IP Routing Protocol

Labs

Course Focus: CCNA – IP Routing (Labs)

Abstract
This report presents a series of IP routing labs using Cisco Packet Tracer. Topics
include Static Routing, RIP (v1 & v2), EIGRP, OSPF (Single & Multi-Area), BGP, Default
Routing, and DHCP via servers and routers. These labs align with CCNA objectives,
offering hands-on practice in configuring and troubleshooting routing protocols.

Amisha Tehra
 Included Lab Configurations:
1. Static Routing
2. RIP v1 & RIP v2
3. EIGRP (Different Autonomous Systems)
4. OSPF – Single Area
5. OSPF – Multi-Area
6. BGP – Path Vector Routing
7. Default Routing
8. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol using Server)
9. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol using Router)

Tools Used:
• Cisco Packet Tracer
• Cisco 2620XM Routers
• Cisco 2960-24TT Switches
• PC-PT and Laptop-PT End Devices
• CLI Configuration on Routers and PCs

Note:
This report contains custom topologies, IP addressing plans, lab screenshots, and simplified one-line
explanations of each protocol for practical understanding and interview preparation.

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1. Introduction
This report covers the fundamentals and practical implementation of IP routing in CCNA, including Static
Routing, Dynamic Routing (RIP, EIGRP, OSPF), Default Routing, and DHCP using both routers and external
servers.

2. Theoretical Overview

IP Routing
Routing is the process of moving packets from one network to another. Routers use routing tables to
decide the path a packet should take to reach its destination.

Routing involves two main tasks:

1. Determining the best path for data to travel across networks.

2. Forwarding packets to their destination via the chosen path.

Types of Routing:

1. Static Routing
2. Dynamic Routing
3. Default Routing

1. Static Routing:

Static routing means the network admin sets the path manually. It’s secure, fast, and works well in small
networks where routes don’t change often. You must know the destination to set it up.

 Routes are manually configured by a network administrator.

 It is more secure and faster than dynamic routing in small networks.
 The destination network address must be known to configure the route.
 Best suited for small and simple networks where paths don’t change frequently.

Example: ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.2

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2. Dynamic Routing

Dynamic routing is a method where routers automatically learn and update routes using routing
protocols. Dynamic routing means routers talk to each other and share route information. If something
changes in the network, they update the paths automatically. It’s good for big networks but uses more
resources.

Key Features:

 Routers exchange information with each other using routing protocols.

 Routes are automatically adjusted if the network topology changes.
 Suitable for large or complex networks.
 Requires more CPU, memory, and bandwidth compared to static routing.

Common Dynamic Routing Protocols:

 RIP (Routing Information Protocol)

 EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
 OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

 RIP (Distance Vector)

 Uses hop count.

 Simple but slow and limited.

 EIGRP (Advanced Distance Vector)

 Cisco proprietary.
 Uses DUAL algorithm.

 OSPF (Link-State)

 Open standard.
 Fast convergence and area-based.

 BGP (Path Vector)

• Open standard used between different autonomous systems.

• Uses attributes like AS-path for route selection.

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3. Default Routing

Default routing is used to send packets to a default path when no specific route is found in the routing
table. Default routing is like a backup route. If a router doesn’t know where to send a packet, it sends it to
the default route. It’s useful in networks with only one way out.

Key Features:

 Acts like a "catch-all" route for unknown destinations.

 Often used in stub networks (networks with only one exit path).
 Usually configured with the IP address of a next-hop router.

Example: ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.1

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

DHCP is a service that automatically gives IP addresses to computers and devices. Instead of setting IPs
manually on each device, the DHCP server does it for you — it gives the IP address, subnet mask, default
gateway, and DNS. This makes it easier to manage big networks.

You can use a router as the DHCP server in small networks, or a separate DHCP server in bigger ones. If
the server is not in the same network, the router can forward the request using the ip helper-address
command.

 Assigns IP, subnet, gateway, and DNS to hosts.

 Can be provided by router or dedicated server.
 Router must use ip helper-address if DHCP server is in another network.

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3. Practical Labs Summary
Lab 1: Static Routing

Static routing is a manual method where routes are set by the administrator, best for small or fixed networks with
few changes.

Objective: Configure static routes between routers.

Network Topology:

IP Addressing Table:

DEVICE INTERFACE IP ADDRESS SUBNET MASK NETWORK

R1 F0/0 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.0/24

R1 S0/0/0 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.0/8

R2 F0/0 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.0/24

R2 S0/0/0 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.0/8

R2 S0/0/1 11.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 11.0.0.0/8

R3 F0/0 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.0/24

R3 S0/0/1 11.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 11.0.0.0/8

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Configuration Steps:

#On R1

#On R2

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#On R3

Verification Commands:

R1# show ip route

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R2# show ip route

R3# show ip route

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Output:

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Conclusion:

Static routing configured successfully. Routers can reach each other.

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Lab 2: RIP Configuration

RIP is a simple routing protocol that uses hop count to find routes and is suitable for small networks with limited
size and complexity.

Objective: Enable dynamic routing using RIP V1 &V2.

Topology:

IP Addressing Table:

DEVICE INTERFACE IP ADDRESS SUBNET MASK NETWORK

R1 F0/0 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.0/24

R1 S0/0/0 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.0/8

R2 F0/0 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.0/24

R2 S0/0/0 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.0/8

R2 S0/0/1 11.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 11.0.0.0/8

R3 F0/0 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.0/24

R3 S0/0/1 11.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 11.0.0.0/8

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Configuration Steps:

#RIP on R1

#RIP on R2

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#RIP on R3

Verification:

R1# show ip route

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R2# show ip route

R3# show ip route

Output:

R1# show ip protocols

R1# show ip rip database

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R2# show ip protocols
R2# show ip rip database

R3# show ip protocols

R3# show ip rip database

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Conclusion:

RIP routing configured successfully. Routers can dynamically exchange routes and reach each other.

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Lab 3: EIGRP Configuration different Autonomous Systems

EIGRP is more intelligent and efficient than RIP because it uses multiple factors to choose the best path, converges
faster, and works better in larger networks.

EIGRP routers must use the same Autonomous System (AS) number to form neighbor relationships and share
routes. When different AS numbers are used, they behave like separate networks. To allow communication between
them, we configure redistribution on the router that connects both AS domains.

Objective: To configure EIGRP using different AS numbers on different routers and connect them using
redistribution.

Topology:

A triangle connection of three routers with city-based hostnames:

 R1 – Hyderabad (AS 100)

 R2 – Interpreter (Middle router in both AS 100 and AS 200)
 R3 – Chennai (AS 200)

Serial connections are set up in clockwise direction:

 R1 ↔ R2 via S0/0
 R2 ↔ R3 via S0/1

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IP Addressing Table

ROUTER (LOCATION) INTERFACE IP ADDRESS SUBNET MASK NETWORK

R1 (HYDERABAD) F0/0 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.0/24
S0/0 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.0/8
R2 (INTERPRETER) F0/0 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.0/24
S0/0 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.0/8
S0/1 11.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 11.0.0.0/8
R3 (CHENNAI) F0/0 11.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 11.0.0.0/8
S0/1 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.0/24

Configuration:

R1 (Hyderabad – AS 100)

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R2 (Interpreter – AS 100 & AS 200 with Redistribution)

R3 (Chennai – AS 200)

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Verification:

#show ip route

#show ip route

#show ip route

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Output:

Hyderabad Router 1
#show ip protocols
#show ip eigrp neighbor
#show ip eigrp topology

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Interpreter Router 2
#show ip protocols
#show ip eigrp neighbor
#show ip eigrp topology

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Chennai Router 3
#show ip protocols
#show ip eigrp neighbor
#show ip eigrp topology

 Hyderabad and Interpreter form EIGRP neighbors in AS 100

 Interpreter and Chennai form EIGRP neighbors in AS 200
 Routing tables show dynamically learned routes between all networks via redistribution
 Full connectivity is achieved

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Conclusion:

EIGRP was configured using different AS numbers with a clockwise serial topology. Redistribution on the
intermediate router allowed dynamic route exchange across both AS domains, ensuring full communication between
all routers.

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Lab 4: OSPF Configuration

OSPF is a fast and scalable link-state protocol that finds the best path using cost and works well in large and
complex networks.

Objective: Use single-area OSPF.

Single-Area OSPF
All routers are in Area 0 (the backbone area). Best for small to medium networks.

Topology:

Configuration:

#Router 1

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#Router 2

#Router 3

Verification:
#R1 show ip route
#R1 show ip protocols

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#R2 show ip route
#R2 show ip protocols

#R3 show ip route

#R3 show ip protocols

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Output:

#R1 show ip ospf neighbor

#R1show ip ospf database

#R2 show ip ospf neighbor

#R2show ip ospf database

#R3 show ip ospf neighbor

#R3show ip ospf database

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PCs on different networks can ping each other

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Conclusion:

OSPF was configured successfully in Single Area (Area 0). Routers exchanged routing information dynamically and
full connectivity was achieved.

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Lab 5: Multi-Area OSPF Configuration

Objective: To configure OSPF with multiple areas across three routers in different locations:

 Router1 (Hyderabad) – Area 1

 Router2 (Chennai) – Backbone Area 0
 Router3 (Mumbai) – Area 1

Topology:

IP Addressing Table:

DEVICE INTERFACE IP ADDRESS SUBNET MASK LOCATION

R1 F0/0 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 Hyderabad

R1 S0/0 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.0

R2 S0/0 10.0.0.2 255.255.255.0 Chennai

R2 S0/1 11.0.0.1 255.255.255.0

R3 S0/1 11.0.0.2 255.255.255.0 Mumbai

R3 F0/0 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0

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Configuration:

R1 (Hyderabad – Area 1)

R2 (Chennai – Area 0)

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R3 (Mumbai – Area 1)

Note: The backbone area (Area 0) is essential in OSPF for inter-area communication. R2 connects Area 1 (R1 & R3)
through Area 0 as the ABR (Area Border Router).

Verification:

#R1 show ip route

#R1 show ip protocols

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#R2 show ip route
#R2 show ip protocols

#R3 show ip route

#R3 show ip protocols

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Output:

#R1 show ip ospf neighbor

#R1 show ip ospf database

#R2 show ip ospf neighbor

#R2 show ip ospf database

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#R3 show ip ospf neighbor
#R3 show ip ospf database

PCs on different networks can ping each other

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Conclusion:
OSPF Multi-Area was successfully configured. Routers in different areas established neighbor relationships through
Area 0, and inter-area routing worked properly.

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Lab 6: BGP Configuration

BGP is used to connect different networks (like ISPs), making routing decisions based on
policies and paths, ideal for large-scale internet routing.

Objective: Configure BGP between 4 routers, each in its own Autonomous System (AS).

Topology:

IP Addressing Table

ROUTER INTERFACE IP ADDRESS SUBNET MASK PURPOSE

R1 F0/0 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 Connect to PC0/PC1

R1 S0/0 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 To R2 (Clockwise)

R2 S0/0 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 To R1

R2 F0/0 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 Connect to PC2/PC3

R2 S0/1 11.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 To R3

R3 S0/0 11.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 To R2

R3 F0/0 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0 Connect to PC4/PC5

R3 S0/1 12.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 To R4

R4 S0/0 12.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 To R3

R4 F0/0 192.168.4.1 255.255.255.0 Connect to PC6/PC7

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Configuration

Each router is in a different AS:

R1 (AS 100)

R2 (AS 200)

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R3 (AS 300)

R4 (AS 400)

Verification Commands

R1 #show ip route
R1 #show ip protocols

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R2 #show ip route
R2 #show ip protocols

R3 #show ip route
R3 #show ip protocols

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R4 #show ip route
R4 #show ip protocols

Output

R1 #show ip bgp summary

R1 #show ip bgp
R1 #show ip bgp neighbor

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R2 #show ip bgp summary
R2 #show ip bgp
R2 #show ip bgp neighbor

R3 #show ip bgp summary

R3 #show ip bgp
R3 #show ip bgp neighbor

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R4 #show ip bgp summary
R4 #show ip bgp
R4 #show ip bgp neighbor

PCs on different networks can ping each other

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45
Conclusion

BGP was successfully configured between 4 routers, each in a different AS. Each router shared its local
LAN with others, enabling PC-to-PC communication across AS boundaries using BGP-learned routes.

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OVERVIEW TABLE
Feature RIP EIGRP OSPF (Single- OSPF (Multi- BGP
Area) Area)
Protocol Type Distance Advanced Link State Link State Path Vector
Vector Distance Vector
Use Case Small Medium to large Medium to Large enterprise Internet, ISPs,
networks Cisco-only large networks networks very large nets
Algorithm Bellman- DUAL Dijkstra (SPF) Dijkstra (SPF) Best Path
Ford Selection
(AS_PATH)
Metric Hop count Bandwidth + Cost Cost AS-Path, Policy,
(max 15) delay (bandwidth) (bandwidth) Prefix length
Convergence Slow Fast Fast Fast Slow
Speed
Routing Periodic Triggered Triggered Triggered Triggered
Updates (30s) (event-driven)
VLSM Support v1: ❌, v2: ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅
✅
Vendor All vendors Cisco only All vendors All vendors All vendors
Support
Configuration Very Easy Easy Moderate Complex Complex
Ease
Ideal For Small, Fast Cisco-only Enterprise with Structured Internet-scale,
simple environments 1 area enterprise external
LANs networks routing

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Lab 7: Default Routing

Default Routing is used when a router doesn’t know where to send a packet — it sends it to a default
route, often called the gateway of last resort.

It’s like saying: “If you don’t know where to go, just go this way.”

It's most useful for edge routers (routers at the end of a network) that only need one path to reach all
other networks.

Objective: To configure default routing between two routers so that a host (PC0) can communicate with
unknown networks through a default gateway (Router0 → Router1). The lab will demonstrate how a
router can forward packets to another router when the destination is not found in its routing table.

Network Topology

IP Addressing Table

DEVICE INTERFACE IP ADDRESS SUBNET MASK

PC0 NIC 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0

ROUTER0 Fa0/0 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0

ROUTER0 S0/0 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0

ROUTER0 Loopback0 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255

ROUTER0 Loopback1 172.16.25.26 255.255.255.255

ROUTER1 S0/0 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0

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Configuration:

Router0 (CORP)

Router1 (INTERNET)

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Verification:

Router 0#show ip route

Router 0#show interface

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Router 1#show ip route
Router 1#show interface

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Output

All devices are able to communicate successfully:

PC0 can ping:

 Router0's FastEthernet0/0 (192.168.1.1)

 Router0's Loopback0 (1.1.1.1)

 Router0's Loopback1 (172.16.25.26)

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  Router1's Serial0/0 (10.0.0.2)

Router1 can ping:

 Router0's Serial0/0 (10.0.0.1)

 PC0 (192.168.1.2)

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Conclusion

This lab successfully demonstrates default routing in a small network. By configuring a single default route
on Router0, the router can forward any unknown traffic to Router1, which acts like an internet or
backbone router. This simplifies routing in smaller or edge networks.

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Lab 7: DHCP Configuration Using a Server

DHCP automatically assigns IP addresses and network settings to devices, making network
management easier and faster.

Objective: To configure a DHCP Server in a local network environment using Packet Tracer,
allowing a PC to automatically obtain an IP address without using a router.

Topology
 PC0: End device to receive IP via DHCP.
 Switch0: Provides Layer 2 connectivity.
 Server0: Acts as the DHCP server.

IP Addressing Table

Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway

Server0 FastEthernet 10.0.0.100 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.1

PC0 DHCP Assigned dynamically (e.g. 10.0.0.51+) 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.1

Note: Default gateway 10.0.0.1 is assigned for future scalability, but no router is present in this lab.

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Configuration Steps

1. Configure Server0 (DHCP Server)

 Go to Server0 > Desktop > IP Configuration

Set:

 Go to Services > DHCP

Enable DHCP and configure:

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2. Configure PC0 to Use DHCP

 Go to PC0 > Desktop > IP Configuration

 Select DHCP
 Wait a few seconds for the IP to be assigned automatically.

Verification

 From PC0 > Command Prompt, use: ipconfig

 Ping the DHCP Server : ping 10.0.0.100

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Output

 IP configuration result from PC0 (ipconfig)

 Successful ping to Server0

 DHCP configuration panel from Server0

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Conclusion

This lab demonstrated how to configure a DHCP Server without a router in a basic LAN. PC0 was able to
successfully receive an IP address, subnet mask, gateway, and DNS server from the DHCP service running
on Server0. This setup is ideal for internal networks or small labs where a router is not required.

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Lab 8: DHCP Configuration Using Cisco Router

Objective: To configure a Cisco router to act as a DHCP server and dynamically assign IP
addresses to PCs in a LAN.

Network Topology:

Router Configuration:

PC Configuration:

 PC0 & PC1: Set to DHCP mode under Desktop > IP Configuration.

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Verification:

Command Used on PCs:

ipconfig

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Output:

DEVICE IP ADDRESS SUBNET MASK DEFAULT GATEWAY

PC0 192.168.1.51 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1
PC1 192.168.1.52 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1

Connectivity Test:

ping 192.168.1.1

ping between PC0 and PC1

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Conclusion:

In this lab, a Cisco router was successfully configured to function as a DHCP server. Clients connected to
the router through a switch received IP addresses dynamically from a specified pool. This method reduces
manual IP assignment and ensures centralized IP management.

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 4. Conclusion

In this networking lab, various essential routing protocols and IP address management techniques were
successfully configured and tested in simulated network environments using Cisco Packet Tracer. The
objective of the lab exercises was to gain practical experience with the configuration and behavior of
different types of routing protocols and services, which are fundamental to modern computer networks.

Through this lab, the following were achieved:

 Static Routing was used to demonstrate manual path configuration between networks, ideal for
small-scale topologies.
 RIP (v1 and v2) was explored to understand distance-vector routing protocols, their limitations
(such as RIP v1's classful nature), and improvements (such as RIP v2’s support for subnetting and
multicasting).
 EIGRP was configured across multiple Autonomous Systems, providing insight into Cisco’s advanced
distance-vector protocol and its advantages in speed and convergence.
 OSPF was implemented in both single and multi-area configurations to show how link-state routing
scales well in larger networks with hierarchical design.
 BGP introduced the basics of path vector routing between Autonomous Systems, simulating inter-
domain routing similar to what ISPs use.
 Default Routing demonstrated how to handle unknown destinations by routing them through a
default gateway, ensuring reachability outside local networks.
 DHCP using a Server illustrated centralized IP address assignment, allowing end devices to
dynamically receive network configuration.
 DHCP using a Cisco Router showed how routers can also provide DHCP services when dedicated
servers are not available.

All configurations were verified through proper connectivity testing ( ping, ipconfig, and routing table
inspections), ensuring that networks were fully operational and communicating as intended.

Overall, this lab enhanced my understanding of how different routing protocols and IP addressing
mechanisms operate, interconnect, and contribute to scalable, dynamic, and reliable network
infrastructures.

End of Report.

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