In
geological terms, depth refers to the vertical distance below the earth's surface. As depth
increases, various geological processes, sedimentation rates, and compaction effects can alter the
volume of shale present.
The value was ranged between 0 in to 75% in the zone of intrest.
Well B10
Vsh
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
-5100
-5200
-5300
depth (ft)
-5400
-5500
-5600
-5700
Figure (4.11) : The Vsh with depth of the reservoir in B10 well
From the above figure (4.11) the relationship between depth and the volume of shale (Vsh) in a
geological context is essential for understanding subsurface formations and their properties.
Here’s a brief overview of this relationship: This represents the proportion of shale within a
given rock formation, typically expressed as a fraction or percentage of the total volume. In
geological terms, depth refers to the vertical distance below the earth's surface. As depth
increases, various geological processes, sedimentation rates, and compaction effects can alter the
volume of shale present.
The value was ranged between 0 in to 60% in the zone of interest.
well B17
Vsh
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-5100
-5200
-5300
depth (ft)
-5400
-5500
-5600
-5700
Figure (4.12) : The VSL with depth of the reservoir in B17 well
From the above figure (4.12) the relationship between depth and the volume of shale (Vsh) in a
geological context is essential for understanding subsurface formations and their properties.
Here’s a brief overview of this relationship: This represents the proportion of shale within a
given rock formation, typically expressed as a fraction or percentage of the total volume. In
geological terms, depth refers to the vertical distance below the earth's surface. As depth
increases, various geological processes, sedimentation rates, and compaction effects can alter the
volume of shale present.
The value was ranged between 0 in to 90% in the zone of interest.
