CORE JAVA

CORE JAVA

REAL-TIME
REAL-TIME

SCENARIO-BASED
SCENARIO-BASED

INTERVIEW
INTERVIEW

QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS
3- 5 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE
3- 5 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE

2025
2025
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+91 98604 38743

 Question: You’re iterating over a list and removing elements
inside a for-each loop, and it throws
ConcurrentModificationException. Why?
Answer:
The for-each loop uses an iterator internally.
Structural modification (add/remove) breaks iterator
consistency.
Fix:
Use iterator’s remove() method
Java

Iterator<String> it = list.iterator();
while (it.hasNext()) {
if (condition) {
it.next();
it.remove();
}
}

Question:
You use a 3rd-party JAR, but it fails with
ClassNotFoundException. The class is present in the JAR.
Why?

Answer:
Might be loaded by a different classloader (like
AppClassLoader vs Bootstrap).

Check:
JAR is in correct classpath.
No version conflict.
Not loaded by custom classloader (OSGi, Tomcat, etc.)

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 Question: You used Optional.get() and it throws
NoSuchElementException. What did you do wrong?
Answer:
You should check presence before calling .get().
Correct Way:

Java

Optional<User> userOpt = findUser();

userOpt.ifPresent(user -> System.out.println(user.getName()));

Or use orElse(), orElseThrow(), map().

Question:
Explain the order of execution between static block, instance
block, constructor, and main().

Answer:
Order:
1. Static block (only once)
2. Instance block (every time object is created)
3. Constructor
4. main() (after static block)

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 Question: You implemented a lazy singleton using if (instance
== null) inside getInstance(), but it occasionally returns
multiple instances. Why?

Answer:
This is due to race conditions — multiple threads entering
if before instance is assigned.

Fix – Double-Checked Locking:

Java

public class Singleton {

private static volatile Singleton instance;
public static Singleton getInstance() {
if (instance == null) {
synchronized (Singleton.class) {
if (instance == null)
instance = new Singleton();
}
}
return instance;
}
}

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 Question: You used synchronized but need more flexibility like
timeout or fairness. What’s the alternative?
Answer:
Use ReentrantLock:

Java

Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(true); // true for fairness

if (lock.tryLock(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
try {
// critical section
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}

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 Question:
App is slowing down. You suspect memory leaks. How do you
find them?

Answer:
Use jvisualvm, jconsole, or heap dump analyzers like
Eclipse MAT.
Look for:
Objects with large retained size
Collections that grow but don’t shrink
Listeners not getting GC’ed

Question:
You used .stream() twice on the same stream variable and it
throws IllegalStateException. Why?
Answer:
Java streams are consumable only once.
Fix:
Use a supplier if reuse is needed:

Java

Supplier<Stream<String>> streamSupplier = () -> list.stream();

streamSupplier.get().filter(...);
streamSupplier.get().map(...);

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 Question:
You use .parallelStream() on a shared ArrayList. Sometimes
you get ConcurrentModificationException. Why?

Answer:
ArrayList is not thread-safe.
While parallel streams use multiple threads, underlying
collection should be immutable or thread-safe.

Fix:
Use Collections.synchronizedList(...), or
Use concurrent-friendly collection, or
Avoid modifying list during parallel stream processing.

Question:
You’re using a HashMap in a multi-threaded context and
sometimes it gets into infinite loops or returns corrupted
data. Why?

Answer:
HashMap is not synchronized.
Multi-threaded writes during rehashing can cause a
cyclic linked list, leading to infinite loops.

Fix:
Use ConcurrentHashMap instead.

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 Question:
You submitted tasks to ExecutorService but not all tasks
execute. What could be the cause?

Answer:
Pool size too small.
Queue capacity full.
Task throws exception and terminates.
ExecutorService shut down early.

Debug Tip: Use ThreadPoolExecutor with a custom

RejectedExecutionHandler.

Question:
You used ThreadLocal in a web app. After user logs out,
memory usage keeps growing. Why?

Answer:
Threads (like in thread pools) live beyond requests.
If you forget to call remove(), the value stays in memory.

Fix:
Always clean up:
java

threadLocal.remove();

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