Universal Serial Bus Black: Power (ground) White: Data (-) Red: Power (+5V)itis a simple interface. The USB cable to device can only fit into the USB one way. Therefore, it means less errors in connecting devices are likely to be made. The length of a USB cable is limited, normally to 5 metres, The speed of a USB connection is relatively high, so data can be transferred quickly. The USB interface is a universal standard for connecting devices, therefore a USB port is included in many different devices. When a USB device to cable is inserted into a USB. port, itis automatically detected. The first connection will normally involve the download of drivers to operate the hardware that has been connected. Each connection after this the driver should not need to be downloaded again "A.USB connection can also be used to power a device, so it does not need another power source. It can also use this to charge a device, such as a mobile phone. The transmission speed is relatively high for a USB connection, but it isn’t as high as other types of connection, such as ethernet,Sse Fs Ss FS ss erry USBTypeA USBTypeB -USB3,0 -—-USBMini +‘ USBMicro USBTypeC USB MicroB -—@ 0 —@The need for error checking | 1 wil “With the complexity of computers and the vast amounts of 1s and 0s being transmitted, there is always a possibility that data can be lost, gained or changed along the way. 1100 000 00101 1 011 111 regs Cee Issues during the packet switching Peeters. ind or in some cases, gained. a ake ee ene ou ieee Peete tei’ lost or corrupt ~i.e., 1s become TeesWhen data is transmitted, there is always a possibility that data can be lost, gained or changed. The most common reasons for data corruption are: + Electrical interference (noise) + Problems during packet switching Common methods of error checking include: + Parity checks + Checksums + Echo checks + Automatic Repeat Query (ARQ)Parity checks (odd and even) Computers submit data in bytes. As we know, a byte is 8 bits. In this method, the Most Significant Bit (MSB) is reserved and used as a parity bit. We can use either odd or even parity. The parity bit is set to either 0 or 1 so that the total number of 1s in the byte is either odd or even. Parity bit ow oat fo fafojo}s]ojo| senpenny fol{ajofol1]|o|o|Parity checks (odd and even) Standard ASCII characters store letters in 7 bits and do not make use of the Most Significant Bit (MSB), so it can potentially be turned into a parity bit. G sent using 1 even parity Parity bit Character code for 6 G sent using 1 odd parity Parity bit Character code for GParity block checks We have seen how parity can be used to detect an error in a single byte of data. However, the position of the error cannot be worked out. A byte of data being sent using odd parity with a single error jo]+]o Me: |olo|X Parity bit Data Our only option is to ask for the data to be sent again. However, if we send multiple bytes as a transmission block, not only can we spot that an error has occurred, but it can also be identified - and corrected by performing both horizontal and vertical parity checks on the whole block of data.Parity block checks feb ebl eel er US SEEEEEEEEEELELEE HEE EEEEECeEEebeee gals|s slals[ele[slelslelelsParity block checks 1 2 3. 4. Using even parity, a message is sent as a block of 8-bit bytes. A horizontal parity check is performed on each byte, which identifies an error in one of the bytes. Additional vertical parity checks are performed on the whole block. The error can now be identified and corrected without having to ask for the data to be re-sent. LKR SS SE KK SSK ‘Actual message received 0 °Checksums 1, Before the data is transmitted, a checksum must be calculated and added to the end of the block of data. The checksum is calculated from the block of data based on a pre-agreed algorithm. 2. The data, along with the checksum, can now be transmitted. 3. The receiving device uses the same pre-agreed algorithm to recalculate the checksum. 4, The re-calculated checksum is compared to the original checksum. If the two checksums are the same, itis assumed there are no errors. Otherwise, a request to re-send the original data is sent.Echo check 1. Data is transmitted to the destination device. 2. The destination device returns a copy of what it received back to the sender. 3. The returned data is compared with the original data. If they are different, that means an error has occurred at some stage, and the data is re-sent. ‘The problem with this approach is that if the two sets of data are different, there is no way to tell whether the ‘error o:curred when sending the data or when it was returned for checking. _A_ _A_ Source DestinationError detection methods Parity checks ‘+ When sending a byte of data, we can use the Most Significant Bit as a parity bit. + With even parity, we set the MSB to be 1 or 0 so that the total number of bits ~ including the parity bit ~ is even. * With odd parity, we set the MSB to be 1 or 0 so that the total number of bits - including the parity bit ~ is odd. + With this method, simple errors can be spotted, but there is no way to tell exactly where the error occurred. Parity block checks + When sending a block of data, parity checks can be performed both horizontally and vertically on the whole block. ‘+ These checks can spot that an error has occurred and where, allowing the receiving device to fix the error. Checksums + Achecksum is calculated by using an algorithm on the data to be transmitted + This checksum is added to the transmission and sent along with it. +The receiving device re-calculates the checksum and compares the new one with the original. + Ifthe checksums do not match, itis assumed that an error has occurred Echo check ‘+The receiving device returns an exact copy of the data it has just received. ‘+The data is compared to what was originally sent. If its different, itis assumed that an error has occurred, and the original data is re-sent.(i) Another method of error checking is party block check The table shows 7 bytes that are transmitted using odd parity. The party bit has been ‘completed for each byte, Complete the panty byte for the data party we7 | one | wits | oie | os | ot2 | wit Eg a3. The binary number 10100011 is stored in random access memory (RAM). A logical left shift of three places is performed on the binary number. (a) Give the 8 binary number that will be stored after the shift has taken place. - (1) (b) Tick (7) one box to show which statement about a logical left shift of two places is correct. ‘A It would divide the binary number by 2. B It would multiply the binary number by 2. It would divide the binary number by 4. D__ It would multiply the binary number by 4 1 (¢) 10100011 can be stored as a two's complement integer. Convert the two's complement integer 10100011 to denary. Show all your workingData is encrypted to keep it safe during transmission. Complete the paragraph about asymmetric encryption, Use the terms from the list. Some of the terms in the list will not be used. You should only use a term once. asymmetric certificate cipher text decrypted encrypted parallel key plain text private key protected public key serial key symmetric .. i encrypted into using a The encrypted data is then transmitted from the sender to the receiver. The encrypted data is then decrypted using a (4)(©) Computer A needs to be directly connected to a router that is located ina diferent room. {) Tick (¥) one box toidentfy whether serial data transmission or parallel data transmission |s more suitable for this connection. Explain the reasons for your choice. Serle tanemsson | Parallel data transmission Reasons for your choice io} (i) The connection wil also use ful-cuplox data transmission Define ful-duplex data transmission,(6) The data vansmission will use party checks, {The bytes need tobe sont using an even panty byte check Complete te panty bit foreach byte. Party be ByteA 1} 1)0/)0)0 Bytes O) 0 |o | 0 | 0 (i) Aparty block check canbe used instead ofa panty byt check ea Explain how a party block check might detect an eor in transmission that would not be ‘detected by a parity byte check(iy Ta aan senting ah een pasty ck. Othe is as ben tanta Doves Pacty eof sf tt al slo ao emtfo}o + a)o}1 oo ema} 1 }o + 1+ |ol}o «| ews} sft oo ols) a 4s emal 1 | o 1 0 |o)o 1) 0 ews} o | o 0 o|o) 0 « 0 ewelo f+ 1 1] +) 0 «| o rato fsa lols) ols) o ently be be nant ah te nurbr af he nerd BL tmnt @