PRODUCTION

DATA-2025
(AGRICULTURE AND MINERALS)
(UPDATED JULY, 2025)

Raj Holkar
(PCS MANTRA) (+919650697922)
Current Affairs (Production Data – 2025_Updated) Raj Holkar

Agricultural Production
Source: Economic Survey 2023 – 24
Product Top States in Production Top States by Crop Area Highest
productivity
Total 1. Uttar Pradesh 2. Madhya 1. Uttar Pradesh 2.
Foodgrains Pradesh 3. Punjab Madhya Pradesh 3.
Rajasthan
Rice 1. Telangana 2. Uttar 1. Uttar Pradesh 2. West Punjab
Pradesh 3. West Bengal Bengal 3. Telangana
Wheat 1. Uttar Pradesh 2. Madhya 1. Uttar Pradesh 2. Punjab
Pradesh 3. Punjab Madhya Pradesh 3. Punjab
Coarse Grain 1. Rajasthan 2. Karnataka 3. 1. Rajasthan 2. Karnataka West
Madhya Pradesh 3. Maharashtra Bengal
Lentils/Pulses 1. Madhya Pradesh 2. 1. Madhya Pradesh 2. Madhya
(Total) Maharashtra 3. Rajasthan Rajasthan 3. Maharashtra Pradesh
Maize 1. Karnataka 2. Bihar 3. 1. Karnataka 2. Madhya Andhra
Madhya Pradesh Pradesh 3. Maharashtra Pradesh
Jowar 1. Maharashtra 2. Karnataka 1. Maharashtra 2. Andhra
(Sorghum) 3. Rajasthan Rajasthan 3. Karnataka Pradesh
Millet 1. Rajasthan 2. Uttar Pradesh 1. Rajasthan 2. Uttar Madhya
3. Haryana Pradesh 3. Haryana Pradesh
Gram 1. Madhya Pradesh 2. 1. Maharashtra 2. Madhya Madhya
Maharashtra 3. Rajasthan Pradesh 3. Rajasthan Pradesh
Arhar (Tur 1. Karnataka 2. Maharashtra 1. Karnataka 2. Madhya
Dal) 3. Uttar Pradesh Maharashtra 3. Uttar Pradesh
Pradesh
Total 1. Rajasthan 2. Madhya Tamil Nadu
Oilseeds Pradesh 3. Gujarat
Mustard / 1. Rajasthan 2. Uttar Pradesh 1. Rajasthan 2. Uttar haryana
Rapeseed 3. Madhya Pradesh Pradesh 3. Madhya
Pradesh
Soyabean 1. Madhya Pradesh 2. 1. Madhya Pradesh 2. Telangana
Maharashtra 3. Rajasthan Maharashtra 3. Rajasthan

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Peanut 1. Gujarat 2. Rajasthan 3. 1. Gujarat 2. Rajasthan 3. West

Madhya Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Bengal
Sunflower 1. Karnataka 2. Haryana 3. 1. Karnataka 2. haryana
Odisha Maharashtra 3. Andhra
Pradesh
Jute and 1. West Bengal 2. Bihar 3. 1. West Bengal 2. Assam Bihar
Mesta unequal 3. Bihar
Cotton 1. Gujarat 2. Maharashtra 3. 1. Maharashtra 2. Gujarat Punjab
Telangana 3. Telangana
Sugarcane 1. Uttar Pradesh 2. 1. Uttar Pradesh 2. Tamil Nadu
Maharashtra 3. Karnataka Maharashtra 3. Karnataka
Tobacco 1. Gujarat 2. Karnataka 3. 1. Gujarat 2. Karnataka 3. Uttar
Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Pradesh
Masoor Pulse 1. Madhya Pradesh 2. Uttar Rajasthan
Pradesh 3. West Bengal

Plantation Crop Production

Source: Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare - 2022 – 23 (Final Data)
Product Top States in Production
Fruits (Total) 1. Andhra Pradesh 2. Maharashtra 3. Uttar Pradesh
Flowers (Total) 1. Tamil Nadu 2. Madhya Pradesh 3. Karnataka
Cashew Nut 1. Maharashtra 2. Andhra Pradesh 3. Odisha
Coconut 1. Karnataka 2. Kerala 3. Tamil Nadu
Almond 1. Jammu and Kashmir 2. Himachal Pradesh 3. Maharashtra
Apple 1. Jammu and Kashmir 2. Himachal Pradesh 3. Uttarakhand
Banana 1. Maharashtra 2. Andhra Pradesh 3. Tamil Nadu
Lemon 1. Andhra Pradesh 2. Gujarat 3. Madhya Pradesh
Orange 1. Madhya Pradesh 2. Punjab 3. Maharashtra
Mosambi 1. Andhra Pradesh 2. Telangana 3. Maharashtra
Grape 1. Maharashtra 2. Karnataka 3. Andhra Pradesh
Guava 1. Madhya Pradesh 2. Uttar Pradesh 3. Andhra Pradesh
Mango 1. Uttar Pradesh 2. Andhra Pradesh 3. Bihar

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Papaya 1. Gujarat 2. Andhra Pradesh 3. Maharashtra

Pineapple 1. West Bengal 2. Assam 3. Tripura
Pomegranate 1. Maharashtra 2. Gujarat 3. Andhra Pradesh
Muskmelon 1. Uttar Pradesh 2. Andhra Pradesh 3. Madhya Pradesh
Watermelon 1. Uttar Pradesh 2. Andhra Pradesh 3. Tamil Nadu
Strawberry 1. Maharashtra 2. Haryana 3. Jharkhand
Lichi 1. Bihar 2. West Bengal 3. Punjab
Walnut 1. Jammu and Kashmir 2. Uttarakhand 3. Himachal Pradesh
Betel Nut 1. Karnataka 2. Kerala 3. Assam
Amla/ Indian 1. Uttar Pradesh 2. Madhya Pradesh 3. Tamil Nadu
Gooseberry
Saffron Jammu & Kashmir
Clove 1. Tamil Nadu 2. Karnataka 3. Kerala
Kiwi Arunachal Pradesh
Coriander 1. Madhya Pradesh 2. Gujarat 3. Rajasthan
(Seeds)
Sapota/Chikoo Karnataka
Cardamom 1. Kerala 2. Tamil Nadu 3. Karnataka
(small)
Cardamom 1. Sikkim 2. Arunachal Pradesh 3. Nagaland
(large)
Cumin 1. Gujarat 2. Rajasthan 3. West Bengal
Fennel 1. Gujarat 2. Rajasthan 3. Madhya Pradesh
Methi/Fenugreek 1. Madhya Pradesh 2. Rajasthan 3. Gujarat
Ajvayan/Celery 1. Gujarat 2. Madhya Pradesh 3. Rajasthan
Tea 1. Assam 2. West Bengal
Coffee 1. Karnataka 2. Kerala

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Vegetables & Spices Production

Source: Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare - 2022 – 23 (Final Data)
Product Top States in Production (in Order)
Vegetables 1. Uttar Pradesh 2. West Bengal 3. Madhya Pradesh
(total)
Spices (total) 1. Madhya Pradesh 2. Gujarat 3. Andhra Pradesh
Honey 1. Uttar Pradesh 2. West Bengal 3. Punjab
Potato 1. Uttar Pradesh 2. West Bengal 3. Bihar
Peas (Green) 1. Uttar Pradesh 2. Madhya Pradesh 3. Punjab
Cauliflower 1. West Bengal 2. Madhya Pradesh 3. Bihar
Cabbage 1. West Bengal 2. Odisha 3. Madhya Pradesh
Okra 1. Gujarat 2. West Bengal 3. Madhya Pradesh
Brinjal 1. West Bengal 2. Odisha 3. Gujarat
Sweet Potato 1. Odisha 2. Uttar Pradesh 3. West Bengal
(Shakar Kand)
Potato (Sweet) 1. Odisha 2. Kerala 3. Uttar Pradesh
Onion 1. Maharashtra 2. Madhya Pradesh 3. Karnataka
Tomato 1. Madhya Pradesh 2. Andhra Pradesh 3. Karnataka
Chilli (dry) 1. Andhra Pradesh 2. Telangana 3. Madhya Pradesh
Coriander 1. Madhya Pradesh 2. Gujarat 3.Rajasthan
Garlic 1. Madhya Pradesh 2. Rajasthan 3.Uttar Pradesh
Ginger 1. Madhya Pradesh 2. Odisha 3. Karnataka
Turmeric 1. Maharashtra 2. Telangana 3. Tamil Nadu
Black Pepper 1. Karnataka 2. Kerala 3. Assam
Green Chillies 1. Madhya Pradesh 2. Karnataka 3. Bihar
Capsicum 1. West Bengal 2. Haryana 3. Karnataka

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Animal Husbandry, Dairying and

Fisheries Data
Product Top States in Production
Egg 1. Andhra Pradesh 2. Tamil Nadu 3. Telangana
Wool 1. Rajasthan 2. Jammu & Kashmir 3. Gujarat
Meat 1. West Bengal 2. Uttar Pradesh 3. Maharashtra
Milk 1. Uttar Pradesh 2. Rajasthan 3.Madhya Pradesh
Fish (Inland) 1. Andhra Pradesh 2. West Bengal 3. Uttar Pradesh
Fish (Marine) 1. Gujarat 2. Tamil Nadu 3. Andhra Pradesh
Fish (Total) 1. Andhra Pradesh 2. West Bengal 3. Karnataka

Sericulture Statistics (2023)

Product Top States in Production
Mulberry Silk 1. Karnataka 2. Andhra Pradesh 3. Tamil Nadu
Tussar Silk 1. Jharkhand 2. Chhattisgarh 3. Odisha
Eri Silk 1. Assam 2. Meghalaya 3. Nagaland
Munga Silk 1. Assam 2. Meghalaya 3. Arunachal Pradesh
Silk (Composite) 1. Karnataka 2. Andhra Pradesh 3. Assam
Lac Jharkhand

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Agricultural Global Production

Product Top countries in Production
Rice 1. China 2. India 3. Bangladesh
Wheat 1. China 2. India 3. Russia
Maize 1. America 2. China 3. Brazil
Barley 1. Russia 2. Australia 3. France
Jowar (Sorghum) 1. America 2. Nigeria 3. Mexico
Pulses (Total Pulses) 1. India 2. Bangladesh 3. Poland
Masoor Dal 1. India 2. Australia 3. Canada
Soyabean 1. Brazil 2. America 3. Argentina
Sunflower 1. Ukraine 2. Russia 3. Argentina
Cotton (Seeds) 1. China 2. India 3. Brazil
Jute 1. India 2. Bangladesh 3. China
Tea 1. China 2. India 3. Kenya
Coffee (Green) 1. Brazil 2. Vietnam 3. Indonesia
Cocoa (beans) 1. Côte d'Ivoire 2. Ghana 3. Indonesia
Sugar-cane 1. Brazil 2. India 3. China
Tobacco 1. China 2. India 3. Brazil
Natural Rubber 1. Thailand 2. Indonesia 3. Vietnam
Coconut 1. Indonesia 2. Philippines 3. India
Spices (total) 1. India 2. Turkiye 3. Bangladesh
Rapeseed 1. China 2. Canada 3. India
Mustard seed 1. Nepal 2. Russia 3. Canada
Peanut 1. China 2. India 3. Nigeria
Cashew nut 1. Côte d'Ivoire 2. India 3. Vienam
Almond 1. America 2. Spain 3. Australia
Walnut 1. China 2. America 3. Chile
Fruits (total) 1. China 2. India 3. Brazil
Vegetable (total) 1. China 2. India 3. US
Mango 1. India 2. China 3. Indonesia
Banana 1. India 2. China 3. Indonesia
Guava 1. India 2. China 3. Indonesia
Papaya 1. India 2. Brazil 3. Indonesia
Pomegranate 1. Uzbekistan 2. Spain 3. Romania

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Pineapple 1. Indonesia 2. Philippines 3. Costa Rica

Lemon 1. India 2. Mexico 3. China
Potato 1. China 2. India 3. Ukraine
Tomato 1. China 2. India 3. Turkiye
Onion (Dry) 1. India 2. China 3. Egypt
Peas (Green) 1. China 2. India 3. Pakistan
Cabbage 1. America 2. India 3. South Korea
Cauliflower 1. China 2. India 3. US
Brinjal 1. China 2. India 3. Egypt
Beetroot 1. Russia 2. America 3. Germany
Garlic 1. China 2. India 3. Bangladesh
Ginger 1. India 2. Nigeria 3. China
Okra 1. India 2. Nigeria 3. Mali
Sweet Potato 1. China 2. Malawi 3. Tanzania
Milk (Total) 1. India 2. America 3. Pakistan
Milk (Cow) 1. India 2. America 3. Pakistan
Milk (Buffalo) 1. India 2. Pakistan 3. China
Wool 1. China 2. Australia 3. New Zealand
Honey 1. China 2. Turkiye 3. Iran
Apple 1. China 2. America 3. Turkiye
Orange 1. Brazil 2. China 3. Mexico
Grape 1. China 2. Italy 3. France
Saffron (2023) 1. Iran 2. India 3. Spain
India First in Production: Pulses, Spices, Jute, Milk, Mango, Guava, Banana, Papaya,
Lemon, Okra, Onion and Ginger

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Other Production (2023)

Palm Oil 1. Indonesia 2. Malaysia
Soybean Oil 1. China 2. USA
Rapeseed Oil 1. Canada 2. Germany
Sunflower Oil 1. Russia 2. Ukraine
Chinese 1. Brazil 2. India 3. China
Meat (Chicken) 1. America 2. China 3. Brazil
Meat (Cattle) 1. America 2. Brazil 3. China
Egg 1. China 2. America 3. India
Fish (Marine) 1. China 2. Peru 3. Indonesia
Fish (Fresh Water) 1. China 2. India 3. Indonesia
Fish (Total) 1. China 2. Indonesia 3. Peru

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Mineral statistics
Mineral Production and Reserves in India (2023 - 24)
Mineral Top States in Production Top States in Reserves
Bauxite 1. Odisha 2. Gujarat 3. Jharkhand 1. Odisha 2. Andhra Pradesh 3.
Gujarat
Tin Chhattisgarh 1. Haryana 2. Chhattisgarh
Coal 1. Odisha 2. Chhattisgarh 3. 1. Odisha 2. Jharkhand 3.
Jharkhand Chhattisgarh

Most Mines of Coal:

Jharkhand > West Bengal >
Madhya Pradesh
Manganese 1. Madhya Pradesh 2. Maharashtra 1. Odisha 2. Karnataka 3. Madhya
3. Odisha Pradesh
Lead and Rajasthan Lead (metal) : 1. Rajasthan 2.
zinc Andhra Pradesh 3. Gujarat
Zinc (Metal): 1. Rajasthan 2.
Maharashtra 3. Madhya Pradesh
Chromite 1. Odisha 1. Odisha 2. Manipur 3. Nagaland
Biorites 1. Andhra Pradesh 2. Rajasthan 3. 1. Andhra Pradesh 2. Rajasthan 3.
Karnataka Telangana
Calcite 1. Rajasthan 2. Andhra Pradesh 3. 1. Rajasthan 2. Andhra Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Lignite 1. Tamil Nadu 2. Gujarat 3. 1. Tamil Nadu 2. Rajasthan 3.
Rajasthan Gujarat
Copper 1. Madhya Pradesh 2. Rajasthan 3. 1. Rajasthan 2. Madhya Pradesh 3.
Jharkhand Jharkhand
Iron ore 1. Odisha 2. Karnataka 3. Hematite: 1. Odisha 2. Jharkhand
Chhattisgarh 3. Chhattisgarh
Magnetite: 1. Karnataka 2. Andhra
Pradesh 3. Rajasthan

Iron ore (overall): 1. Karnataka 2.

Odisha 3. Jharkhand
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Mica 1. Rajasthan 2. Andhra Pradesh 3. 1. Andhra Pradesh 2. Rajasthan

Odisha
Diamond Madhya Pradesh 1. Madhya Pradesh 2. Andhra
Pradesh 3. Chhattisgarh
Gold Metal 1. Karnataka 2. Jharkhand Gold (metal) reserves: 1. Karnataka
2. Rajasthan 3. Andhra Pradesh
Highest reserves of primary gold
ore – Bihar (44%)
Silver 1. Rajasthan 2. Karnataka 1. Rajasthan 2. Karnataka 3.
Jharkhand
Crude oil 1. Offshore Zone 2. Rajasthan 3. 1. Offshore Zone 2. Assam 3.
Gujarat 4. Assam Gujarat 4. Rajasthan
Natural gas 1. Offshore Zone 2. Assam 3. 1. Offshore Zone 2. Assam 3.
Rajasthan 4. Tripura Andhra Pradesh 4. Rajasthan
Rock 1. Rajasthan 2. Madhya Pradesh 1. Jharkhand 2. Rajasthan 3.
Phosphate Madhya Pradesh
Asbestos 1. Andhra Pradesh 2. Rajasthan 1. Rajasthan 2. Karnataka 3.
Jharkhand
Dolomite 1. Gujarat 2. Telangana 3. 1. Madhya Pradesh 2. Andhra
(2018-19) Karnataka Pradesh 3. Chhattisgarh
Feldspar 1. Telangana 2. Karnataka 3. 1. Rajasthan 2. Telangana 3.
Gujarat Andhra Pradesh
Granite 1. Karnataka & Rajasthan 2. 1. Rajasthan 2. Andhra Pradesh 3.
Jharkhand Telangana
Graphite 1. Tamil Nadu 2. Odisha 3. 1. Arunachal Pradesh 2. Jammu
Jharkhand and Kashmir 3. Odisha
Gypsum 1. Rajasthan 2. Gujarat 1. Rajasthan 2. Gujarat 3. Tamil
Nadu
Limestone 1. Rajasthan 2. Madhya Pradesh 3. 1. Andhra Pradesh 2. Rajasthan 3.
Andhra Pradesh Telangana
Cadmium Rajasthan
Cobalt 1. Odisha (69%) 2. Jharkhand 3.
Nagaland
Nickel 1. Odisha (90%) 2. Jharkhand 3.
Nagaland
Magnesite 1. Uttarakhand 2. Tamil Nadu 3. 1. Uttarakhand 2. Tamil Nadu 3.
Karnataka Rajasthan
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Tungsten 1. Karnataka 2. Rajasthan 3.

Andhra Pradesh
Platinum 1 Odisha 2. Karnataka 3. Uttar
Pradesh
Uranium Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh
Bentonite 1. Rajasthan 2. Gujarat 1. Rajasthan 2. Gujarat 3. Tamil
Nadu

World Mineral Production and Reserves Data (2023 – 24)

Ore Top Producers Top in Reserves
Iron ore 1. Australia 2. China 3. Brazil 1. Australia 2. Brazil 3.
Russia
Bauxite 1. Australia 2. Guinea 3. China 1. Guinea 2. Vietnam 3.
Australia
Aluminium 1. China 2. Russia 3. India
Nickel 1. Indonesia 2. Philippines 3. Russia 1. Australia 2. Indonesia 3.
Brazil
Tungsten 1. China 2. Vietnam 3. Russia 1. China 2. Russia 3.
Vietnam
Antimony 1. China 2. Tajikistan 3. Russia 1. China 2. Russia 3. Bolivia
Coal 1. China 2. India 3. Indonesia 1. America 2. Russia 3.
Australia
Copper 1. Chile 2. Peru 3. China 1. Chile 2. Australia 3. Peru
Zinc 1. China 2. Peru 3. Australia 1. Australia 2. China 3.
Russia
Crude Oil (2023) 1. America 2. Saudi Arabia 3. 1. Venezuela 2. Saudi
Russia Arabia 3. Canada
Diamond 1. Russia 2. Botswana 3 Canada 1. Russia 2. Botswana 3.
Congo
Gold 1. China 2. Australia 3. Russia 1. Australia 2. Russia 3.
South Africa
Graphite 1. China 2. Brazil 3. Madagascar 1. Turkey 2. Brazil 3. China
Lead 1. China 2. Australia 3. America 1. Australia 2. China 3. Peru

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Manganese 1. South Africa 2. Gabon 3. China 1. South Africa 2. China 3.

Australia/Brazil
Asbestos (2023) 1. China 2. Finland 3. Madagascar India (Mica Sheet)
Natural Gas 1. America 2. Russia 3. Iran 1. Russia 2. Iran 3. Qatar
(2023)
Silver 1. Mexico 2. China 3. Peru 1. Peru 2. Australia 3. China
Tin 1. China 2. Indonesia 3. Myanmar 1. Indonesia 2. China 3.
Myanmar
Platinum 1. South Africa 2. Russia 3. 1. South Africa 2. Russia 3.
Zimbabwe Zimbabwe
Chromite 1. South Africa 2. Kazakhstan 3. 1. Kazakhstan 2. South
India Africa 3. India
Uranium 1. Kazakhstan 2. Canada 3. 1. Australia 2. Kazakhstan
Namibia 3. Canada
Cement 1. China 2. India 3. Vietnam

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Current Affairs (Production Data – 2025_Updated) Raj Holkar

India State of Forest Report, 2023

• Environment, Forest and Climate Change Minister Shri Bhupendra Yadav released the
‘India State of Forest Report 2023’ at Forest Research Institute, Dehradun. It is noteworthy
that since 1987, the India State of Forest Report is being published by the Forest Survey of
India on a biennial basis.
• The Forest Survey of India makes an in-depth assessment of the country’s forest and tree
resources based on the interpretation of remote sensing satellite data and field-based national
forest inventory and its results are published in the India State of Forest Report. India State
of Forest Report 2023 is the 18th report in this series.
Key findings of the report:
• The forest and tree cover of the country is 8,27,357 sq. km. which is 25.17 percent of the
geographical area of the country, out of which 7,15,343 sq. km. (21.76 percent) is forest
cover and 1,12,014 sq. km. is under forest cover. (3.41 percent) is tree cover.
• As compared to the year 2021, the forest and tree cover of the country has increased by
1445.81 sq. km., which includes 156.41 sq. km. increase in forest cover and 1289.40 sq. km.
increase in tree cover.
• States with maximum tree cover: 1. Maharashtra (14,524.88 sq. km) 2. Rajasthan
(10,841.12 sq. km) 3. Uttar Pradesh (8,950.92 sq. km)
• Top states showing maximum increase in forest and tree cover as compared to 2021: 1.
Chhattisgarh (684 sq. km) 2. Uttar Pradesh (559 sq. km) 3. Odisha (559 sq. km) 4. Rajasthan
(394 sq. km)
• Top states showing maximum increase in forest cover as compared to 2021: 1. Mizoram
(241.73 sq. km) 2. Gujarat (180.07 sq. km) 3. Odisha (151.89 sq. km).
• Top states showing the highest decrease in forest cover as compared to 2021: 1. Madhya
Pradesh (371.54 sq km) 2. Andhra Pradesh (138.66 sq km) 3. Telangana (100.42 sq km)
• Top states with the highest forest and tree cover in terms of area: 1. Madhya Pradesh
(85,724 sq km) 2. Arunachal Pradesh (67,083 sq km) 3. Maharashtra (65,383 sq km)
• Top states with the highest forest cover in terms of area: 1. Madhya Pradesh (77,073 sq
km) 2. Arunachal Pradesh (65,882 sq km) 3. Chhattisgarh (55,812 sq km)

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• Top states with the lowest forest cover in terms of area: 1. Haryana 2. Punjab 3. Goa
• Top States/UTs in terms of percentage of forest cover to total geographical area: 1.
Lakshadweep (91.33 per cent) 2. Mizoram (85.34 per cent) 3. Andaman & Nicobar Islands
(81.62 per cent)
• 19 States/UTs have more than 33 per cent of geographical area under forest cover. Out of
these, eight States/UTs, namely Mizoram, Lakshadweep, Andaman & Nicobar Islands,
Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Tripura and Manipur have more than 75 per cent
forest cover.
Mangrove Forests in India:
• Mangrove forests in the country cover 4,991.68 sq km, which is 0.15% of the total
geographical area of the country.
• Mangrove forests have decreased by 7.43 sq km as compared to 2021.
• Gujarat has shown the highest decrease (36.39 sq km).
• Maximum increase has been observed in Andhra Pradesh (13.01 sq km), followed by
Maharashtra (12.39 sq km).
Bamboo Area in India:
• Total bamboo area in the country- 1,54,670 sq km.
• Increase of 5,227 sq km as compared to 2021.
• States with maximum bamboo area: 1. Madhya Pradesh (20,421 sq km) 2. Arunachal
Pradesh (18,424 sq km) 3. Maharashtra (13,572 sq km) 4. Odisha (12,328 sq km)
Carbon Stock:
• In the current assessment, the total carbon stock in the country’s forests has been estimated
at 7,285.5 million tonnes. The country’s carbon stock has increased by 81.5 million tonnes
as compared to the previous assessment.
• India’s carbon stock has reached 30.43 billion tonnes of CO₂ equivalent, which indicates
that compared to the base year of 2005, India has already reached 2.29 billion tonnes of
additional carbon sink, while the target is set to be 2.5 to 3.0 billion tonnes by 2030.

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Status of Uttar Pradesh in India State of Forest Report, 2023

• Total forest cover area: 15,045.80 sq km
• Share of forest cover in geographical area: 6.24 percent
• Total tree cover area: 8,950.92 sq km
• Share of tree cover in geographical area: 3.72 percent
• Total forest cover and tree cover: 23,996.72 sq km
• Share of forest cover and tree cover in geographical area: 9.96 percent
• Total increase in forest cover in the state as compared to ISFR – 2021: 118.43 sq km
• Top districts with maximum forest cover area: 1. Sonbhadra 2. Lakhimpur Kheri 3.
Mirzapur
• Top districts with minimum forest cover area: 1. Bhadohi (Sant Ravidas Nagar) 2. Mau
3. Sambhal
• Top districts with maximum forest cover percentage: 1. Sonbhadra 2. Chandauli 3.
Shravasti
• Top districts with minimum forest cover percentage: 1. Sambhal 2. Bhadohi (Sant
Ravidas Nagar) 3. Mainpuri

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Union Budget 2025 – 26

The Union Budget 2025–26 was presented by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman in the
Parliament on 1 February 2025. The theme of this budget is “Sabka Vikas”, which is an
important step towards making India a developed nation.

Part – A
Quoting the famous statement of Telugu poet and playwright Shri Gurajada Appa Rao, “A
country is not only by its soil, but by its people”, the Finance Minister presented the Union
Budget 2025-26. It aims at balanced development of all sectors with the goal of ‘Sabka
Vikas’.
The Finance Minister mentioned the broad principles of developed India which are as
follows –
(a) freedom from poverty;
(b) 100% good quality schooling;
(c) access to excellent, affordable and universal health services;
(d) meaningful employment with 100% skilled workforce;
(e) 70% women in economic activities; and
(f) Farmers who make our country the ‘Food Basket of the World’
This budget aims to accelerate economic growth, boost private sector investment, empower
the middle class and ensure inclusive growth. The poor (Gareeb), youth, farmers
(Annadaata) and women (Nari) are the key focus areas. The key transformational areas of
the budget are taxation, energy sector, urban development, mining, financial sector and
regulatory reforms.
The Union Budget 2025-26 was presented in the Parliament by the Union Finance Minister,
highlighting 4 engines of growth – 1. Agriculture 2. Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(MSME) 3. Investment 4. Exports.
First Engine: Agriculture
• Pradhan Mantri Dhan-Dhanya Krishi Yojana – Developing Agricultural Districts
Programme: The Union will launch the ‘Pradhan Mantri Dhan-Dhanya Krishi Yojana’ in
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Current Affairs (Production Data – 2025_Updated) Raj Holkar

partnership with the states. The programme will cover 100 districts with low productivity,
low yield and below average credit norms through convergence of existing schemes and
specific measures. The programme is expected to help 1.7 crore farmers.
• Rural Prosperity and Building Resilient: A comprehensive multi-sectoral programme titled
‘Rural Prosperity and Building Resilient’ will be launched in partnership with the States to
address underemployment in agriculture through skilling, investment, technology and
revitalize the rural economy. The first phase will cover 100 developing agricultural districts.
• Self-sufficiency in Pulses: The Government will launch a 6-year “Self-sufficiency Mission
in Pulses” with special focus on Tur, Urad and Masur. Central agencies NAFED and NCCF
will procure these pulses from farmers during the next 4 years.
• Comprehensive Programme for Vegetables and Fruits: A comprehensive programme will
be launched in partnership with the States to promote production, efficient supplies,
processing and remunerative prices to farmers.
• Makhana Board in Bihar: Makhana Board will be set up in Bihar to improve production,
processing, value addition and marketing of makhanas.
• National High Yield Seed Mission: National High Yield Seed Mission will be launched
with the objective of strengthening research ecosystem, targeted development and
dissemination of high yielding seeds and making more than 100 varieties of seeds
commercially available.
• Fisheries: Government will bring out a framework to promote sustainable fishing from
Indian Exclusive Economic Zone and deep seas with special focus on islands like Andaman
& Nicobar and Lakshadweep.
• Cotton Productivity Mission: A 5-year mission has been announced to bring substantial
improvement in productivity and sustainability of cotton cultivation and promote longer
staple varieties of cotton.
• Higher loans through Kisan Credit Card: The credit limit for loans taken through Kisan
Credit Card will be increased from Rs.3 lakh to Rs.5 lakh.
• Urea Plant in Assam: A plant with an annual production capacity of 12.7 lakh metric tonnes
will be set up at Namrup, Assam.

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Second Engine: MSMEs

• Amendment in classification criteria for MSMEs: Investment and turnover limits for
classification of all MSMEs will be increased to 2.5 and 2 times respectively.

• Credit Cards for Micro Enterprises: 10 lakh customised credit cards with limit up to Rs 5
lakh will be issued in the first year to micro enterprises registered on Udyam Portal.
• Fund of Funds for Start-ups: New Fund of Funds to be set up with expanded scope and
fresh contribution of Rs 10,000 crore.
• Scheme for First-time Entrepreneurs: A new scheme to provide term loan up to Rs 2 crore
over the next 5 years to 5 lakh women, SCs and STs first-time entrepreneurs announced.
• Focus Product Scheme for Footwear and Leather Sectors: Focus Product Scheme
announced to enhance productivity, quality and competitiveness of India’s footwear and
leather sector to generate employment for 22 lakh persons, achieve turnover of Rs 4 lakh
crore and facilitate exports of over Rs 1.1 lakh crore.
• Measures for Toy Sector: Scheme to manufacture high quality unique, innovative and eco-
friendly toys making India a ‘Global Toy Hub’.
• Support for Food Processing: National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and
Management will be set up in Bihar.
• Manufacturing Mission – Driving ‘Make in India’: National Manufacturing Mission
involving small, medium and large industries will be set up to drive ‘Make in India’.

Third Engine: Investment

(i) Investing in People:
• Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0: Cost norms for nutritional support will be enhanced
appropriately.

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• Atal Tinkering Labs: 50000 Atal Tinkering Labs will be set up in government schools in
the next 5 years.
• Broadband connectivity to government secondary schools and Primary Health Centres
(PHCs): Broadband connectivity will be provided to all government secondary schools and
primary health centres in rural areas under Bharat Net project.
• Indian Language Book Scheme: Announcement of Indian Language Book Scheme to
provide digital books in Indian languages for school and higher education.
• National Skills Excellence Centres: 5 National Skills Excellence Centres to be set up with
global expertise and partnerships to equip our youth with the skills required for “Make for
India Make for the World” manufacturing.
• Capacity Augmentation in IITs: Additional infrastructure to be created in 5 IITs started
after 2014 to facilitate education for 6,500 more students.
• Centre of Excellence in AI for Education: A Centre of Excellence on Artificial Intelligence
for Education to be set up with a total outlay of Rs. 500 crore.
• Expansion of Medical Education: 10,000 additional seats to be added next year towards
the target of adding 75,000 more seats in medical colleges and hospitals in the next 5 years.
• Day-care cancer centres in all district hospitals: The government will facilitate setting up
of day-care cancer centres in all district hospitals in the next 3 years. 200 centres will be set
up in the year 2025-26.
• Urban Livelihood Strengthening: A scheme announced for socio-economic upliftment of
urban workers to help them increase their income and get sustainable livelihoods.
• PM SVANidhi: The scheme will be revamped with UPI linked credit cards with enhanced
credit limit of Rs 30,000 from banks and capacity building support.
• Social security scheme for welfare of online platform workers: The government will
provide identity cards and registration on e-Shram portal for gig workers and health care
under PM Jan Arogya Yojana.
(ii) Investment in the economy:
• Public Private Partnership in Infrastructure: Infrastructure ministries to be created for 3-
year pipeline projects in public private partnerships, states to be incentivised.

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• Assistance to States for Infrastructure: Rs 1.5 lakh crore allocation proposed for 50-year
interest-free loan to states for capital expenditure and incentives for reforms.
• Asset Monetisation Scheme 2025-30: Second plan for 2025-30 for capital infusion of Rs
10 lakh crore in new projects announced.
• Jal Jeevan Mission: Mission extended to 2028 with increased total allocation.
• Urban Challenge Fund: Rs 1 lakh crore Urban Challenge Fund announced to be used for
innovative redevelopment of cities as growth centres and proposals for water and sanitation
with an allocation of Rs 10 thousand crore for 2025-26.
• Nuclear Energy Mission for Developed India: Proposal to amend the Atomic Energy Act
and Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act. Nuclear Energy Mission will be established for
research and development of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) with an allocation of Rs 20
thousand crores. Proposal to operate 5 indigenously developed SMRs by 2033.
• Shipbuilding: Shipbuilding financial assistance policy will be revamped. Large ships
above the specified size will be included in the Infrastructure Harmonized Master List
(HML).
• Maritime Development Fund: Proposal to establish a Maritime Development Fund with
an allocation of Rs 25 thousand crores. The government's contribution in this will be 49
percent. The remaining contribution will have to be made by ports and the private sector.
• Regional Connectivity Scheme 'UDAN': Announcement of a revised UDAN scheme to
enhance regional connectivity to 120 new destinations and carry 4 crore passengers in the
next 10 years. Helipads and small airports will also be supported in aspiring hilly and north-
east region districts.
• Greenfield Airport in Bihar: Announcement of Green Field Airport in Bihar besides
expansion of capacity of Green Patna Airport in Bihar and Brownfield Airport in Bihta.
• Western Koshi Canal Project in Mithila: Financial assistance will be provided for Western
Koshi Canal ERM Project in Bihar.
• Mining Sector Reforms: Policy will be formulated for recovery of critical minerals from
tailings.

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Current Affairs (Production Data – 2025_Updated) Raj Holkar

• SWAMIH Fund II: Government announces creation of a fund of Rs 15,000 crore with
contribution from banks and private investors to expedite completion of 1 lakh more
residential units.
• Tourism for employment-led growth: 50 top tourist destinations in the country will be
developed with the participation of states through challenge mode.
(iii) Investment in innovation:
• Research, Development and Innovation: Rs 20,000 crore will be allocated to implement
private sector driven research, development and innovation initiatives announced in the
Budget in July last year.
• DeepTech Fund of Funds: Deep Tech Fund of Funds will be explored to encourage next
generation startups.
• Prime Minister Research Fellowship: 10,000 fellowships for technological research in IITs
and IIS with enhanced financial support.
• Gene Bank for Crop Germplasm: Second Gene Bank with 10 lakh germplasm lines to be
established for future food and nutrition security.
• National Geo Spatial Mission: Announcement of National Geo Spatial Mission to develop
basic geo spatial infrastructure and data.
• Gyan Bharatam Mission: Proposal to create Gyan Bharatam Mission for survey,
documentation and conservation of manuscript heritage in collaboration with academic
institutions, museums and private collectors. More than 1 crore manuscripts will be included
under this.
Fourth Engine: Exports
• Export Promotion Mission: Proposal to set up an Export Promotion Mission jointly
operated by the Ministry of Commerce, MSME and Ministry of Finance. Under this, targets
will be set for different sectors and ministries.
• Bharat TradeNet: Bharat TradeNet (BTN) will be established for international trade as a
joint platform for trade documentation and financing solutions.
• National Framework for GCC: A national framework will be prepared as a guide for states
to promote global competence centers in emerging tier-2 cities.

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Current Affairs (Production Data – 2025_Updated) Raj Holkar

Social Welfare and Inclusion:

• PM Swanidhi Yojana: Provision of UPI-linked credit card with a limit of Rs 30,000 for
street vendors in order to promote financial inclusion.
• Identity Card for Gig Workers: Registration on e-Shram Portal, ensuring social security
and health benefits under PM Jan Arogya Yojana were highlighted.
• 50,000 Atal Tinkering Labs: These will be set up in government schools over the next five
years to promote innovation.
• Expansion of medical education: The target is to increase the total number of seats to
75,000 over five years with 10,000 new medical seats.
Financial sector reforms:
• Rural Credit Score: It focuses on providing self-help group members and rural borrowers
more efficient access to formal credit facilities.
• Public Trust Bill 2.0: It includes decriminalizing more than 100 legal provisions, making
it easier to conduct business and reducing regulatory compliance burden.
• SWAMIH Fund 2.0: It is a ₹15,000 crore fund to complete more than 1 lakh housing units
with contributions from the government, banks and private investors.
• FDI in Insurance Sector: FDI limit in insurance sector will be increased from 74% to 100%
for companies that invest their entire premium in India.
• Investment Friendliness Index of States: This is a new ranking framework for states in
order to promote competitive cooperative federalism.
• Credit Enhancement Facility: A 'Partial Credit Enhancement Facility' will be set up under
NaBFID to support corporate bonds for infrastructure.
• Pension Sector: A platform will be set up for regulatory coordination and development of
pension products.
• High Level Committee for Regulatory Reforms: A high level committee will be set up to
review all non-financial sector regulations, certifications and licenses.

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Current Affairs (Production Data – 2025_Updated) Raj Holkar

Budget Estimates 2025-26

Budget size: Rs 50.65 lakh crore
Total expenditure: Rs 50.65 lakh crore (14.2 per cent of GDP).
• Revenue expenditure: Rs 39.44 lakh crore (11.0 per cent of GDP)
• Capital expenditure: Rs 11.21 lakh crore (3.1 per cent of GDP)
Total receipts other than borrowing: Rs 34.96 lakh crore
(a) Revenue receipts: Rs 34.20 lakh crore
• Net tax receipts: Rs 28.37 lakh crore.
• Non-tax receipts: Rs 5.83 lakh crore.
(b) Non-debt capital receipts: Rs 76,000 crore (includes recovery of loans, dividends
received by the central government, etc.)
Borrowings in Budget 2025-26:
• Borrowings through dated securities: Rs 14.82 lakh crore (or 4.2 per cent of GDP).
• Gross borrowings through NSSF: Rs 3.43 lakh crore.
• Borrowings from abroad: Rs 23,490 crore.
• Net borrowings through State Provident Funds: Rs 5,000 crore.
Major sources of revenue and expenditure:

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Current Affairs (Production Data – 2025_Updated) Raj Holkar

Major areas of expenditure:

Deficits of Government of India:

Revised Estimates for 2024-25 Target for 2025-26 (% of GDP)

(% of GDP)

Fiscal deficit 4.8% or Rs 15.70 lakh crore 4.4 per cent or Rs 15.69 lakh
crore)

Revenue Deficit 1.9 1.5

Primary Deficit 1.3 0.8

Tax Revenue (Gross) 11.9 12.0

Non-Tax Revenue 1.6 1.6

Central Government Debt 57.1 56.1

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Current Affairs (Production Data – 2025_Updated) Raj Holkar

Section – B
Taxation proposals: Revenue loss to the government due to tax concessions given by the
government in this budget –
• Direct tax loss: Rs 1 lakh crore.
• Indirect tax: Rs 2600 crore.
Direct tax:
• Under the new tax system, no income tax will be payable on income up to Rs 12 lakh (ie
average income of Rs 1 lakh per month excluding special rates such as capital gains).
• For salaried taxpayers, this limit will be Rs 12.75 lakh due to standard deduction of Rs 75
thousand.
• This new structure will significantly reduce the taxes of the middle class and they will have
more money available to promote domestic use, savings and investment.
• The new Income Tax Bill will also be clear and direct in terms of both chapters and words.
This will be easier to understand for taxpayers and the tax administration, leading to tax
certainty and reducing litigation.
• There will be foregone direct taxes of about Rs 1 lakh crore.
Revised Tax Structure: The revised tax structure in the new tax regime will be as follows –

Income (in Rs) Tax Rate

₹0 - ₹4 Lakh 0%

₹4 - ₹8 Lakh 5%

₹8 - ₹12 Lakh 10%

₹12 - ₹16 Lakh 15%

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Current Affairs (Production Data – 2025_Updated) Raj Holkar

₹16 - ₹20 Lakh 20%

₹20 - ₹24 Lakh 25%

Above ₹24 Lakh 30%

Indirect Taxes:
(a) Rationalisation of Customs Duty Structure for Industrial Goods
The Union Budget 2025-26 proposals propose to remove 7 tariff rates. This is in addition to
the 7 tariff rates removed in the Budget 2023-24. Thereafter, the remaining tariff rates will
be eight including the ‘zero’ rate.
(b) Relief on Import of Drugs/Medicines:
• 36 life saving drugs and medicines fully exempted from basic customs duty
• 6 life saving drugs included in 5% concessional customs duty drugs
• Specific drugs and medicines under patient assistance programmes run by pharmaceutical
companies fully exempted from basic customs duty. Proposal to include 13 new patient
assistance programmes along with 37 other drugs
(c) Support to domestic manufacturing and value addition:
(i) Critical Minerals: Basic customs duty exemption on cobalt powder and lithium ion
battery waste, lead, zinc and 12 other critical minerals
(ii) Textiles:
• Promotion of domestic technical textile products
• Textile machinery with two other types of shuttleless looms exempted from customs duty
• Basic customs duty on knitted textiles proposed to be revised from 10% or 20% to 20% or
Rs. 115 per kg, whichever is higher
(iii) Electronic goods:
• Basic customs duty on interactive flat panel displays increased from 10% to 20%
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Current Affairs (Production Data – 2025_Updated) Raj Holkar

• Basic customs duty proposed to be reduced to 5% on open cells and other components
• Basic customs duty exemption on other components of open cells
(iv) Lithium Ion Batteries: Exemption on 35 additional capital goods for manufacturing of
electric vehicle batteries and 28 additional capital goods for manufacturing of mobile phone
batteries
(v) Shipping Sector: Basic customs duty exemption on raw materials, components,
consumables or spares in shipbuilding for the next ten years
(vi) Telecommunications: Basic customs duty on carrier grade Ethernet switches reduced
from 20% to 10%
(vii) Export Promotion:
(a) Handicrafts: Export period for handicrafts increased from 6 months to one year,
extendable by a further three months if required
(b) Leather Goods:
• Full exemption from basic customs duty on wet blue leather
• Exemption from 20% export duty on crushed leather
(c) Marine Products:
• Basic customs duty on export of frozen fish paste (surimi) and similar products reduced
from 30% to 5%
• Basic customs duty on fish hydrolysate for preparation of fish and shrimp feed reduced
from 15% to 5%
(d) Domestic MRO for Rail Goods:
• Domestic MRO for rail goods will be given the same exemption benefits as imported MRO
for repair of aircraft and ships
• Time limit for export of such goods increased from six months to one year, extendable by
another year
(e) Trade Facilitation:
• Time limit for provisional assessment

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Current Affairs (Production Data – 2025_Updated) Raj Holkar

• Proposal to fix a time limit of two years for finalization of provisional tax assessments by
businesses which may be extended by one year
(f) Voluntary compliance: To facilitate the importer or exporter to voluntarily declare
material facts after clearance of goods and pay duty with interest without penalty
(g) End-use time limit extended:
• End-use time limit of imported goods extended from 6 months to one year
• Such importers to file only quarterly returns instead of monthly returns

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