‘SDR Workbook - 2021 IBC Version Chapter 4 - Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures Chapter in Requirements for Building Structures EES sce 7 - chapter 12 Overview The 202/ International Building Code includes only a small amount of the seismic design provisions (e.g. MCEk ground motion values, site coefficients, Seismic Design Category determination, etc.). Nearly all of the seismic design provisions of ASCE 7-16 are adopted by reference in the 2021 IBC, including ASCE 7-16— Chapter 12: Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures Although ASCE 7-16— Chapter 12 typically allows several lateral force analysis procedures for building structures, most of this chapter will focus on the most common analysis method used ~ the Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) procedure. When using another lateral analysis procedure (e.g., Simplified Design procedure in ASCE 7-16— §12.14), it is important to refer to all of the appropriate sections in ASCE 7-16 since many of the requirements that apply for the Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) procedure may not apply (e.g. base shear, vertical distribution of seismic force, diaphragm design force, drift limits, building separations, anchorage of structural walls, ete.) Structural Design Basis ASCE 7 ~ §12.1 The building structure shall include complete lateral and vertical force-resisting systems capable of providing adequate strength, stiffness, and energy dissipation capacity to withstand the design ground motions within the prescribed limits of deformation (ie., story drift) and strength demand. EE] seismic Force-Resisting Elements Seismic forces are resisted by both horizontal elements and vertical elements of a seismic force-resisting system (SFRS). Horizontal Elements of a Seismic Force-Resisting System (SFRS) * Horizontal diaphragms = Horizontal trusses (ie., bracing) Vertical Elements of a Seismic Force-Resisting System (SFRS) = Shear walls - walls designed to resist lateral forces (parallel to the plane of the wall) primarily in shear. A shear wall is sometimes referred to as a vertical diaphragm. = Braced frames - essentially vertical trusses that are provided to resist lateral forces (parallel to the plane of the frame) primarily through axial tension and compression forces in the frame members (¢.g., diagonal braces, beams, and columns). = Moment-resisting frames - frames provided to resist lateral forces (parallel to the plane of the frame) with restrained connections between the beams and columns to permit the frame to resist the lateral forces through the flexural rigidity (‘e., stiffiess) and the strength of its ‘members. Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-43Chapter 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures ‘SDR Workbook ~ 2021 IBC Version Figure 4.1 (below) shows basic examples of vertical elements of a seismic force-resisting system (SFRS). Shear Wall ry Braced Frame - Diagonal Braced Frame - Chevron Braced Frame - Eccentric Structural System Selection ASCE 7 - §12.2 Selection and Limitations ASCE 7 ~ §12.2.1 ‘The basic lateral and vertical seismic force-resisting system (SFRS) shall conform to one of the types listed in ASCE 7-16 — Table 12.2-1 (ot ASCE 7-16 — Table 12.14-1 when using the Simplified Design procedure) or a combination of systems as permitted in ASCE 7-16 §12.2.2, $12.2.3, and $12.24. A. Bearing Wall System - a structural system with bearing walls providing support for all or major portions of the vertical (gravity) loads. Seismic force resistance is provided by shear walls (or light- frame cold-formed steel wall systems with flat strap bracing). © Shear walls (e.g., reinforced concrete or masonry, light-framed walls with shear panels) which resist lateral loads and support vertical gravity loads. Building Frame System - a structural system with an essentially complete space frame system providing support for vertical (gravity) loads. Seismic force resistance is provided by shear walls or braced frames. + Braced frames (e.., steel EBF, steel CBF, or steel BRBF) which resist lateral loads, where bracing does not vertical support gravity loads. © Shear walls (e.g., reinforced concrete or masonry, steel plate, light-framed walls with shear panels) which resist lateral loads but do not support vertical gravity loads. 1-44 Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE‘SOR Workbook - 2021 IBC Version Chapter 4 ~ Sei Design Requirements for Building Structures C. Moment-Resisting Frame System - a structural system with an essentially complete vertical load-carrying (space) frame providing support for vertical gravity loads. * Moment-resisting frames (¢.g.. SMF, STMF, IMF, OMF) provide resistance to lateral loads primarily by flexural (bending) action of members (i.e., beams and columns). D. Dual System ~ a structural system that is essentially a combination of a Building Frame System (eg., shear walls, EBF, CBF, BRBF, etc.) and a Moment-Resisting Frame System (e.g., SMF or IMF) oriented to resist lateral loads in the same direction, Per ASCE 7-16 — §12.2.5.1 ~ the total seismic force resistance is to be provided by the combination of the ‘moment frames and the shear walls (or braced frames) in proportion to their rigidities. Furthermore, the moment frames (SMF or IMF) shall be designed to independently resist at least 25% of the design seismic forces, ure rs ci / Steel SMF \ Steel a Building __/ \ Building __/ Frame Frame | System System (R = 6) (R = 6) — — \ \ Dual S\ my Marae | Special reinforced May” | Special reinforced concrete shear wall concrete shear wall (non-bearing) (non-bearing) Building A - Not a Dual System Building B — Duel System (N-S axis only) E. Shear Wall-Frame Interactive System - a structural system that uses a combination of ordinary reinforced concrete moment frames (OME) and ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls - per ASCE 7-16~ Table 12.2-1. ‘This type of system is not permitted (i.e., NP) in Seismic Design Categories C, D, E or F. F. Cantilevered Column System - a structural system relying on cantilever column elements (steel, reinforced concrete, or wood) for lateral resistance — see Figure 4.3. G. Steel Systems Not Specifically Detailed for Seismic Resistance - excluding cantilever column systems per ASCE 7-16 ~ Table 12.2-1. This type of system is not permitted (j.e., NP) in Seismic Design Categories D, E or F. NOTE: The structural framing system used shall also comply with the system-specific requirements found in ASCE 7-16 $12.2.5 (ie. ASCE 7-16 — §12.2.5.1 through ASCE 7-16 ~ §12.2.5.8) ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-45Chapter 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures SDR Workbook ~ 2021 I8C Version Figure 4.3 - Cantilever Column System Ny $35’ max. While reviewing ASCE 7-16 — Table 12.2-1 (or ASCE 7-16 — Table 12.14-1) it is apparent that for many of the vertical elements of a seismic force-resisting system (SFRS), there exists three distinct levels of seismic detailing which will be required by the IBC and ASCE 7-16. These three levels are as follow 1, Ordinary - basic (gravity & wind) detailing for low seismic hazard levels (e.g., SDC = B or SDC=B&C) 2. Intermediate - required detailing for moderate seismic hazard levels (e.g., SDC = B& C or SDC = B,C & D*) 3. Special - required detailing for high seismic hazard levels (e.g., SDC = D, E.& F or SDC=E&F) Since the /BC does not adopt ASCE 7-16 ~ Chapter 14, any references to sections in that chapter from ASCE 7-16 — Table 12.2-1 (or Table 12,14-1) do not apply. As a result, specific detailing requirements for vertical elements of the seismic force-resisting system (SERS) will typically be found in the appropriate material chapter of the JBC and reference a design standard for that material (e.g., ACI 318, TMS 402, AISC 341, SDPWS-2015, etc.) where the detailing requirements are provided. Examp! = Intermediate Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall ~ refer to IBC Chapter 19 (Concrete) which then refers to ACI 318 — Building Code Requirements for Structural Conerete. * Special Reinforced Masonry Shear Wall refer to [BC Chapter 21 (Masonry) which then refers to TMS 402 — Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures. = Steel SMF — refer to [BC Chapter 22 (Steel) which then refers to AISC 341, Part I - Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings, for stee| structures assigned to SDC = D, E or F. Determination of Seismic Factors - R, 20 & Ca R, Qn & Cz are determined from ASCE 7-16 - Table 12.2-1 (or ASCE 7-16 - Table 12.14-1 when applicable) considering: Y Seismic Force-Resisting System (SFRS) type (eg. Bearing Wall System, Building Frame System, Moment-Resisting Frame System, Dual System, etc.) Y Vertical seismic force-resisting (SFR) element type (e.g., shear wall, braced frame, moment- resisting frame, ete.) Y Materials of construction (e.g., reinforced concrete, reinforced masonry, steel, wood, etc.) Y Quality of seismic-resistant design and detailing provided (e.g., ordinary, intermediate, special, ete) 1-46 ‘Steven T, Hiner, MS, SE‘SDR Workbook 2021 I8C Version Chapter 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures > Response Modification Coefficient, R The R coefficient is representative of the inherent overstrength and global ductility of a seismic force- resisting system (SFRS). Ductility is the toughness of a seismic force-resisting system (SFRS) and represents its ability to permanently bend out of shape while still maintaining its structural integrity. Ductility is a'structural property that relates to the ability of the SFRS to sustain damage when overloaded while continuing to carry lateral and vertical loads without failure. This is an extremely important property for structures designed to sustain damage without collapse, LowerR > _less ductile system (e.g., ordinary steel CBF ~ R = 3%) HigherR >» _more ductile system (e.g., steel SMF - R= 8) Figure 4.4 below demonstrates that the ductile response occurs in the inelastic range of a structure's response, and not in the elastic range. Ce eee Ue aS Inelastic Elastic (ductile) > System Overstrength Factor, 20 The Qo coefficient reflects the upper bound strength of the seismic force-resisting system (SFRS) and is used in estimating the maximum forces developed in the lateral system during the design basis earthquake ground motion (i.e., 2/3 MCEx) ~ see Figure 4.5. For certain elements of the structure, as specifically identified in the JBC and/or ASCE 7-16, the ‘minimum design strength shall be the product of Qo and the (strength design) seismic forces determined. Maximum force = (Design force) ‘The overstrength factor is used to determine the seismic load effects including overstrength (En) of ASCE 7-16 -§12.4.3 and horizontal seismic load effect including overstrength (Ei= Qo Or) of ASCE 7-16 -§12.4.3.1 when either of these conditions apply: Cantilever Column Systems per ASCE 7-16 ~ §12.2.5.2 ¥ Elements Supporting Discontinuous Walls or Frames per ASCE 7-16 ~ §12.3.3.3 ¥ Collector Elements for SDC = C, D, E or F per ASCE 7-16 ~ §12.10.2.1 ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-47Chapter 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures SDR Workbook - 2021 IBC Version PO eee AER ure ay Elastic response of structure 4 Base Shear, V = x O° bs de Bw Lateral Drift, 4 NOTE: Nothing contained in ASCE 7-16 — §12.2.1 shall prohibit the use of alternative procedures for the design of individual structures that demonstrate acceptable performance in accordance with ASCE 7-16 — §1.3.1.3 - Performance Based Procedures requirements, Alternative Structural Systems ASCE 7 - §12.2.1.1 Use of seismic force-resisting systems (SFRS) not contained in ASCE 7-16 - Table 12.2-1 shall be permitted contingent on submittal to and approval by the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) and independent structural design review of an accompanying set of design criteria and substantiating analytical and test data. FEMA P-695 - Quantification of Building Seismic Performance Factors provides a recommended methodology for reliably quantifying building system performance and response parameters for use in seismic design (ie., R, Qo & Ci). Elements of Seismic Force-Resisting Systems ASCE 7 - §12.2.1.2 Elements of seismic force-resisting systems (SFRS), including members and their connections, shall conform to the detailing requirements specified in ASCE 7-16 — Table 12.2-1 for the selected structural system, Substitute elements that do not conform to Table 12.2-1 are permitted contingent upon submittal to and approval by the AHJ meeting all of ASCE 7-16 — §12.2.1.2 Exceptions a to f. FEMA P-795 - Quantification of Building Seismic Performance Factors: Component Equivalency Methodology provides component-based methodology intended to reliably evaluate structural elements, connections, or subassemblies proposed as substitutes for equivalent components in seismic force~ resisting systems (SFRS) provided in ASCE 7-16 - Table 12.2-1. Combination of Framing Systems in Different Directions ASCE 7 - §12.2.2 Different seismic force-resisting systems (SFRS) are permitted to be used to resist seismic forces along each of the two orthogonal axes of the structure. Where different systems are used including the structural system li the respective R, 20, and Cy coefficients shall apply to each system, ions contained in ASCE 7-16 ~ Table 12.2-1 (see Figure 4.6). 1-48 Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE‘SDR Workbook - 2021 I8C Version Chapter 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures Gene CE Us raed Non-bearing shear wall Building Frame coe Bearing shear wall V Shuma Girders ee Bearing Wall System Combination of Framing Systems in the Same Direction ASCE 7 - §12.2.3 Where different seismic force-resisting systems (SFRS) are used in combination to resist seismic forces in the same direction (other than Dual Systems), the more stringent system limitation contained in ASCE 7- 16 Table 12.2-1 shall apply and the design shall comply with the requirements of ASCE 7-16 ~ §12.2.3. > Vertical Combinations ASCE 7 ~ §12.2.3.. When a structure has a vertical combination in the same direction, the following requirements shall apply: 1. Where the lower system has a lower R, the design coefficients (R, Qn, and C,) for the upper system are permitted to be used to calculate the forces and drifts of the upper system. For the design of the lower system, the design coefficients (R, Qo, and C,) for the lower system shall be used Forces transferred from the upper system to the lower system shall be increased by multiplying by the ratio of (Repper / Riowe:) In the case of Figure 4.7a ~ R= 8, Q =3 & Ca=5% may be used to design the upper system while R = 6, Q =2 & Cy=5 shall be used to design the lower system and the forces transferred from the upper system (e.g., story shear, overturning moment, etc.) shall be multiplied by the ratio of (8 /6) = 1.33 2. Where the upper system has a lower R, the design coefficients (R, 20, and C,) for the upper system shall be used for both systems (i.e., both the upper and lower systems) In the case of Figure 4.7 — R = 6, 0 =2 & C= 5 shall be used to design both the upper system and the lower system. Exception: 1. Rooftop structures < two stories in height and < 10 percent of the total structure weight 2, Other supported structural systems with a weight < 10 percent of the weight of the structure 3. Detached one- and two-family dwellings of light-frame construction ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-49Chapter 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures SDR Workbook - 2021 I8C Version Gite Ween cae ine cae =| §| Sle Plo ae ar Sle alec Steel SCBF_ Steel SME | Rae | to = Ht} Riower < Rupper DB. Rupper < Riower NOTE: A two-stage equivalent lateral force (ELF) procedure is permitted to be used for structures having a flexible upper portion above a rigid lower portion, provided that the design of the structure complies with ASCE 7-16 ~ §12.2.3.2, items a through e. > Horizontal Combinations ASCE 7 ~ §12.2.3.3 Where a combination of different structural systems is utilized to resist lateral forces in the same direction (other than a Dual System), the value of R used for design in the direction under consideration shall not be greater than the least value of R for any of the systems utilized in that direction, See Figure 4.8 below. The deflection amplification factor (Cz) and the overstrength factor (Qo) shall be consistent with the R factor required in that Special reinforced: masonry shear wall R= 5% Plan View Resisting elements are permitted to be designed using the least value of R for the different structural systems found in each independent line of resistance if all of the following three conditions are met: 1. Risk Category Lor Il building, and 2. 1.2 times the average of the story drifts at the two ends of the structure. Y Applies to SDC = BLC.D.E&E 1b. Extreme Torsional Irregularity (rigid or semi-rigid diaphragms only) Defined to exist where the maximum story drift (including accidental torsion w/ 4c = 1.0) at one end of the structure transverse to an axis is > 1.4 times the average of the story drifts at the two ends of the structure. ¥ Applies to SDC=B,C.D.E&E Example 2. Reentrant Corner Irregularity Defined to exist where both plan projections of the structure beyond a reentrant comer are > 15% of the plan dimension of the structure in the given direction. Y Applies to SD DE&E >A5L 3. Diaphragm Discontinuity Irregularity Defined to exist where there are diaphragms with an abrupt discontinuity or variations in stiffness (including one having a cutout or open area > 50% of the gross enclosed diaphragm area), or a change in effective diaphragm stiffness of > 50% from one story to the next. Y Applies to SDC= D.E.& F Spee 4 4. Out-of-Plane Offsets Irregula iy Defined to exist where there is a discontinuity in a lateral force-resistance path (ie., load path), such as an out-of-plane offset of at least one of the vertical elements (¢.g., shear walls, braced frames, moment frames). Y Applies to SDC =B,C.D.E& FE 5. Nonparallel Systems Irregularity Defined to exist where there the vertical lateral force-resisting elements are not parallel to the major orthogonal axes of the seismic force-resisting system (SFRS). Y Applies to SDC=B.C.D.E&E Element 1-52 Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE‘SDR Workbook - 2021 I8C Version Chapter 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures Vertical Irregularity ASCE 7 ~ §12.3.2.2 Structures having one (or more) of the irregularity types listed in ASCE 7-16 — Table 12.3-2 shall be designated as having vertical structural irregularity, and they shall comply with the requirements in the sections referenced in the table based on the assigned Seismic Design Category (SDC). See Table 4.2. Exceptions: 1. Where no story drift ratio under design lateral seismic force is greater than 130% of the story drift ratio of the next story above, the following irregularities do not apply: Y Stiffiness-Soft Story vertical irregularity (Type 1a per ASCE 7 - Table 12.3-2) Y- Stiffiness-Extreme Soft Story vertical imegularity (Type 1b per ASCE 7 - Table 12.3-2) Y Weight (Mass) vertical irregularity (Type 2 per ASCE 7 ~ Table 12.3-2) Torsional effets need not be considered in the calculation of story drifts. The story-drift ratio relationship for the top two stories of the structure are not required to be evaluated. 2. For one-story buildings of any Seismic Design Category or for two-story buildings assigned to SDC = B,C. or D, the following irregularities are not required to be considered: Y Stiffiness-Soft Story vertical iregularity (Type 1a per ASCE 7 ~ Table 12.3-2) Y Stiffiness-Extreme Soft Story vertical imegularity (Type 1b per ASCE 7 - Table 12.3-2) Y Weight (Mass) vertical irregularity (Type 2 per ASCE 7 - Table 12.3-2) Limitations for Systems with Structural Irregularities ASCE 7 ~ §12.3.3 Seismic Design Category D ASCE 7 ~ §12.3.3.1 The following irregularity shall not be permitted: Y Extreme-Weak Story vertical irregularity (Type 5b per Table 12.3-2) Seismic Design Category E & F ASCE 7 ~ §12.3.3.1 The following irregularities shall not be permitted: ¥ Extreme Torsional horizontal irregularity (Type 1b per Table 12.3-1) Y Extreme-Soft Story vertical irregularity (Type 1b per Table 12.3-2) ¥ Weak Story vertical irregularity (Type 5a per Table 12.3-2) ¥ Extreme-Weak Story vertical irregularity (Type 5b per Table 12.3-2) Seismic Design Category B & C ASCE 7 ~ §12.3.3.2 Structures with an Extreme-Weak Story vertical irregularity (Type Sb per Table 12.3-2) shall not be more than two stories or 30 feet in structural height (i.e, limited to <2 stories and /y < 30 feet). Exception: The limit does not apply where the “weak” story is capable of resisting a total seismic force equal to o times the design force prescribed in ASCE 7-16 § 12.8 ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-53Chapter 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures ‘SDR Workbook ~ 2021 I8C Version Poet Irregularity Type & Description Example 1a. Stiffness-Soft Story Irregularity Defined to exist where there is a story in which the lateral stiffness is < 70% of that in the story above ... or <80% of the average story stiffness of the three stories above. ¥ Applies to SDC=D.E&E 1b. Stiffness-Extreme Soft Story Irregularity Defined to exist where there is a story in which the lateral stifiiness is < 60% of that in the story above ... or < 70% of the average story stiffness of the three stories above. Applies to SDC=D.E.&F 2. Weight (Mass) Irregularity Defined to exist where the effective mass of any level is > 150% of the effective mass of an adjacent level. A roof that is lighter than the floor below need not be considered. Y Applies to SDC=D.E&E 3. Vertical Geometric Irregularity Defined to exist where the horizontal dimension of the seismic force- resisting system in any story is > 130% of that in an adjacent story. Y Applies to SDC=D.E&E 4. In-Plane Discontinuity in Vertical Lateral Force-Resisting Element Irregulari Defined to exist where there is an in-plane offset of a vertical seismic force-resisting (SFRS) element resulting in overturning demands on a supporting structural element (e.g,, column, beam, etc.) Y Applies to SUC=B.C.D.E&F 5a. Discontinuity in Lateral Strength-Weak Story Irregularity Defined to exist where the story lateral strength is < 80% of that in a story above. The story lateral strength is the total strength of all seismic force-tesisting (SFRS) elements sharing the story shear for the direction under consideration. Y Applies to SDC=D.E&F continuity in Lateral Strength-Extreme Weak Story Irregularity Defined to exist where the story lateral strength is < 65% of that ina story above. Y Applies to SDC=ByC.D.E&E Sb. 1-54 Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE‘SDR Workbook - 2021 IBC Version 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures EEX@ Analysis Procedure Selection ASCE 7 - §12.6 ‘The structural analysis required by ASCE 7-16 — Chapter 12 shall consist of one of the types permitted in ASCE 7-16 ~ Table 12.6-1 based on the structure's: * Seismic Design Category (SDC), and = Structural characteristics — - Y construction type Y number of stories Y structure height Y- structure period Y structural irregularities (horizontal or vertical) ‘The permitted analytical procedures are as follows: 1. Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) - most common procedure, see ASCE 7-16 ~ $12.8 2. Dynamic Analysis - = Modal Response Spectrum Analysis - see ASCE 7-16 - $12.9.1 = Linear Response History Analysis - see ASCE 7-16 — §12.9.2 = Nonlinear Response History Procedures - see ASCE 7-16 — Chapter 16 3. Simplified Design - see ASCE 7-16 ~ $12.14, may be used subject to all of the limitations noted ASCE 7-16 - Table 12.6-1 - ‘The Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) procedure of ASCE 7-16 ~ §12.8 is permitted on all structures assigned to SDC = B or C, and structures assigned to SDC = D, E or F with the following characteristics: > Risk Category | or II buildings < 2 stories, or > Structures of light-framed construction (e.g., wood or metal studs), or » Regular structures < 160 feet in height, or > Regular structures > 160 feet in height with T<3.5 7s, or > Irregular structures < 160 feet in height and having only horizontal imegularities of Type 2, 3, 4, or 5 in Table 12,3-1 or vertical irregularities of Type 4, Sa, or 5b in Table 12.3-2. Therefore, the Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) procedure is not permitted on structures assigned to SDC= D, E or F with the following characteristics: > Structures > 160 feet in height with T> 3.5 Ts (e.g., tall - long period structures), or > Imegular structures < 160 feet in height and where any of the following applies: Torsional horizontal irregularity - Type 1a per Table 12.3-1 Extreme Torsional horizontal irregularity - Type 1b per Table 12.3-1 Stiffness-Soft Story vertical imegularity - Type 1a per Table 12.3-2 Stiffiness-Extreme Soft Story vertical irregularity - Type Ib per Table 12.3-2 t (Mass) vertical irregularity - Type 2 per Table 12.3-2 Vertical Geometric vertical irregularity - Type 3 per Table 12.3-2 SSS NOTE: An alternative generally accepted procedure is permitted to be used when approved by the ‘Authority Having Jurisdiction (AH). Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-55Chapter 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures ‘SDR Workbook - 2021 IBC Version Figure 4.9 below provides a flow chart to navigate ASCE 7-16 ~ Table 12.6.1 to determine when a structure may use the Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) procedure of ASCE 7-16 — $12.8 or when a Dynamic Analysis may be required (i.e., ASCE 7-16 - §12.9.1, ASCE 7-16 ~ §12.9.2, or ASCE 7-16 — Chapter 16). Gieoncis BorC D,EorF Light-rame construction OR RC= Lor Iand <2 Stories Structure ¢ 160 feet Structure w/ Iregularities Structure w/ NO Irregularities on Structure w/ NO Irregularities and 723.5 Ts Structure w/ Irregularities: + Horizontal Type 1a or 1b: ¥ Torsional irregularity Extreme Torsional irregularity ELF Analysis * Vertical Type 1a, 1b, 2 or 3: Permitted Soft Story irregularity Extreme Soft Story irregularity ¥ Weight (Mass) Irregularity Y Vertical Geometric rregularity PY u Ne Required Ee UL Cot) 1-56 ‘Steven T, Hiner, MS, SE‘SDR Workbook - 2021 IBC Version Chapter 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures Seismic Isolation & Damping Systems General Seismic isolation, energy dissipation and damping systems may be used in the design of structures when approved by the authority having jurisdiction and when special detailing is used to provide results, equivalent to those obtained by the use of conventional structural systems. > Seismically Isolated Structures - ASCE 7-16— Chapter 17 > Structures with Damping Systems - ASCE 7-16 — Chapter 18 Seismic Isolation In theory, Seismic Isolation (j.e., base isolation) greatly decreases the base shear of a structure by decreasing the acceleration response of the structure. ‘The basic concept of seismic isolation is to provide a cushion in the horizontal plane, which prevents most, of the grounds horizontal acceleration from being transmitted to the structural framing above. Typical isolators provide vertical support at the foundation interface but allow for lateral displacement, with some damping, between the foundation and the structure. The principal is to insert a discontinuity at the base of the structure that has a relatively low resistance to shear (i.e., low lateral stiffness). As earthquake motions are transmitted upward through the ground, the effect of the soft discontinuity will be to inerease the natural period of the structure and to dissipate energy by shear deformation of the isolators. In general, this will reduce the lateral forces imposed on the structure by reducing its acceleration response, but not its displacement response. Seismic isolation is most effective in reducing the acceleration response of structures founded on tock or dense/stiff soils. Seismic isolation of structures founded on soft soils may actually increase the seismic forces on the structure where resonance occurs between the long period soil and the long period "isolated" structure. igure 4.10 ~ Seismic Isolation Conventional Structure Base Isolated Structure Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-57Chapter 4 - Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures SDR Workbook ~ 2021 18C Version Damping Systems Conventional seismic design practice permits a reduced force level for design, below the elastic level, on the premise that inelastic action will provide that structure with significant energy dissipation potential and enable the structure to survive a major earthquake without collapse. This inelastic action is typically intended to occur in specially detailed regions of the structure, such as in the beams near or adjacent to the beam-column joint. Inelastic behavior in these regions often results in significant damage to the structural member and/or connections. The use of passive energy dissipation devices or dampers, which act like shock absorbers, is intended to concentrate the hysteretic behavior (i.e., energy dissipation) in these devices while increasing the damping of the structure, An increase in the damping ratio () of the structure results in a reduction of the structure's acceleration response, and hence a reduction in the overall force level (base shear) imposed on the structure. Many types of dampers are available such as viscous, viscoelastic, friction, and yielding metallic damping devices. Dampers are being used on the seismic design of new structures and the seismic upgrade of existing structures, such as non-ductile conerete frame buildings. EES Mode! Foundation Modeling ASCE 7 - §12.7.1 For purposes of determining seismic loads, it is permitted to consider the structure to be fixed at the base. Alternatively, where foundation flexibility is considered, it shall be in accordance with ASCE 7-16 — §12.13.3 or ASCE 7-16 ~ Chapter 19 (ie., Soil-Structure Interaction for Seismic Design). jing Criteri: ASCE 7 - §12.7 Effective Seismic Weight, W ASCE 7 - §12.7.2 The effective seismic weight (17) of a structure shall include the total dead load (DL or D) above the base and other loads above the base as listed below: 1, Minimum of 25% of the floor live load (L) in areas used for storage Exceptions: where the inclusion of the storage loads adds < 5% to the effective seismic weight at that level, or floor Jive Joad in public garages and open parking structures 2. Actual partition weight or a minimum of 10 psf of floor area (whichever is greater) where provisions for partitions is required per ASCE 7-16 ~ §4.3.2 in the floor design (e.g, office buildings) 3. Total operating weight of permanent equipment (¢.g., air conditioners, exhaust fans, boilers, ete.) 4, 20% of the uniform design snow load (S), where the flat roof snow load (P)) exceeds 30 psf, regardless of actual roof slope 5. Weight of landscaping and other materials at roof gardens and similar areas NOTE: Do not include floor live loads or roof live loads in the effective seismic weight unless item 1 (i.e., storage) or item 4 (i.e., snow > 30 psf) from above applies. The total effective seismic weight (7) is the sum of the effective seismic weight of all levels (ws) - 1-58 ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SESDR Workbook = 2021 18C Version Chapter 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures Effective Seismic Weight of a Level, wx Ws = DL of Level (roof or floor) + other loads of ASCE 7-16 ~ §12.7.2 + (exterior) tributary wall DL (exterior) tributary wall DL = 4 story height above + 4 story height below|(Bldg perimeter)(wall DL) Greets eee acter! ‘Snow = 50 psf (>30 psf) Levelt (et W, = Roo DL + Wal DL. + 20% Snow ne > Poor = 250 ps (storage) tory Warehouse a = snow = 5 pt (230 pe SW, = Roof DL + Wall DL + 20% Snow Leet Wi, = Poor DL + Wal DL + 25% Flor L \ lori = 250 pst etorage) base ; Structural Modeling ASCE 7 - §12.7.3 ‘A mathematical model of the structure shall be constructed for the purpose of determining member forces and structure displacements resulting from applied loads and any imposed displacements or P-delta effects. ‘The model shall include the stiffness and strength of elements that are significant to the distribution of forces and deformations in the structure and represent the spatial distribution of mass and stiffness throughout the structure. See ASCE 7-16 — §12.7.3 for additional requirements. Interaction Effects ASCE 7 ~ §12.7.4 Moment-resisting frames that are enclosed or adjoined by elements that are more rigid and not considered to be part of the seismic force-resisting system (SFRS) shall be designed so that the action or failure of those elements will not impair the vertical load and seismic force-resisting capability of the frame. ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-59Chapter 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures ‘SOR Workbook - 2021 IBC Version The design shall provide for the efffect of these rigid elements on the structural system at structural deformations corresponding to the design story drift (A) as determined in ASCE 7-16 ~ §12.8.6. In addition, the effects of these elements shall be considered where determining whether a structure has one or more of the irregularities defined in ASCE 7-16 — §12.3.2. EEE} Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure ASCE 7 - §12.8 Seismic Base Shear, V__ [Strength Design force level ASCE 7 - §12.8.1 > The seismic base shear in a given direction shall be determined in accordance with the following: v=cw ASCE 7 (128-1) Seismic Response Coefficient, Cs ASCE 7 ~ §12.8.1.1 > The seismic response coefficient (Cs) shall be determined as follows: S, C= ASCE 7 (12.8-2 (R/I,) ’ : NOTE: ASCE 7 (12.8-2) will always governs when T'S Ts... which typically occurs with low rise and/or short period structures (e.g., <3 stories). > Csneed not exceed the following: 5, =a < 7 (12.86 cs Tai for TT ASCE 7 (12.8-3) NOTE: ASCE 7 (128-3) governs for longer period structures when Ts < T'S Ty... but Cs minimum per ASCE 7 (12.8-5) and (12.8-6) need to be considered, 1-60 ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE‘SDR Workbook ~ 2021 IBC Version Chapter 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures ASCE 7 (12.8-4) NOTE: ASCE 7 (12.8-4) can apply for very long period (ie., very tall) structures, when T> 7; ... BUT. Cs minimum per ASCE 7 (12.8-5) and/or (12.8-6) will typically govern over ASCE 7 (12.8-4). > Cs shall not be less than: CC, =0.0448,s/, 20.01 minimum ASCE 7 (12.8-5) > In addition, for structures where 5; > 0.6 ... Cs shall not be less than: =—=~ minimum ASCE 7 (12.8-6 aD m ) eee) (12.8-2) Cs i 0 Ts Period, T(seconds) Ti where: T, = So and 7; is determined from ASCE 7-16 - Figure 22-14. Maximum Sps Value in Determination of Cs and Ev ASCE 7 ~ §12.8.1.3 The values of Cs and E; are permitted to be calculated using a value of Sps = 1.0, but not less than 0.7 Sps .. provided that all of the following criteria are met: ‘The structure does not have horizontal or vertical irregularities 1 2. The structure is <5 stories (each mezzanine level shall be considered a story) 3. The structure period T'<0.5 second 4. The structure meets the requirements for the redundancy factor, p = 1.0 5. The site soil properties are not classified as Site Class E or F 6. The structure is classified as Risk Category L or IL Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-61Chapter 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures ‘SDR Workbook - 2021 IBC Version The flow chart in Figure 4.15 below may be used to determine which Cs equations need to be calculated for building structures, nonbuilding structure similar to buildings (see Chapter 7 - §7.3, p. 1-106), and nonbuilding structures NOT similar to buildings (see Chapter 7 - §7.4, p. 1-108). eee Sor / Sos Calculate ASCE 7 (12.8-2) Calculate ASCE 7 (12.8-3) S, Sos om c= : ~ RIL) ealoulate os cia4 (12,61) Calculate ASCE 7 (12.8-5) teas C, = 0.04451, 0.01 minimum Calculate ASCE 7 (12.8-6) Use the largest Cs of ASCE 7 Use the largest Cs of ASCE 7 (12.8-3), (12.8-5) & (12.8-6) (12.8-3) & (12.8-5) ‘Calculate ASCE 7 (12.8-1) Calculate ASCE 7 (12.8-1) Bo ilies Che aA 1. If T> Ty-replace ASCE 7 (12.8-3) with ASCE 7 (12.8-4) 2. For Nonbuilding structures NOT similar to buildings - replace ASCE 7 (12.8.5) with ASCE 7 (15.4-1) and replace ASCE 7 (12.8-6) with ASCE 7 (15.4-2) 1-62 Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE‘SDR Workbook ~ 2021 IBC Version Chapter 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures Period Determination, T ASCE 7 - §12.8.2 T represents the elastic fundamental (i.<., first mode) period of vibration of the structure in the direction under consideration (e.g., N-S, E-W). The fundamental period of the structure (77) shall be established using the structural properties and deformational characteristics of the resisting elements in a properly substantiated analysis. The fundamental period shall not exceed the product of the coefficient for upper limit on calculated period (C,) from ASCE 7-16 ~ Table 12.8-1 and the approximate fundamental period - Ty: © S14 T. where Spi > 0.3 T<1.5 To where Spi = 0.2 TS 1.6 To where Spi = 0.15 T<1.7 To where Spi <0.1 NOTE: As an alternative to performing an analysis to detei to use the approximate building period (7) in accordance ine the fundamental period, it is permitted ASCE 7-16 - §12.8.2.1 (ie., use T= Te). Approximate Fundamental Period, Ts ASCE 7 ~ §12.8.2.1 ‘The approximate fundamental period shall be determined by the following: T,=Cht ASCE 7 (128-7) where: CC; & x are determined from ASCE 7-16 ~ Table 12.8-2 Jn, = height in feet, from the base to the uppermost level of the structure NOTE: See Table Cl — Approximate Fundamental Period, Tz (Appendix C, p. 5-20) for tabulated values of ASCE 7 (12.8-7). > Steel Moment-Resisting Frames (SMF, IMF & OMF) ~ T, =0.028h;* Or alternatively (for Steel MRF structures < 12 stories and average story height > 10 feet): 1, =0.1N ASCE 7 (128-8) where: N= number of stories (ie, levels) above the base >» Concrete Moment-Resisting Frames (SMF, IMF & OMF) - T, =0.016h° Or alternatively (for Concrete MRF structures < 12 stories and average story height > 10 feet): T, =0.1N ASCE 7 (128-8) v Steel EBF, Steel BRBF, or Dual System w/ EBF & SMF (i 1.0327 Type D.1) - Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-63Chapter 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures ‘SDR Workbook ~ 2021 IBC Version > All Other Structural Systems ~ (¢.g., shear walls, CBF, Dual Systems other than type D.1) T, =0.02h0" NOTE: Refer to ASCE 7-16 — §12.8.2.1 and equations (12.8-9) & (12.8-10) for an alternative method of caleulating 7, for structures with concrete or masonry shear wall structures < 120 feet in height. Actual vs. Design Seismic Forces The Risk-Targeted Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCEx) ground motion is the most severe earthquake effects considered by the JBC & ASCE 7-16. The basis for the mapped MCEg ground motions in ASCE 7-16 is significantly different from that of the mapped MCE ground motions in ASCE 7-05 and earlier editions of ASCE 7. The MCEx probabilistic ground motions are based on a uniform collapse risk (¢.g., 1% probability of collapse in 50 years), rather than a uniform hazard (¢.g., 2% probability of being exceeded in 50 years / 2475 year return interval). The assumption is that buildings designed in accordance with ASCE 7-16 have a collapse probability of not more than 10% (on average) if MCEk ground motions were ever to occur at the building site. In regions of high seismicity (e.g., many areas of California), the seismic hazard is typically controlled by large magnitude events occurring on a limited number of well-defined fault systems. For these regions, it is considered more appropriate to use deterministic MCE ground motions where a collapse probability of not more than 10% (on average) if MCEx ground motions were ever to occur at the b site still applies. The seismic provisions are intended to avoid collapse at the MCEx level earthquake ground motion. The MCEg level earthquake ground motion is scaled down to a design level earthquake ground motion by multiplying by 2/3 to be consistent with ASCE 7-05. ‘The product of (R/I.) Cs from the seismic base shear equation is essentially an elastic multimode spectral acceleration for the Design Basis Earthquake (DBE) ground motion. ‘The structure is expected to respond inelastically to the DBE ground motion. When a structure deforms inelastically (i.e., yields), itis expected that: 1. The structure’s period will increase (¢.g., Tettic ¥ 1 second —> Tinciasic ¥ 2 seconds), and 2. The damping ratio will increase (¢.g., Bosc ~ 5% > Prstasic * 10%). ‘An increase in structure period and damping typically results in an overall decrease in the base shear by ‘moving “down” the spectral acceleration curve due to an increase in period and “jumping” to a lower spectral curve due to an increase in the damping ratio (see Figure 1.11 on p. 1-14). The seismic forces (i.e., base shear) resulting from the “expected” (.e., actual) inelastic behavior of the structure can be much lower than the seismic forces that would occur if the structure was to remain elastic throughout its response to the DBE ground motion, Because of the structure’s inherent ductility (i.e., R), the elastic level seismic force is scaled down to a design base shear by dividing by the quotient of (R/.). Use of the seismic importance factor (Jz) as a ier in the denominator simply scales up the design base shear for more critical Risk Categories (e.g., II or IV), essentially decreasing the effective response modification coefficient and relying on less inelastic response when Je is greater than one. Lower inelastic response should result in less structural and nonstructural damage. 1-64 ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE