DATA ANALYTICS
NOTES MATERIAL
UNIT 5 - Data Visualization
For
B. TECH (CSE-DS, CYS, IOT)
3rd YEAR – 2nd SEM (R22)
Faculty:
DR. I. NAGARAJU
DEPARTMENT OF CSE - ET
UNIT - V
Data Visualization
Syllabus:
Data Visualization: Pixel-Oriented Visualization Techniques, Geometric Projection
Visualization Techniques, Icon-Based Visualization Techniques, Hierarchical Visualization
Techniques, Visualizing Complex Data and Relations.
Data Visualization – Topics
Pixel-Oriented Visualization Techniques
Geometric Projection Visualization Techniques
Icon-Based Visualization Techniques
Hierarchical Visualization Techniques
Visualizing Complex Data and Relations.
Unit-5 Objectives:
1. To explore Pixel-Oriented Visualization Techniques
2. To learn Geometric Projection Visualization Techniques
3. To explore Icon-Based Visualization Techniques
4. To Learn Hierarchical Visualization Techniques
5. To understand Visualizing Complex Data and Relations
Unit-5 Outcomes:
After completion of this course students will be able to
1. To Describe the Pixel-Oriented Visualization Techniques
2. To demonstrate Geometric Projection Visualization Techniques
3. To analyze the Icon-Based Visualization Techniques
4. To explore the Hierarchical Visualization Techniques
5. To compare the Visualizing Complex Data and Relations
Data Visualization
Data visualization is the art and practice of gathering, analyzing, and
graphically representing empirical information.
They are sometimes called information graphics, or even just charts and graphs.
The goal of visualizing data is to tell the story in the data.
Telling the story is predicated on understanding the data at a very deep level,
and gathering insight from comparisons of data points in the numbers
Why data visualization?
Gain insight into an information space by mapping data onto graphical
primitives Provide qualitative overview of large data sets
Search for patterns, trends, structure, irregularities, and relationships among
data.
Help find interesting regions and suitable parameters for further quantitative
analysis.
Provide a visual proof of computer representations derived.
Categorization of visualization methods
Pixel-oriented visualization techniques
Geometric projection visualization techniques
Icon-based visualization techniques
Hierarchical visualization techniques
Visualizing complex data and relations
Pixel-Oriented Visualization Techniques
For a data set of m dimensions, create m windows on the screen, one for
each dimension.
The m dimension values of a record are mapped to m pixels at the
correspondingpositions in the windows.
The colors of the pixels reflect the corresponding values.
To save space and show the connections among multiple dimensions, space
filling isoften done in a circle segment.
Geometric Projection Visualization Techniques
Visualization of geometric transformations and projections of
the data.Methods
Direct visualization
Scatterplot and scatterplot matrices
Landscapes Projection pursuit technique: Help users find meaningful
projections ofmultidimensional data
Prosection views
Hyperslice
Parallel coordinates
Line Plot:
This is the plot that you can see in the nook and corners of any sort of
analysis between 2 variables.
The line plots are nothing but the values on a series of data points will be
connected with straight lines.
The plot may seem very simple but it has more applications not only in
machine learning but in many other areas.
Used to analyze the performance of a model using the ROC- AUC curve.
Bar Plot
This is one of the widely used plots, that we would have seen multiple times
not just in data analysis, but we use this plot also wherever there is a trend
analysis in many fields.
We can visualize the data in a cool plot and can convey the details straight
forward to others.
This plot may be simple and clear but it’s not much frequently used in Data
science applications.
Stacked Bar Graph:
Unlike a Multi-set Bar Graph which displays their bars side-by-side, Stacked Bar
Graphs segment their bars. Stacked Bar Graphs are used to show how a larger
category is divided into smaller categories and what the relationship of each part
has on the total amount. There are two types of Stacked Bar Graphs:
Simple Stacked Bar Graphs place each value for the segment after the previous
one. The total value of the bar is all the segment values added together. Ideal
for
comparing the total amounts across each group/segmented bar.
100% Stack Bar Graphs show the percentage-of-the-whole of each group and are
plotted by the percentage of each value to the total amount in each group. This
makes it easier to see the relative differences between quantities in each
group.
One major flaw of Stacked Bar Graphs is that they become harder to read the
more segments each bar has. Also comparing each segment to each other is
difficult, as they're not aligned on a common baseline.
Scatter Plot
It is one of the most commonly used plots used for visualizing simple data in
Machine learning and Data Science.
This plot describes us as a representation, where each point in the entire
dataset is present with respect to any 2 to 3 features(Columns).
Scatter plots are available in both 2-D as well as in 3-D. The 2-D scatter plot is
the common one, where we will primarily try to find the patterns, clusters, and
separability of the data.
The colors are assigned to different data points based on how they were present
in the dataset i.e, target column representation.
We can color the data points as per their class label given in the dataset.
Box and Whisker Plot
This plot can be used to obtain more statistical details about the data.
The straight lines at the maximum and minimum are also called whiskers.
Points that lie outside the whiskers will
be considered as an outlier.
The box plot also gives us a description
of the 25th, 50th,75th quartiles.
With the help of a box plot, we can also
determine the Interquartile
range(IQR) where maximum details of
the data will be present
These box plots come under univariate
analysis, which means that we are
exploring data only with one variable.
Pie Chart :
A pie chart shows a static number and how categories represent part of a whole the
composition of something. A pie chart represents numbers in percentages, and the
total sum of all segments needs to equal 100%.
Extensively used in presentations and offices, Pie Charts help show proportions and
percentages between categories, by dividing a circle into proportional segments. Each
arc length represents a proportion of each category, while the full circle represents the
total sum of all the data, equal to 100%.
Donut Chart:
A donut chart is essentially a Pie Chart with an
area of the centre cut out. Pie Charts are
sometimes criticised for focusing readers on
the proportional areas of the slices to one
another and to the chart as a whole. This
makes it tricky to see the differences between
slices, especially when you try to compare
multiple Pie Charts together.
A Donut Chart somewhat remedies this problem by de-emphasizing the use of the area.
Instead, readers focus more on reading the length of the arcs, rather than comparing the
proportions between slices.
Also, Donut Charts are more space-efficient than Pie Charts because the blank space
inside a Donut Chart can be used to display information inside it.
Marimekko Chart:
Also known as a Mosaic Plot.
Marimekko Charts are used to visualise categorical data over a pair of variables. In a
Marimekko Chart, both axes are variable with a percentage scale, that determines both
the width and height of each segment. So Marimekko Charts work as a kind of two-
way 100% Stacked Bar Graph. This makes it possible to detect relationships between
categories and their subcategories via the two axes.
The main flaws of Marimekko Charts are that they can be hard to read, especially when
there are many segments. Also, it’s hard to accurately make comparisons between each
segment, as they are not all arranged next to each other along a common baseline.
Therefore, Marimekko Charts are better suited for giving a more general overview of the
data.
Icon-Based Visualization Techniques
It uses small icons to represent multidimensional data values
Visualization of the data values as features of icons
Typical visualization methods
o Chernoff Faces
o Stick Figures
Chernoff Faces
Chernoff Faces
A way to display variables on a two-dimensional surface, e.g., let x be
eyebrow slant, y be eye size, z be nose length, etc.
The figure shows faces produced using 10 characteristics–head eccentricity,
eye size, eye spacing, eye eccentricity, pupil size, eyebrow slant, nose size,
mouth shape, mouth size, and mouth opening. Each assigned one of 10
possible values.
Stick Figure
A census data figure showing age, income, gender, education
A 5-piece stick figure (1 body and 4 limbs w. different angle/length)
Age, income are indicated by position of the figure.
Gender, education are indicated by angle/length.
Visualization can show a texture pattern.
2 dimensions are mapped to the display axes and the remaining dimensions
are mapped to the angle and/ or length of the limbs.
Hierarchical Visualization
Circle Packing
Circle Packing is a variation of a Treemap that uses circles instead of rectangles.
Containment within each circle represents a level in the hierarchy: each branch
of the tree is represented as a circle and its sub-branches are represented as
circles inside of it. The area of each circle can also be used to represent an
additional arbitrary value, such as quantity or file size. Colour may also be
used to assign categories or to represent another variable via different shades.
As beautiful as Circle Packing appears, it's not as space-efficient as a Treemap,
as there's a lot of empty space within the circles. Despite this, Circle Packing
actually reveals hierarchal structure better than a Treemap.
Sunburst Diagram
As known as a Sunburst Chart, Ring Chart, Multi-level Pie Chart, Belt Chart, Radial
Treemap.
This type of visualisation shows hierarchy through a series of rings, that are
sliced for each category node. Each ring corresponds to a level in the hierarchy,
with the central circle representing the root node and the hierarchy moving
outwards from it.
Rings are sliced up and divided based on their hierarchical relationship to the
parent slice. The angle of each slice is either divided equally under its parent
node or can be made proportional to a value.
Colour can be used to highlight hierarchal groupings or specific categories.
Treemap:
Treemaps are an alternative way of visualising the hierarchical structure of
a Tree Diagram while also displaying quantities for each category via area size.
Each category is assigned a rectangle area with their subcategory rectangles
nested inside of it.
When a quantity is assigned to a category, its area size is displayed in
proportion to that quantity and to the other quantities within the same parent
category in a part-to-whole relationship. Also, the area size of the parent
category is the total of its subcategories. If no quantity is assigned to a
subcategory, then it's area is divided equally amongst the other subcategories
within its parent category.
The way rectangles are divided and ordered into sub-rectangles is dependent
on the tiling algorithm used. Many tiling algorithms have been developed, but
the "squarified algorithm" which keeps each rectangle as square as possible is
the one commonly used.
Ben Shneiderman originally developed Treemaps as a way of visualising a vast
file directory on a computer, without taking up too much space on the screen.
This makes Treemaps a more compact and space-efficient option for displaying
hierarchies, that gives a quick overview of the structure. Treemaps are also
great at comparing the proportions between categories via their area size.
The downside to a Treemap is that it doesn't show the hierarchal levels as
clearly as other charts that visualise hierarchal data (such as a Tree Diagram or
Sunburst Diagram).
Visualizing Complex Data and Relations
For a large data set of high dimensionality, it would be difficult to visualize
alldimensions at the same time.
Hierarchical visualization techniques partition all dimensions into subsets (i.e.,
subspaces).
The subspaces are visualized in a hierarchical manner
“Worlds-within-Worlds,” also known as n-Vision, is a representative
hierarchicalvisualization method.
To visualize a 6-D data set, where the dimensions are F,X1,X2,X3,X4,X5.
We want to observe how F changes w.r.t. other dimensions. We can fix
X3,X4,X5dimensions to selected values and visualize changes to F w.r.t. X1,
X2
Most visualization techniques were mainly for numeric data.
Recently, more and more non-numeric data, such as text and social
networks, havebecome available.
Many people on the Web tag various objects such as pictures, blog entries,
and productreviews.
A tag cloud is a visualization of statistics of user-generated tags.
Often, in a tag cloud, tags are listed alphabetically or in a user-preferred order.
The importance of a tag is indicated by font size or color.
Word Cloud:
Also known as aTag Cloud.
A visualisation method that displays how frequently words appear in a given body of
text, by making the size of each word proportional to its frequency. All the words are
then arranged in a cluster or cloud of words. Alternatively, the words can also be
arranged in any format: horizontal lines, columns or within a shape.
Word Clouds can also be used to display words that have meta-data assigned to
them. For example, in a Word Cloud with all the World's country's names, the
population could be assigned to each name to determine its size.
Colour used on Word Clouds is usually meaningless and is primarily aesthetic, but it
can be used to categorise words or to display another data variable.
Typically, Word Clouds are used on websites or blogs to depict keyword or tag usage.
Word Clouds can also be used to compare two different bodies of text together.
Although being simple and easy to understand, Word Clouds have some major flaws:
Long words are emphasised over short words.
Words whose letters contain many ascenders and descenders may receive more
attention.
They're not great for analytical accuracy, so used more for aesthetic reasons instead.
Source: https://datavizcatalogue.com/index.html
