Training Report

on
Basic Electronics for IoT

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted By
DEEPAK
2822771
Batch (2022-2026)

Panipat Institute of Engineering & Technology,

(Affiliated to Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra, India)
Samalkha, Panipat
(Session 2023-2024)
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work presented in this training report entitled
“Basic Electronics for IoT”, submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Electronics & Communication, submitted to Panipat Institute of
Engineering & Technology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra,
India is an authentic record of my own work carried out during the period
from 17th July to 11th Aug,2023 under the guidance of Mr. Vikas Goyal

The work reported in this project report has not been submitted by me
for the awardof any other degree or diploma.

Date: 15th Oct,2023 Student name: DEEPAK

Place: P.I.E.T Roll No. 2822771

i
CERTIFICATE

ii
 AKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher Vikas

Goyal as well as Dr. Akhilesh Tripathi who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful summer training on thetopic “Basic
Electronics for IoT” ,which also helped me in doing a lot of projects and
I came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to them.

I am doing this summer training not only for marks but too increase my
knowledge.Thanks again to all who helped me.

DEEPAK

iii
 ABSTRACT

This training report offers a comprehensive exploration of fundamental

concepts in electronics, digital logic gates, the Internet of Things (IoT),
regulated power supplies, and sensors. The report encompasses a diverse
range of topics, making it a valuable resource for both novices and
enthusiasts seeking a deeper understanding of these essential facets of
modern technology.
The report commences with an introduction to the fundamentals of
electronics, providing a solid foundation for readers. It elucidates the core
principles of electrical circuits, components, and the behavior of
electronic devices, offering a holistic view of electronic systems.
Subsequently, the report delves into the realm of digital gates, elucidating
the operations and applications of basic logic gates, including AND, OR,
NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR gates. These gates serve as the
building blocks for digital electronics and form the basis for complex
logical operations in computational devices.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a pivotal component of modern
technology, connecting a multitude of devices and enabling them to
collect and exchange data. This report explores the concept of IoT, its
underlying technologies, and its myriad applications, from smart homes
and healthcare to industrial automation and environmental monitoring.
Regulated power supplies play a fundamental role in ensuring the stable
and reliable operation of electronic devices. The report discusses the
importance of regulated power supplies, their principles of operation, and
the significance of maintaining constant voltage and current output.
Furthermore, the report delves into the world of sensors, which are
integral to IoT andnumerous other applications. It describes the various
types of sensors, includingtemperature, humidity, motion, and more, and
their critical role in collecting data from the physical world.In conclusion,
this training report offers a multifaceted journey through the diverse
realms of electronics, digital gates.
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 List of Figures

Figure no. Figure name Page no.

Figure 1.2 Internet of Things 02
Figure1.3 Printed circuit board 03
Figure1.4 Arduino UNO R3 04

Figure1.5 Node MCU 05

Figure1.6 Breadboard 06
Figure2.1 Sensors 07
Figure2.4 Gas sensor 10
Figure2.41 Circuit diagram of gas sensor 10

Figure2.5 Ultrasonic sensor 11

Figure2.51 Circuit diagram of ultrasonic sensor 11

Figure2.6 Sound sensor 12

Figure2.61 Circuit diagram of sound sensor 12

Figure3.1 Electronic equipment 13
Figure3.2 Resistors 14
Figure3.3 Transistors 14
Figure3.4 Transformers 15
Figure3.5 3D Scanner 17
Figure3.6 Laser cutting machine 18
Figure3.7 CNC wood cutter 20
Figure3.8 LDR 23
Figure3.9 Rectifier 23
Figure3.91 Mobile Charger 24

v
 List of Graphs

Graph no. Graph name Page no.

Graph 3.8 LDR 21

Graph 4.2 IOT connected devices 25

installed base worldwide
from 2015 to 2025(in
billions)

vi
 CONTENTS
Candidate's Declaration i
Certificate ii
Acknowledgement iii
Abstract iv
List of Figures v
List of Tables vi

CHAPTER NO DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

CHAPTER 1 1.1 Introduction 01
1.2 Internet of Things (IOT) 02
1.3 Printed Circuit Board (PCB) 03
1.4 Arduino UNO R3 04
1.5 Node MCU 05
1.6 Breadboard 06
CHAPTER 2 2.1 Introduction of Sensors 07
2.2 Classification of Sensors 08
2.3 Different types of Sensors 09
2.4 Gas Sensors 10
2.5 Ultrasonic Sensor 11
2.6 Sound Sensor 12
CHAPTER 3 3.1 Electronic Equipment 13
3.2 Resistors 14
3.3 Transistors 14
3.4 Transformers 15
3.5 3D Scanner 16
3.6 Laser cutting machine 18
3.7 CNC wood cutter 19
3.8 LDR 21
3.9 Mobile Charger 22
CHAPTER 4 4.1 Conclusion 25
4.2 References 26

vii
 Chapter 1
Introduction to (IOT)

1.1 Introduction

The term 'Internet of Things' was coined in 1999 by the computer scientist
Kevin Ashtonn .From soil moisture sensors being used to optimize
farmer’s yields, to thermostats and thermometers, the Internet of Things
(IoT Technologies) is transforming the way we live and work.

Billions of networked ‘smart’ physical objects around the world, on city

streets, in homes and hospitals, are constantly collecting and sharing data
across the internet, giving them a level of digital intelligence and
autonomy.

Around a quarter of businesses were using IoT technologies in 2019,

according to McKinsey, up from 13% in 2014.And already, there are
more connected devices than people in the world, according to the World
Economic Forum’s State of the Connected World report, and it is
predicted that by 2025, 41.6 billion devices will be capturing data on how
we live, work, move through our cities and operate and maintain the
machines on which we depend. The digital transformation that is taking
place due to emerging technologies, including robotics, the IoT and
artificial intelligence, is known as the Fourth Industrial Revolution
– and COVID-19has accelerated the use of these technologies.

1
1.2 Internet of Things (IOT)
The internet of things, or IoT, is a network of interrelated devices that
connect and exchange data with other IoT devices and the cloud. IoT
devices are typically embedded with technology such as sensors and
software and can include mechanical and digital machines and consumer
objects.

Increasingly, organizations in a variety of industries are using IoT to

operate more efficiently, deliver enhanced customer service, improve
decision-making and increase the value of the bus.

Figure 1.2 : Internet of Things

Increasingly, organizations in a variety of industries are using IoT to

operate more efficiently, deliver enhanced customer service, improve
decision-making and increase the value of the bus.

With IoT, data is transferable over a network without requiring human-

to-human or human-to-computer interactions.

A thing in the internet of things can be a person with a heart monitor

implant, a farm animal with a biochip transponder, an automobile that has
built-in sensors to alert the driver when tire pressure is low, or any other
natural or man-made object that can be assigned an Internet Protocol
address and is able to transfer data over a network.

2
1.3 Printed Circuit Board(PCB)
A printed circuit board (PCB) is an electronic assembly that uses copper
conductors tocreate electrical connections between components. Printed
circuit boards providemechanical support for electronic components so
that a device can be mounted in an enclosure. A printed circuit board
design must include a specific set of steps that aligns with the
manufacturing process, integrated circuit packaging, and the structure of
the bare circuit board.

Figure 1.3 : Printed Circuit Board

Conductive features on printed circuit boards include copper traces,

pads,and conductive planes. The mechanical structure is made up of an
insulating material laminated between layers of conductors. The overall
structure is plated and covered with a non-conductive solder mask, and a
silk screen material is printed on top of the solder mask to provide a
legend for electronic components. After these fabrication steps are
completed, the bare board is sent into printed circuit board assembly,
where components are soldered to the board and the PCBA can be tested.

The printed circuit board design has grown into its own vertical within
the electronics industry. PCBs play an important role in that they provide
electrical interconnections between components, rigid support to hold
components, and a compact package that can be integrated into an end
product. Even the most basic circuit board has to be carefully designed
using specialized software packages, and the best software canhelp take
a design from concept all the way through manufacturing.

3
1.4 Arduino UNO R3

The Arduino UNO is the best board to get started with electronics and
coding. If thisI is your first experience tinkering with the platform, the
UNO is the most robust board you can start playing with. The UNO is
the most used and documented boardof the whole Arduino family.

Figure 1.4 : Arduino UNO R3

MainFeatures

Arduino UNO is a micro controller board based on the ATmega328P. It

has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM
outputs), 6 Analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the micro controller; simply connect it to a
computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC- to-DC adapter or
battery to get started. You can tinker with your UNO without
worrying too much about doing something wrong, worst case
scenario you can replace the chip for a few dollars and start
over again.

4
1.5 Node MCU

Node MCU is an open-source LUA based firmware developed for the

ESP8266 wifi chip. By exploring functionality with the ESP8266 chip,
Node MCU firmware comes with the ESP8266 Development board/kit
i.e. Node MCU Development board.

Figure 1.5 : ESP8266 Node MCU

Since Node MCU is an open-source platform, its hardware design is open

for edit/modify/build.

Node MCU Dev Kit/board consist of ESP8266 wi-fi enabled chip. The
ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-fi i chip developed by Espressif Systems with
TCP/IP protocol. For moreinformation about ESP8266, you can refer to
the ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module.

There is Version2 (V2) available for Node MCU Dev Kit i.e. Node MCU
Development Board v1.0 (Version2), which usually comes in black
coloured PCB.

5
1.6 Breadboard

A breadboard, solderless breadboard, or protoboard is a construction base used

to build semi- permanent prototypes of electronic circuits. Unlike a perfboard or
stripboard, breadboards do not require soldering or destruction of tracks and are
hence reusable. For this reason, breadboards are also popular with students and
in technological education.

A variety of electronic systems may be prototyped by using breadboards,

from small analog and digital circuits to complete central processing units
(CPUs).

Figure 1.6 : Breadboard

Compared to more permanent circuit connection methods, modern

breadboards have high parasitic capacitance, relatively high resistance,
and less reliable connections, which are subject to jostle and physical
degradation. Signaling is limited to about 10 MHz, and not everything
works properly even well below that frequency.

6
 Chapter 2

Introduction to Sensors

2.1 Sensors

We live in a World of Sensors. You can find different types of Sensors in our
homes, offices, cars etc. working to make our lives easier by turning on the
lights by detectingour presence, adjusting the room temperature, detect smoke
or fire, make us delicious coffee, open garage doors as soon as our car is near
the door and many other tasks.
It is a device that converts signals from one energy domain to electrical
domain. The definition of the Sensor can be better understood if we
take an example in to consideration.

Figure 2.1 : Sensors

The simplest example of a sensor is an LDR or a Light Dependent

Resistor. It is a device, whose resistance varies according to intensity of
light it is subjected to. When the light falling on an LDR is more, its
resistance becomes very less and when the light is less, well, the
7
resistance of the LDR becomes very high.

8
2.2 Classification of Sensors

There are several classifications of sensors made by different

authors and experts. Some are very simple and some are very
complex. The following classification of sensors may already be
used by an expert in the subject but this is a very simple
classification of sensors.

In the first classification of the sensors, they are divided in to Active

and Passive. Active Sensors are those which require an external
excitation signal or a power signal.

Passive Sensors, on the other hand, do not require any external

power signal and directly generates output response.

The other type of classification is based on the means of detection

used in the sensor. Some of the means of detection are Electric,
Biological, Chemical, Radioactive etc.

The next classification is based on conversion phenomenon i.e.,

the input and the output. Some of the common conversion
phenomena are Photoelectric,Thermoelectric, Electrochemical,
Electromagnetic, Thermooptic, etc.

The final classification of the sensors are Analog and Digital

Sensors. Analog Sensors produce an analog output i.e., a
continuous output signal (usually voltage but sometimes other
quantities like Resistance etc.) with respect to the quantity being
measured.

9
2.3 Different types of Sensors

The following is a list of different types of sensors that are

commonly used in various applications. All these sensors are
used for measuring one of the physical properties like
Temperature, Resistance, Capacitance, Conduction, Heat
Transfer etc.

1. Temperature Sensor
2. IR Sensor (Infrared Sensor)
3. Pressure Sensor
4. Light Sensor
5. Ultrasonic Sensor
6. Smoke, Gas and Alcohol Sensor
7. Touch Sensor
8. Color Sensor
9. Humidity Sensor
10. Position Sensor
11. Magnetic Sensor (Hall Effect Sensor)
12. Microphone (Sound Sensor)
13. Tilt Sensor
14. Flow and Level Sensor
15. PIR Sensor
16. Strain and Weight Sensor
17. Soil/Moisture Sensor

10
2.4 Gas Sensor

A gas sensor is a device which detects the presence or concentration of gases in

the atmosphere. Based on the concentration of the gas the sensor produces a
corresponding potential difference by changing the resistance of the material
inside the sensor, which can bemeasured as output voltage. Based on this voltage
value the type and concentration of the gas can be estimated.
The type of gas the sensor could detect depends on the sensing material
present inside the sensor. Normally these sensors are available as
modules with comparators as shown above. These comparators can be set
for a particular threshold value of gas concentration. When the
concentration of the gas exceeds this threshold the digital pin goes high.
The analog pin can be used to measure the concentration of the gas.

Figure 2.4: Gas Sensor

Fig.2.41: Circuit Diagram of gas sensor

11
2.5 Ultrasonic Sensor

An ultrasonic sensor is an electronic device that measures the distance of

a target object by emitting ultrasonic sound waves, and converts the
reflected sound into an electrical signal. Ultrasonic waves travel faster
than the speed of audible sound (i.e.the sound that humans can hear).
Ultrasonic sensors have two main components: the transmitter (which
emits the sound using piezoelectric crystals) and the receiver (which
encounters the sound after it has travelled to and from the target).

Figure 2.5 :Ultrasonic Sensor

Fig 2.51: Circuit Diagram of ultrasonic sensor

12
2.6 Sound Sensor

The sound sensor is one type of module used to notice the sound.
Generally, this module is used to detect the intensity of sound. The
applications of this module mainly include switch, security, as well as
monitoring. The accuracy of this sensor can be changed for the ease of
usage.
This sensor employs a microphone to provide input to buffer, peak
detector and an amplifier. This sensor notices a sound, & processes an o/p
voltage signal to a microcontroller. After that, it executes required
processing.

Figure 2.6 : Sound Sensor

Figure 2.61: Circuit Diagram of Sound Sensor

13
 Chapter 3

Electronic Components and Electronic Devices

3.1 Electronic Components

Electronics is a scientific and engineering discipline that studies and

applies the principles of physics to design, create, and operate
devices that manipulate electrons and other electrically charged
particles. Electronics is a subfield of electrical engineering, but it differs
from it in that it focuses on using active devices such as transistors,
diodes, and integrated circuits to control and amplify the flow of electric
current and to convert it from one form to another, such as from
alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) or from analog to digital.
Electronics .
It also encompasses the fields of microelectronics, nanoelectronics,
optoelectronics, and quantum electronics, which deal with the fabrication
and application of electronic devices at microscopic, nanoscopic, optical,
and quantum scales

Figure 3.1 : Electronic Components

14
 3.2 Resistors
A passive electrical component with two terminals that are used for either
limiting or regulating the flow of electric current in electrical circuits.
The main purpose of resistor is to reduce the current flow and to lower the
voltage in any particular portion of the circuit. It is made of copper wires which
are coiled around a ceramic rod and the outer part of the resistor is coated with
an insulating paint..

Figure 3.2 : Types of Resistors

3.3 Transistor

A transistor is a Fig miniature semiconductor that regulates or controls

current or voltage flow in addition amplifying and generating these electrical
signals and acting as a switch/gate for them. Typically, transistors consist of
three layers, or terminals, of a semiconductor material, each of which can carry
a current.

Figure 3.3 : Transistors

15
3.4 Transformers

The transformer, in a simple way, can be described as a device that steps

up or steps down voltage. In a step-up transformer, the output voltage is
increased, and in a step- down transformer, the output voltage is
decreased. The step-up transformer willdecrease the output current, and
the step-down transformer will increase the output current to keep the
input and output power of the system equal.

Figure 3.4 : Transformers

A step-up transformer is a type of transformer that converts the low

voltage (LV) and high current from the primary side of the transformer to
the high voltage (HV) and low current value on the secondary side of the
transformer. The reverse of this is known as a step down transformer.

A transformer is a piece of static electrical equipment which transforms

electrical energy (from primary side windings) to the magnetic energy (in
the transformer’s magnetic core) and again to the electrical energy (on the
secondary transformer side). A step-up transformer has a wide variety of
applications in electrical systems and transmission lines.

A step-down transformer is an electrical device that reduces the voltage

of an alternating current (AC) power supply. It consists of a primary
winding, a secondary winding, and an iron core.

16
When an AC voltage is applied to the primary winding, it creates a
fluctuating magnetic field in the iron core. This magnetic field then
induces a voltage in the secondary winding but at a lower voltage level
than the primary winding.

A transformer works on the mutual induction principle, also known as

Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, which states that the
magnitude of voltage is directly proportional to the rate of change of
magnetic flux.

3.5 3D Scanner

The most popular kind of scanner for consumer use is the 3D laser
scanner. Laser scanning combines two sets of information to create a
point cloud of an object’s surface: data from a laser being shone on the
object, and data from another sensor (typically a moving camera, or two
stationary ones). 3D scanning software stitches these data sets together
using the known distance between the camera’s position and the laser’s
source to generate a model’s points. Building 3D geometry from a laser
scan requires detecting where the laser line falls in the images captured
by the camera during scanning. The laser line is usually the brightest pixel
of an image, but sometimes there can be other light sources captured. A
stationary scanner can tell the laser line from everything else by cycling
the laser on/off, creating a trackable difference between it and other lights
captured during scanning.

Thousands of individual points are captured during a 3D scan. Like a

regular camera,a laser scanner can only capture what is in its field of view.
The captured points record everything from surface detail and texture to
color, creating a direct representation of the scanned object. A captured
point cloud is not a watertight digital object until its points are meshed
into surfaces. The meshing process calculates how the points relate to
each other in order to join them together into surfaces. An
17
example of this is the prosumer Matter and Form 3D desktop
scanner.Structured light scanning is not as dependant on texture variation to
get a good 3D scan. In this method, one of the camera positions used in stereo
vision and laser scanning is replaced by a projector that projects different light
patterns (providing its own texture) onto an object’s surface and recording how
the object distorts those patterns. Model points are created using the known
camera position and information from the light pattern hitting the object. To
be effective there needs to be an exact one-to-one relationship between the
projector and the camera’s pixels. Structuredlight scanning is used in facial
recognition technology, reverse engineering, design, manufacturing, and
remote environment recognition (two cool examples are mapping the seafloor
and the inspection of railway tunnels).

Figure 3.5 : 3D Scanner

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3.6 Laser Cutting Machine
Laser cutting is a technology that uses a laser to vaporize materials,
resulting in a cut edge. While typically used for industrial manufacturing
applications, it is now used byschools, small businesses, architecture, and
hobbyists. Laser cutting works by directing the output of a high-power
laser most commonly through optics. The laser optics and CNC
(computer numerical control) are used to direct the laser beam to the
material. A commercial laser for cutting materials uses a motion control
system to follow a CNC or G-code of the pattern to be cut onto the
material. The focused laser beam is directed at the material, which then
either melts, burns, vaporizes away, or is blown away by a jet of gas,
leaving an edge with a high-quality surface finish.

voltage. In a step-up transformer, the output voltage is increased, and in

a step-down transformer, the output voltage is decreased. The step-up
transformer will decrease the output current, and the step-down
transformer will increase the output current to keep the input and output
power of the system equal.

Figure. 3.6 : Laser cutting machine

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3.7 CNC Wood Cutter

A CNC (Computer Numerical Control) wood cutter, also known as a

CNC router, is acomputer-controlled machine that uses a rotating cutting
tool to carve, engrave, or shape wood and other materials with precision
and repeatability. CNC wood cutters are widely used in woodworking,
furniture production, cabinetry, sign making, and various other industries.
Here are some key aspects of CNC wood cutters:

1. Working Principle:

CNC wood cutters are equipped with a cutting tool (typically a router bit
or end mill) that rotates at high speeds. This cutting tool is precisely
controlled by a computer to move along multiple axes (commonly three
axes: X, Y, and Z) to cut or shape the material.

2. Computer Control:

The CNC machine's movements are directed by a computer program that

provides precise instructions on tool paths, speeds, and depths of cut. This
program is typically generated using CAD (Computer-Aided Design) and
CAM (Computer-AidedManufacturing) software.

3. Versatility:

CNC wood cutters can perform a wide range of operations, including

cutting, routing, carving, engraving, drilling, and more. They can be used
to create intricate designs, precise joinery, and complex shapes in wood
and other materials.

4. Precision and Repeatability:

One of the primary advantages of CNC wood cutters is their ability to

achieve high levels of precision and consistency. Once a program is
created, the machine can reproduce the same results repeatedly, ensuring
quality and accuracy in production.

5. Material Compatibility:

CNC wood cutters can work with various wood types, including hardwoods,
softwoods, plywood, and MDF (Medium-Density Fibreboard).
20
6..Applications:

CNC wood cutters find applications in numerous industries, including:

Woodworking and Furniture Production: CNC routers are widely used
for creatingcustom furniture, cabinetry, and decorative woodwork.

Sign Making: They can precisely cut and engrave materials for signage and
advertising.

Prototyping and Product Development: CNC routers are valuable for creating
prototypes and small production runs of new products.

Art and Design: Artists and designers use CNC routers to create intricate
sculptures,relief carvings, and other artistic pieces.

7.Size and Scale:

CNC wood cutters come in various sizes, from small desktop units suitable for
hobbyists to large industrial machines used in manufacturing facilities.

8.Software and Programming:

Programming CNC routers requires knowledge of CAD/CAM software to create
toolpaths and generate G-code, the language that the machine understands.

9.Safety Considerations:
Operators must follow safety protocols, including wearing appropriate personal
protective equipment and ensuring proper machine setup and maintenance.

Figure 3.7 : CNC Wood Cutter

21
3.8 LDR

LDR is light dependent resistor

It is a special type of resistor that works on the photoconductivity principle

means thatits resistance changes according to the intensity of light.

Its resistance decreases with an increase in the intensity of light.

It is often used as, Automatic Street light, and in areas where we need to have
lightsensitivity.

It is also called a Light Sensor.

 When light falls on LDR, base is grounded and transistor is in

CUTOFF state andLED is OFF

 In absence of light, transistor is in ON state and LED is ON

Graph 3.8 : LDR

22
 3.9 Mobile charger
The regulated power supply consists of the following four major parts:

 Step-down transformer

 Rectifier circuit

 DC filter circuit

 Voltage regulator

What is Rectification?
Rectification is the process of converting AC voltage into DC voltage.
AC power, typically provided by the electrical grid, oscillates between
positive and negative voltage values in a sinusoidal waveform. In many
applications, especially in electronics and power supplies, a steady DC
voltage is required for consistent and reliable operation. Rectifiers bridge
this gap by transforming the AC input into a unidirectional DC output.

2. Types of Rectifiers

There are two primary categories of rectifiers:

2.1. Half-Wave Rectifiers

A half-wave rectifier allows the positive half of the AC input waveform

to pass, whileit blocks the negative half. This results in an output that is
essentially half of the input AC waveform. Although it's a simple design,
it's not very efficient due to the loss of half of the power. It's typically
used in applications where efficiency is not a critical factor.

2.2. Full-Wave Rectifiers

Full-wave rectifiers, on the other hand, permit both the positive and
negative halves ofthe AC input to be converted into DC. This leads to a
more efficient conversion process, with a DC output that closely
approximates the peak AC voltage. Full-wave rectifiers can be further
divided into two types: center-tapped and bridge rectifiers.

23
3. Center-Tapped Rectifiers

In a center-tapped rectifier, the transformer secondary winding has a

center tap, and two diodes are used to create two separate current paths,
allowing for more efficient use of the AC input.

4..Bridge Rectifiers

Bridge rectifiers employ a network of four diodes to create multiple paths

for current flow, resulting in efficient full-wave rectification without the
need for a center tap in the transformer.

5.Applications of Rectifiers

Rectifiers have a wide range of applications, including:

 Power Supplies: They are fundamental in power supply units for

electronic devices, ensuring that these devices receive a stable DC
voltage.

 Battery Charging: Rectifiers are used in charging circuits for

batteries, convertingAC from the grid into a suitable charging voltage
for various types of batteries.

 Electroplating: In industrial applications, rectifiers are used for

electroplatingprocesses, ensuring a unidirectional current flow.

 Signal Processing: They play a role in signal processing circuits,

converting ACsignals into DC signals for further analysis.

 High-Voltage DC Transmission: In electrical engineering, rectifiers

are used inhigh-voltage DC transmission systems for efficient
long-distance power.

24
Figure 3.9 : Full Wave Bridge Rectifier

25
transmission.

In Full Wave Bridge Rectifier, an ordinary transformer is used in place of

a center- tapped transformer. The circuit forms a bridge connecting the
four diodes D1, D2, D3,and D4. The circuit diagram of the Full Wave
Bridge Rectifier is shown below.

Advantages of Full Wave Bridge Rectifier

 The centre tap transformer is eliminated.

 The output is double that of the centre-tapped full-wave rectifier
for the samesecondary voltage.
 The peak inverse voltage across each diode is one-half of the centre
tap circuit ofthe diode.

Disadvantages of Full Wave Bridge Rectifier

 It needs four diodes.

 The circuit is not suitable when a small voltage is required to be
rectified. It is because, in this case, the two diodes are connected in
series and offer double voltage drop due to their internal resistance.

Figure 3.91 : Mobile Charger

Rectifiers are a vital component of the modern electrical and electronic
world. They bridge the gap between the AC power supplied by electrical
grids and the DC power required by most electronic devices.

26
 Chapter 4

Conclusion & References

4.1 Conclusion

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical objects or people

called “things”that are embedded with software, electronics, network, and
sensors which allows these objects to collect and exchange data. The
actual idea of connected devices was proposed in 1970 and since then it
is evolving still.
While we come to the end, IoT holds the lives of the human being
straightforward andsatisfactory. It has made the lives of the people very
useful. Whereas on the other hand with the increased use of the Internet
of Things the treat for security and safety has also improve. So we should
be concerned while giving the details on the Internet platform. Fusion
informatics is a web, mobile and best IoT App Development Companies
in Atlanta specializing in the development of challenging and complex
projects. Since 2000, we’ve delivered compelling solutions for such
companies as Bosch, Lenovo, Bharat Petroleum, Reliance, Tardebulls
and others.

Graph 4.1 : Expected adoption growth of IoT

27
4.2 References

 Books
Smith, J. (2020). Introduction to Electronic and Computer Engineering.
XYZPublishers.
Johnson, M. (2019). Electronic Circuits and Devices: Principles and
Applications.ABC Books.
 Journal Articles
Brown, A. (2021). Emerging Trends in Electronic Engineering. Journal of
AdvancedTechnology, 5(2), 123-136.
Lee, C., & Martinez, E. (2018). Advancements in Integrated Circuit
Design.International Journal of Electronics, 32(4), 567-578.
Websites
IEEE. (2022). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
https://www.ieee.org
 Reports and Manuals
United States Department of Labor. (2020). Occupational Outlook
Handbook: Electrical and Electronics Engineering

https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/electrical-and-
electronics-engineers.htm
American National Standards Institute. (2021). ANSI/ASME B16.5: Pipe
Flanges andFlanged Fittings. ANSI
National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2019). NIST Special
Publication 800-53: Security and Privacy Controls for Federal
Information system and organization
https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-
53r5.pdf
 Conference Proceedings
Clark, R. (2019). Innovations in Electronic Component Design. In:
Rodriguez, M. (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Conference on
Electronics Engineering, ICEE 2019, 145-158.

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