Index

Accelerated digitization, 171 Augmented reality (AR), 93

Accommodation, 76, 224
Accreditation, 77, 243 Balancing loops, 111–112
Active tourism associations, 57 Bamb Ecological Technology Inc., 183
Active transport, 137 Bambike
demand for low-carbon tourism tourism products, 188
strategies, 137–138 tourists in Intramuros, 190
and low-carbon tourism, 138–140 Bambike Ecotours, The, 183–184
postpandemic tourism trends, Bambuilders, 183
136–137 Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP), 94
recommendations, and policy Bangkok walking tours, 141–142
implications, 143–144 Barangay Peacekeeping Action Teams
role in promoting tourism (BPATs), 226–227
experiences, 140–143 Barrier-Free Tourism, 77–79
tourism, 139 Bellevue Resort, The, 51
Active travel, 139 Better normal, 7, 25
African economies, 5 Bicycle tourism, 171, 186
Agriculture, 60 benefits and considerations of, 187
Air traffic, 167 rise of, 186
Airports, 166–167 Bicycle-friendly infrastructure, 187
terminal congestion, 167 Binondo
Architecture, 164–165 informality in Binondo’s tourism
Armed Forces of the Philippines value chain, 76–77
(AFP), 199 profile of, 74
Asian Development Bank (ADB), 93, Bohol, 48–49
100 Bohol Association of Hotels, Resorts,
Asian financial crisis, 110 and Restaurants (BAHRR),
Association of Southeast Asian 50–51
Nations (ASEAN), 4–5, 10 Bojo Aloguinsan Ecotourism
case studies in, 21–24 Association (BAETAS),
impact of COVID-19 on ASEAN 154–155
tourism, 3–7 Boracay Island, 40
Economic Blueprint, 163–164 Boracay Rehabilitation Program of
Economic Community, 163–164 2018, 244
region, 4–5, 22 Bottom-up Local Economic
Attraction, accessibility, Development approach, 212
accommodation, amenities, Built Environment
and activities (5A’s of “bridges” of development from
tourism), 31, 34, 36 tourism and, 168–169
254 Index

elements of, 164–167 Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and

future-proofing tourism and, Economic Security
172–173 (CARES), 115
survey of built environment COVID-19, 20–21, 46
complementation, 169–172 impact on ASEAN tourism, 3–7
Business pandemic, 4, 6, 46, 88–89, 94, 96,
climate, 88–89 98, 110, 114, 172, 220
confidence, 80 Philippine macroeconomic
and economic adjustments to “new performance surrounding,
normal”, 94–97 162–163
entities, 94 Cruise port, 166
models, 13 Cruise ships, 169–170
Cruise tourism, 170
Canadian Trade and Investment Culinary tour, 142
Facility (CITF), 92–93 Cultural awareness, 188
Capability building, 115 Cultural heritage, connecting with,
Carbon dioxide (CO2), 138 186
Cash-for-work programs, 22 Cultural immersion, opportunities for,
Causal loop diagram (CLD), 108, 186
111–112, 114 Cultural preservation, 23
empirical evidence supporting, Cultural significance, 200
119 Cultural tourism, 35
on-process, 112–117 Cultural walking tours, 141–142
Challenges, 68, 228, 231 Cycle tourism, 139, 182, 188, 190–191
City cycling tours, 143 Cycling, 182
Coastal Underwater Resource tours, 143
Management Actions
Project (CURMA Project), Department of Education (DepEd),
54 203–204
Commendation, 120–127 Department of Environment and
Community engagement, sustainable Natural Resources (DENR),
travel and, 187 40, 225
Community involvement, 117 Department of Environment and
Community-based tourism, 242–243 Natural
Community-centered tourism Resources–Protected Area
approach, 13–17 Management Board (DENR
Community-driven tourism initiatives PAMB), 199
in local enterprises, 116 Department of Health (DOH), 97
Competition, 34 Department of Labor and
Complexity adaptive systems, 172–173 Employment (DOLE), 72,
Conservation, 21–22 97
Consultative voices of Samarnon, Department of Social Welfare and
207–211 Development (DSWD),
Consumer confidence, 80 206
Consumer expectations, 101 Department of the Interior and Local
Coopetition, 19 Government (DILG), 97
 Index 255

Department of Tourism (DOT), 40, 51, opportunities, 227–228

92, 97, 108, 164, 199, pillars of ecotourism Vis-`a-vis
220–223, 238 postpandemic travel
national strategies, 77–79 preference, 221
Department of Trade and Industry rationale, 220
(DTI), 48–49, 88, 164 strengths, 225–227
Department of Transportation SWOC analysis Vis-`a-vis
(DOTr), 92 stakeholder driven branding
Destination branding, 223 of Nueva Ecija as
dimensions, 223–224 ecotourism destination, 225
Destination image, 223–224 weaknesses, 227
of Nueva Ecija, 231 women in ecotourism conservation,
Destinations, 62, 92–93 154–155
awareness, 223–224 Ecological civilization, 241–242
brand identity, 231 Ecological significance, 200–203
culture, 224 Economic sustainability, 203
development, 48 Economic theory, 101
personality, 223–224 Economic turmoil, 10
quality, 223–224 Education, 51
tourism, 89 Electronic tricycles (e-trikes), 171
Development, 238 EM Cuerpo Inc. (EMCI), 154
Dictionary of Travel, Tourism, and Empirical analysis of tourism value
Hospitality, The, 8 chains
Digital infrastructure, 164 case studies in ASEAN, 21–24
Digital payments, 88–89 impact of COVID-19 on ASEAN
Digital platforms, 95, 100 tourism, 3–7
Digital transformation, 39–40 new normal TVC, 13–21
Digitalization, 10 shifting paradigms, 9–13
Digitization, 89 travel, tourism, and hospitality, 7–9
Divisoria, 77, 79 Employment, 4
Domestic tourism, 71, 91–92 Environment, 139, 150, 152–153
Environmental, social, and governance
Eco-parks, 142 (ESG), 31
Eco-tourism, 35 Environmental compliance, 92
challenges, 228–231 Environmental conservation, 150
concepts and best practices of Environmental preservation, 190–191,
ecotourism in Philippines, 194
221–222 Environmental protection
destination branding of Nueva Ecija in Philippines, 151–153
as ecotourism destination, women and environmental
222–225 protection and conservation
destinations, 231 in Philippines, 152–153
IFAS and EFAS SWOC factors and European Commission Directorate-
coordinate calculations, General for Development
229–230 and Cooperation (DEVCO),
in Nueva Ecija, 220–221 76
256 Index

Evidence-based policymaking, 80 Growth, 139

Externalities, 173
Heritage sites, 190–191
Financial aid, 243 Hiking tours, 141
Financial assistance, 72 Historical structures, 165
Financial support, 73 Holistic Economic and Accessible
Financing, 73 Development (HEAD), 212
Fixing the market, 239 Hospitality sector, 7–9
Food and Beverage service sector Humpty Dumpty approach, 7–8
(F&B service sector), 36, 49
Full CLD, 117–119 “I Love Earth” (ILE) program, 242
Functional level, 15 Inclusive growth, 227
Future-proofing tourism and built Inclusive tourism, 73
environment nexus toward Inclusivity, 34
postpandemic sustainability, Indigenous people (IP), 212
172–173 Indonesia, success stories in, 21–24
Industries, 34
Gawad Kalinga, 183 Industry-centric initiatives, 57
Geneva Act of the Lisbon Agreement Industry-led initiatives, 57
(2015), 170–171 Informal economy, 69, 76
Geographical indication (GI), 170–171 Informal employment, 69
German Development Cooperation Informal sector
(GIZ), 48–49 in Binondo’s tourism industry, 77
German Technical Cooperation contentions and tensions, 77–79
(GTZ), 48 informality and tourism, 69–70
Global pandemic, 136 informality in Binondo’s tourism
Global Sustainable Tourism Council value chain, 76–77
(GSTC), 240 leveraging informal tourism sector,
Governance, 238 80–81
Government, 238 Philippine tourism industry,
community-based tourism, 242–243 70–72
interventions, 114–115 profile of Binondo, Manila, 74
lessons learned, 243–245 in tourism value chain, 72–73
Newport World Resorts, 241–242 Informal tourism, 77
regulatory role in tourism, 238, entrepreneurs, 73
240–241 Informality, 69–70
revitalized postpandemic role in in Binondo’s tourism value chain,
tourism, 239–240 76–77
Greenhouse gases (GHGs), 138 Information and Communication
emissions, 49 Technologies (ICT), 39–40,
Greening the Tourism Value Chain 93
project, 50–51 Infrastructure, 6
Greening TVC in Panglao Island, Innovation, 5, 25
49–52 Intangible cultural heritage (ICH), 23
Gross domestic product (GDP), 4, 68, Integrated tourism value chain,
108 roadblocks toward, 77–79
 Index 257

Intellectual Property of the Philippines Tourism Guidebook, 227

(IPOPHL), 170–171 Local governments, 59, 80, 98
Inter-Agency Task Force for the Local tourism, 89, 92
Management of Emerging enterprises, 116
Infectious Disease pandemic as “silver lining” to
(IATF-MEID), 209–210 improve local tourism
International Air Transport initiatives, 100–101
Association (IATA), 167 survey of local tourism sectors,
International Council on Monuments 169–172
and Sites (ICOMOS), Low-carbon tourism
198–199 active transport and, 138–140
International Labor Organization demand for low-carbon tourism
(ILO), 69, 92 strategies, 137–138
International tourism, 136 Low–carbon mobility, 139
International Trade Centre (ITC), 47
International Union for Conservation Macro levels, 10, 15
of Nature (IUCN), 200–203 analysis, 46
Intramuros, 182, 184, 188 Malaysia, success stories in, 21–24
context, 190 Manila Tourism and Cultural
cycle tourism domain, 193–194 Development Plan, The
Intramuros Administration (IA), 183 (MTCDP), 80
Manpower training, 241
Joint memorandum circular (JMC), 97 Market, 238–239
adjustments, 244
Kabilin, 212–214 development, 244
Karinderya, 76 failure, 241
Koh Tao Island, 21 market-based financing, 100
Marketing plans, 227
La Union, 52–55 Mass tourism, 137
Labor mobility, 241 Measuring Sustainability for Tourism
Land-based attractions, 166 (MST), 171
Landports, 166 Meetings, incentives, conferences, and
Leadership Excellence through Active events (MICE), 49, 73
Participatory Partnerships Meso level, 10, 15
(LEAPP), 212, 214 Micro level, 15
Least Developed Economies (LDCs), 5 Micro-, small-, and medium-scale
Linear tourism, 141–142 enterprises (MSMEs), 48,
Linear value chain, 10 88, 108, 241
Local economies, bridges of Micro-tourism, 92
development from tourism models, 89
and built environment pandemic as “silver lining” to
sectors to, 168–169 improve local and, 100–101
Local Government Units (LGUs), 35, Microenterprises, 95–96
40, 77, 79, 92–93, 114, Micromovements in tourism, 89–94
137–138, 199 tourism indicators for Philippines,
tourism development plan, 228 90
258 Index

Minalungao National Park (MNP), Next normal, 46

223 Nexus to tourism, 163
Minimum public health standards, Nonbanking financial institution
97–98 (NBFI), 39
Mobility, 4 Nongovernmental organizations
Models of tourism, 9 (NGOs), 57, 199
Monster Day Tours, 142 Nueva Ecija
MSMEs, 48, 88, 92, 100, 108, 241 destination branding of Nueva Ecija
Multilateral organizations, 240 as ecotourism destination,
Mutual Recognition Arrangements 222–225
(MRAs), 241 ecotourism in, 220–221
SWOC analysis vis-à-vis
National Commission for the Culture stakeholder driven branding
and the Arts (NCCA), of, 225
165 tourism, 225
National Cruise Tourism Strategy,
77–79 One town, one product program
National Economic Development (OTOP program), 164
Authority (NEDA), 71–72 Opportunities, 68
National Employment Recovery Organisation for Economic
Strategy, 72 Co-operation and
National government (NG), 40, 98 Development (OECD), 10,
design policy frameworks, 240 90, 240–241
National Historical Commission of the Outstanding universal value (OUV),
Philippines (NHCP), 165 200–203
National Integrated Protected Areas Overseas Development Institute
System Act (NIPAS Act), (ODI), 47
223 Overtourism, 46
National Parks, 142
National Tourism Development Plan Palawan, 49
(NTDP), 71, 77, 79, 227–228 Pandemic, 93, 241
Natural disasters, 228 as “silver lining” to improve local
Natural environment, 214 and micro-tourism
Nature cycling, 143 initiatives, 100–101
Negative externalities, 244 review of tourism programs before,
Netherlands Development 163–164
Organization (SNV), 48 scenarios, 118
New Normal Panglao Island, 51
business and economic adjustments greening TVC in, 49–52
to, 94–97 Paradigm shifts, 6
sample fundamental policy changes business and economic adjustments
and interventions, 15–17 to “new normal”,
tourism, 22 94–97
TVC, 13–21 business climate and COVID-19
Newport World Resorts (NWR), pandemic, 88–89
241–242 micromovements in tourism, 89–94
 Index 259

pandemic as “silver lining” to women’s experiences in

improve local and tourism-related
micro-tourism initiatives, environmental work in,
100–101 153–155
Paralyzed travel sector, 5 Physical infrastructure, 164
Pawikan, 53–54 Policy, 238–239
Pedicab, 68, 76 Porter’s 5A’s of Tourism, 13
People’s organizations (POs), 199, 204, Porter’s Value Chain Theory, 13
207 Ports, 165–166
People’s Republic of China (PRC), Positive externalities, 243
242 Post-COVID-19 pandemic, 110–111
Personal protective equipment (PPE), Postpandemic digital world, 168
136, 190 Postpandemic scenarios, 118
Philippine Center for Environmental Postpandemic sustainability, future-
Protection and Sustainable proofing tourism and built
Development, Inc. environment nexus toward,
(PCEPSDI), 55–56 172–173
Philippine Development Plan (PDP), Postpandemic tourism trends,
33, 35, 71–72, 90, 165 136–137
Philippine National Police (PNP), Prepandemic Normal, 46
226–227 President Ferdinand Marcos Jr
Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), (PBBM), 71
70–71, 88, 162, 210–211 Productivity, 56
Philippine Tourism Development Plan Programs, activities, and projects
(PTDP), 163 (PAPs), 244–245
Philippine Tourism Human Capital Promoting Green Economic
Development Plan, 77–79 Development project
Philippine Tourism Industry, 70–72, (ProGED project), 48–49
94, 112 Provincial Government, 54
Philippines, 89, 163–164, 200, 221 Public–private partnerships (PPP),
concepts and best practices of 240
ecotourism in, 221–222 Push-and-pull concept in tourism,
context, 69–70 35
experience, 32–33
macroeconomic performance Qualitative approach, 112
surrounding COVID-19
pandemic, 162–163 Real estate, 162
tourism industry recovery, Real estate investment trusts (REITs),
117–118 162
TTVC project in, 55–56 Recalibration, 94
women, tourism, and environmental Regulations, 238
protection in, 151–153 Reinforcing loops, 111–112, 115
women and environmental Republic Act (RA), 88–89, 223, 244
protection and conservation Resilience, 4–5
in, 152–153 Revenge spending, 32
women and tourism in, 151–152 Revenge travels, 168
260 Index

Rights–based approach, 204–211 Southeast Asia Development Solutions

Road cycle tourism, 143 (SEADS), 100
Stakeholders, 119
Samar Island Natural Park (SINP), community, 40
198, 204, 206 engagement, 40
issues, constraints, and involvement in sustainable tourism,
opportunities, 204–211 40
and statement of heritage Statement of heritage significance,
significance, 199–204 199–204
STSDP project (2022–2031), 199 Strategic development framework,
sustainable tourism and strategic 211–212
development framework, Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities,
204–207 and challenges analysis
SWOT, 207–211 (SWOC analysis), 220
Tourism-based Organization, Sustainability, 22, 31, 36, 149–150,
209 221–222
Samarnons Sustainable consumption and
consultative voices of, 207–211 production (SCP), 55–56
and SINP’s issues, constraints, and Sustainable destination development,
opportunities, 204–211 62
SINP’s SWOT, 207–211 Sustainable development,
voices of Samarnon tourism opportunities for, 186
frontliners, 204–207 Sustainable Development Goals
San Juan environmental champions, (SDGs), 35, 101
The, 54–55 Sustainable intramuros
San Juan Resort Restaurant and Hotel benefits and considerations of
Association (SJRRHASS), bicycle tourism, 187
53 bicycle-friendly infrastructure,
Sari-sari store, 68 187
Seafaring, 169 connecting with cultural heritage,
Seaports, 165–166 186
Self-governance, 240 investigative approach, 188
Shifting paradigms, 9, 13, 17 literature review, 186–187
Single-Use Plastics (SUPs), 53, 56 recommendations, 192–193
Small and Medium Enterprise rise of bicycle tourism, 186
Development for survey results, 188–191
Sustainable Employment sustainable travel and community
Program (SMEDSEP), 48 engagement, 187
Small Island Developing States (SIDS), Sustainable Palengke, 53
5 Sustainable Tourism (ST), 18, 32–33,
Small medium enterprises (SMEs), 22 36, 58, 114, 128, 149–150,
Smart City project, The, 153–154 221, 238
SNV Netherlands Development initiatives in San Juan, La Union,
Organization, 47 52–55
Socio-economic benefits, 36 paradigm, 118–119
Southeast Asia, 163–164 practices, 142
 Index 261

tourism linkages and role in, 36–40 Systems view of tourism business
value chain as framework for, sustainability, 33–36
60–62
Sustainable Tourism and Strategic Technical Education and Skills
Development Framework Development Authority
(STSDF), 198–199 (TESDA), 203–204
Sustainable tourism and strategic Technological Acceptance Model
development plan (STSDP), (TAM), 57–58
198 Technological development, 244
Sustainable tourism development, Technology, 60
198–199 Terminological exactitude, 7–8
case studies in TVC approaches to, Thailand, success stories in, 21–24
48–49 Tourism, 7–9, 33, 69–70, 108, 110, 136
Samarnons and SINP’s issues, active transport’s role in promoting
constraints, and tourism experiences,
opportunities, 204–211 140–143
SINP and statement of heritage airports, 166–167
significance, 199–204 “bridges” of development from,
SINP sustainable tourism and 168–169
strategic development destination quality, 224
framework, 204–207 destinations, 232–233
Sustainable Tourism Development development, 40
Project (STDP), 114, 117 economy, 62
Sustainable travel and community elements of, 164–167
engagement, 187 goods and services, 89
SWOC analysis Vis-`a-vis stakeholder governance, 239
driven branding of Nueva government’s revitalized
Ecija as ecotourism postpandemic role in,
destination, 225 239–240
SWOT analysis, 225 landports, 166
Systems theory, 109 landscape, 182
Systems thinking (ST), 108 linkages and role in sustainable
causal loop diagram, 111–112 tourism, 36–40
CLD on-process, 112–117 micromovements in, 89–94
empirical evidence supporting numbers, 23
CLDs, 119–120, 127 in Philippines, 151–153
findings, 112–119 portfolio, 98
full CLD, 117–119 regulations, 238
literature review, 109–111 review of tourism programs before
methods, 112 pandemic, 163–164
post-COVID-19 pandemic, seaports, 165–166
110–111 sector, 5
research gap, 112 sustainable tourism, 32–33
in tourism industry, 109 systems view of, 33–36
tourism industry recovery through systems view of tourism business
lens of ST, 109–111 sustainability, 33–36
262 Index

tourism linkages and role in Tourist attraction, 34

sustainable tourism, 36–40 Tourist destination quality,
tourism-affected Siargao island, 231
96–97 Tourist destinations in Binondo,
travel and tourist experience, 167 74
women and, 151–152 Tourist safety, 116–117
women’s experiences in, 153–155 Tourist villages, 23
workers, 170 Training, 56
Tourism Act (2009), 117, 244 Transformative policies,
Tourism Development Plan, 226 144
Tourism Direct Gross Value Added Transforming Tourism Value Chains
(TDGVA), 32, 70 (TTVC), 49, 61
Tourism industry, 32, 57, 68, 71, 89, Project in Philippines, 55–56
110, 220, 238 Transportation, 4, 76, 141, 171, 182
applying ST in, 109 Travel, 7–9
of Nueva Ecija, 225–226 sector, 4
recovery through lens of ST, and tourist experience, 167
109–111 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness
revival, 118 Index (TTCI), 166–167
Tourism Rehabilitation and
Vitalization of Enterprises UN Tourism, 240
and Livelihood (TRAVEL), UN-Habitat report, 56
115 Underemployment, 88
Tourism Response and Recovery Plan Unemployment, 88
(TRRP), 71, 77, 79, 108 United Nations Conference on Trade
Tourism Road Infrastructure Program and Development
(TRIP), 115 (UNCTAD), 91
Tourism value chain (TVC), 9, 13, 31, United Nations Educational, Scientific
36 and Cultural Organization
analysis approach, 48 (UNESCO), 182, 198
background, 46 World Heritage Sites, 209–210
case studies in TVC approaches to United Nations Environment
sustainable tourism Programme (UNEP), 49,
development, 48–49 138
functional levels of, 11–12 United Nations Sustainable
greening TVC in Panglao Island, Development, 32
49–52 United Nations World Tourism
informal sector in, 72–73 Organization (UNWTO), 8,
observations, 56–60 46, 89, 91, 115, 150, 240
production of visitor Ies, 46–48
sustainable tourism initiatives in Vaccinations, 114
San Juan, La Union, 52–55 Value chain, 8–9
TTVC Project in Philippines, 55–56 analysis, 48
TVC-based programs, 46 as framework for sustainable
value chain as framework for tourism, 57, 60, 62
sustainable tourism, 60–62 Value creation, 9
 Index 263

Value-based approach, 198–199, experiences in tourism-related

204 environmental work in
Virtual reality (VR), 93 Philippines, 153–155
tourism, and environmental
Walking food tour, protection in Philippines,
142 151–153
Walking tours, 142 and tourism in Philippines, 151–152
Weaknesses, 93 Word-of-mouth (WOM), 232
Wildlife Safaris, 142 Work-from home (WFH), 98
Wildlife tourism, 109 Workcation, 98
Women, 150 Workers, 69
in “No-to-174 Campaign” in World Cycling Tourism Association
Dumaguete City, (WCTA), 190
153–154 World Economic Forum (WEF)
in ecotourism conservation, Travel and Tourism
154–155 Competitiveness Report,
and environmental protection and 166–167
conservation in Philippines, World Travel & Tourism Council
152–153 (WTTC), 4, 115