Thanks to visit codestin.com
Credit goes to www.scribd.com

Scribd
Upload
6 views3 pages

Z Transform - Intro

The document provides an overview of the Z-transform, a key tool in digital signal processing for analyzing linear time-invariant systems by transforming discrete-time signals into the complex frequency domain. It covers the definition, region of convergence, standard sequences, properties, common mistakes, and practice questions related to the Z-transform. Understanding these concepts is crucial for effectively analyzing and solving problems in discrete-time systems.

Uploaded by

aniezahid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
6 views3 pages

Z Transform - Intro

The document provides an overview of the Z-transform, a key tool in digital signal processing for analyzing linear time-invariant systems by transforming discrete-time signals into the complex frequency domain. It covers the definition, region of convergence, standard sequences, properties, common mistakes, and practice questions related to the Z-transform. Understanding these concepts is crucial for effectively analyzing and solving problems in discrete-time systems.

Uploaded by

aniezahid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

Title: Z-Transform Essentials: Standard Sequences, Properties, and Common Mistakes

1. Introduction to Z-Transform

The Z-transform is a powerful tool used in digital signal processing (DSP) to analyze linear time-
invariant (LTI) systems. It transforms a discrete-time signal from the time domain to the complex
frequency domain.

Definition:
X(z)=∑n=−∞∞x[n]z−nX(z) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} x[n] z^{-n}

Where:

 x[n]x[n] is the discrete-time signal.

 zz is a complex variable z=rejωz = re^{j\omega}.

2. Region of Convergence (ROC)

The ROC is the range of values in the complex plane for which the Z-transform converges. It is
crucial for determining system stability and causality.

General Facts:

 ROC is a ring or disc in the z-plane.

 For causal systems: ROC is ∣z∣>R|z| > R.

 For anti-causal systems: ROC is ∣z∣<R|z| < R.

 For finite-duration signals: ROC is the entire z-plane, except possibly z=0z = 0 or z=∞z = \
infty.

3. Z-Transforms of Standard Sequences

Sequence x[n] Z-Transform X(z) ROC

Unit δ[n]\delta[n] 1 Entire


Impulse z-
plane

Unit Step u[n]u[n] zz−1\frac{z}{z - 1} (


Exponential anu[n]a^n u[n] zz−a\frac{z}{z - a} (

Ramp nu[n]n u[n] z(z−1)2\frac{z}{(z - 1)^2} (

Delayed u[n−k]u[n - k] z−k1−z−1\frac{z^{-k}}{1 - z^{-1}} (


Step

Sinusoidal sin⁡(ω0n)u[n]\sin(\omega_0 n) zsin⁡ω0z2−2zcos⁡ω0+1\frac{z \sin \ (


u[n] omega_0}{z^2 - 2z \cos \omega_0 +
1}

4. Properties of the Z-Transform

1. Linearity:
ax1[n]+bx2[n]→ZaX1(z)+bX2(z)a x_1[n] + b x_2[n] \xrightarrow{Z} aX_1(z) + bX_2(z)

2. Time Shifting:
x[n−n0]→Zz−n0X(z)x[n - n_0] \xrightarrow{Z} z^{-n_0} X(z)

3. Time Reversal:
x[−n]→ZX(z−1)x[-n] \xrightarrow{Z} X(z^{-1})

4. Convolution in Time:
x[n]∗h[n]→ZX(z)H(z)x[n] * h[n] \xrightarrow{Z} X(z) H(z)

5. Multiplication by nn:
nx[n]→Z−zdX(z)dzn x[n] \xrightarrow{Z} -z \frac{dX(z)}{dz}

6. Initial Value Theorem:


x[0]=lim⁡z→∞X(z)x[0] = \lim_{z \to \infty} X(z)

7. Final Value Theorem:


lim⁡n→∞x[n]=lim⁡z→1(z−1)X(z)(if limits exist)\lim_{n \to \infty} x[n] = \lim_{z \to 1} (z - 1)
X(z) \quad \text{(if limits exist)}

5. Common Mistakes to Avoid

 Forgetting to specify or check the ROC.

 Using Z-transform pairs without checking causality.

 Applying Final Value Theorem when poles are outside the unit circle.
 Mistaking time shifting x[n−n0]x[n - n_0] for x[n+n0]x[n + n_0].

 Ignoring convergence conditions when using standard tables.

6. Practice Questions

1. Find the Z-transform and ROC of x[n]=(0.5)nu[n]x[n] = (0.5)^n u[n].

2. Compute the Z-transform of x[n]=nu[n]x[n] = n u[n].

3. Determine whether the system h[n]=(1.1)nu[n]h[n] = (1.1)^n u[n] is stable.

4. Given x[n]=(n−3)u[n−3]x[n] = (n - 3)u[n - 3], find X(z)X(z).

7. Conclusion

The Z-transform is an essential tool for analyzing and solving problems related to discrete-time
systems. Mastering standard sequences and properties ensures deeper understanding and
accuracy in solving DSP problems.

You might also like