LECTURE 2: Internet Architecture

LECTURER: MS. MERCY

EMAIL: [email protected]
 Outline
• Definition
• Layers of the Internet Architecture
• Three levels of internet Architecture
• Internet Address
• Allocation of IP
• Components of Internet Network Architecture
 Learning Outcomes

1. Define the internet architecture

2. Describe how the internet works

 Definition
Internet Architecture
• Internet is called the network of networks. It is
a global communication system that links
together thousands of individual networks.
• Internet architecture is a meta-network, which
refers to a congregation of thousands of
distinct networks interacting with a common
protocol
 Introduction
• The Internet architecture is based on a simple
idea: ask all networks to carry a single packet
type, a specific format, the IP protocol.
Besides, this IP packet must have an address
defined with sufficient generality to identify
each computer and terminals scattered
throughout the world
 Process
• TCP/IP provides end to end
transmission, i.e., each and every
node on one network has the ability
to communicate with any other node
on the network
Layers of Internet Architecture

• Internet architecture consists of

three layers −
Layers of Internet Architecture
Internet Protocol (IP)
• In order to communicate, we need our
data to be encapsulated as Internet
Protocol (IP) packets. These IP packets
travel across number of hosts in a
network through routing to reach the
destination. However IP does not
support error detection and error
recovery, and is incapable of detecting
loss of packets.
Layers of Internet Architecture

Transmission Control Protocol

(TCP)
• TCP stands for "Transmission Control
Protocol". It provides end to end
transmission of data, i.e., from
source to destination. It is a very
complex protocol as it supports
recovery of lost packets.
Layers of Internet Architecture
Application Protocol
• Third layer in internet architecture is
the application layer which has
different protocols on which the
internet services are built. Some of
the examples of internet services
include email (SMTP facilitates email
feature), file transfer (FTP facilitates
file transfer feature), etc.
The TCP/IP Protocol Stack Suite for the
Internet
• The internet is a packet switching network. This means that the
messages sent over the internet are usually broken down to smaller
chunks that are transferrable over the internet.
• Let’s say your IP address is 1.2.3.4 and you want to send a message
to the computer 5.6.7.8. The message you want to send is "Hello
computer 5.6.7.8!".
• The message must be translated from alphabetic text into
electronic signals, transmitted over the Internet, then translated
back into alphabetic text. This is accomplished through the use of a
protocol stack.
• Every computer needs one to communicate on the Internet and it is
usually built into the computer’s operating system (i.e. Windows,
Unix, etc.). The protocol stack used on the Internet is referred to as
the TCP/IP protocol stack because of the two major communication
protocols used.
The TCP/IP Protocol Stack Suite for the
Internet
If we were to follow the path that the message
"Hello computer 5.6.7.8!" took from our
computer to the computer with IP address
5.6.7.8, it would happen something like this:
The TCP/IP Protocol Stack Suite for the
Internet
 Three levels of internet Architecture
• The overall architecture can be described in
three levels −

1. Backbone ISP (Internet Service Provider)

2. Regional ISPs
3. Clients
Three levels of internet Architecture
 Internet Addresses
Because the Internet is a global network of
devices. Each device connected to the Internet
must have a unique address.
Internet addresses are in the form
xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx where xxx must be a number
from 0 - 255. This address is known as an IP
address. (IP stands for Internet Protocol)
 Internet Addresses
The Figure below illustrates two computers
connected to the Internet; your computer with
IP address 1.2.3.4 and another computer with IP
address 5.6.7.8. The Internet is represented as
an abstract object in-between.
 Allocation of IP Addresses
• If you connect to the Internet through an Internet
Service Provider (ISP), you will be assigned a
temporary IP address.
• If you connect to the Internet from a local area
network (LAN) your computer might have a
permanent IP address or it might obtain a
temporary one from a DHCP (Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol) server.
• In all these cases to the Internet, your device
must have a unique IP address.
 Class Activity - Try Out - The Ping
Program
• The ping program will send a ‟ping‟ (actually an ICMP
(Internet Control Message Protocol) echo request
message) to the named computer. The pinged
computer will respond with a reply. The ping program
will count the time expired until the reply comes back
(if it does).
• Also, if you enter a domain name (i.e. www.yahoo.com)
instead of an IP address, ping will resolve the domain
name and display the computer’s IP address.
#More on domain names and address resolution later.
 Components of Internet Network
Architecture
Satellite
A major part of the internet network
architecture is the satellite. Satellite plays a vital
role in catching and distributing the signals over
the network and the users use the internet
network to search different types of information
at any time.
 Components of Internet Network
Architecture
Network Adapters
There are different types of network adapters
that are used to configure or setup the internet
technology on your operating system. First
install the network adapters in the system then
install its software for the sake of its proper
working or compati-bility. Some common
network adapters that are used for access of the
internet are LAN cards or modems etc.
 Components of Internet Network
Architecture
Routers:
As we know that this technology is also operates
wirelessly so some components that are used to
configure the internet network technology wireless
router plays an important role and it is also the
main part of the architecture. It is defined as the
device that is used to transmit data from one place
to another in the form of packets that are called as
data packets is known as router. These data packets
are also called data gram.
 Components of Internet Network
Architecture
Access Points:
A special type of routing device that is used to transmit
the data between wired and wireless networking device is
called as AP. It is often connected with the help of wired
devices such as Ethernet. It only transmits or transfers the
data between wireless internet technology and wired
internet network technology by using infra structure
mode of network. One access point can only support a
small group of networks and works more efficiently. It is
operated less than hundred feet. It is denoted by AP.
 Components of Internet Network
Architecture
Clients:
Any kind of device such as personal computers,
Note books, or any kind of mobile devices which
are inter linked with wireless network area
referred as a client of internet network
architecture.
 Components of Internet Network
Architecture
Bridges:
A special type of connectors which is used to
establish connections between wired network
devices such as Ethernet and different wireless
networks such as wireless LAN. It is called as bridge.
It acts as a point of control in internet network
architecture.
Two components are also some time play an
important role in internet network architecture
1. Basic Service Set (BSS)
2. Extended Service Set (ESS)
 Revision Questions
• Using valid examples discuss the layout
architecture of the inter-net.
• Enumerate on the two tier and three tier
client server architectures stating where each
will be best suited. (2 marks)