3.0.

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. Introduction

This chapter outlines the research methodology employed in the study, focusing on the research
paradigm, design, population, sample, sampling techniques, instruments, data collection
procedures, and data analysis methods. The chapter justifies the chosen research approaches and
demonstrates how they align with the study’s objectives, ensuring the validity and reliability of
the results. Ethical considerations and measures to protect participants are also discussed.

3.2 Methodology

According to Kandiki (2009) research methodology is a strategy or a plan of action that links the
methods top out comes and governs the choice and use of data collection methods. Kothari
(2004) asserts that it is systematically a way to solve research problem. Burn and Groove (1997)
also define methodology as a systematic process that describes relationships and examines
causes and effects among variables. Therefore a research methodology is an approach that helps
one to understand the process of carrying out research and the results clearly come out. In this
research the researcher will adopt a mixed approach which is quantitative and qualitative
approaches, to data collection and analysis.

3.3. Research Design

According to Mugenda and Mugenda (2003), a research design serves as a master plan of
methods and procedures that should be used to collect and analysed data needed by the decision
maker. Where as Bogdan and Biklen (2003) view research design as a means of gathering data
using a systematic manner. The function of a research design is to ensure that the evidence
obtained enables researchers to answer the initial question as unambiguously as possible. This
study will adopt a mixed approach (qualitative and quantitative approach) to data collection and
analysis. According to Kombo and Tromp, (2006), qualitative and quantitative research
approaches have often been used together in the same research project and in many cases.

The mixed approach will be used because it provides the researcher with fixed steps to follow.
Qualitative and quantitative research approaches are therefore appropriate because they will
enable the researcher to gather information on role of parental involvement in the
implementation of Education 5.0. As such, a mixed approach will be used in order to obtain
methodological triangulation so as to maximize the quality of the collected data (Kothari, 2004).

A study will be conducted on the role of parental involvement in the implementation of

Education 5.0. The study will take the following course; permission will be sought to hand out
questionnaires to the teachers and parents. The researcher will draw up a questionnaire for the
teachers and parents. The questionnaire will focus on the role of parental involvement in the
implementation of Education 5.0. Data will be collected using questionnaires. Data will then
analysed by use of qualitative and quantitative techniques. Chapter four will provide a detailed
report of the results obtained during data collection. Tables, pie charts and graphs will be used to
represent the data collected.

3.4 Population

Pilot and Hungler (2003) refers to population as the aggregate or totality of all objects subject or
members that conform to a set of specifications. Kasomo (2007) sees population as a group that
the researcher has in mind from whom to obtain information from. The target population in this
study will be teachers and parents. The parents and teachers were purposively chosen because
they are in a good position to give information on the role of parental involvement in the
implementation of Education 5.0. The total population will be five (5) teachers and five (5)
parents.

3.5. Sample

A sample, according to Cohen, Manion and Morrison (2011), is a small group of respondents
drawn from the population in which the researcher is interested in gaining information and
drawing conclusions. The sample will consist of five (5) teachers and five (5) parents. Gender
equality will be considered in the sampling process.

A sampling technique is a procedure a researcher uses to gather people, places or things to study
(Kombo and Tromp, 2006). To select teachers suitable for provision of relevant information,
purposeful sampling will be used. According to Johnson and Christensen (2012) purposeful
sampling attempts to select the respondents based on certain characteristics or criteria.
Purposeful sampling is a common type of population sampling which helps provide individuals
or respondents with rich and relevant information for the study (Gay, Mills and Airasian 2009).
Purposeful sampling will be used to obtain teachers for provision of detailed information on the
role of parental involvement in the implementation of Education 5.0.

To select five teachers, 10 pieces of papers written YES and NO will be put into a box and
thereafter teachers will be asked to pick one each. The five teachers who pick YES papers will be
the ones involved in the study. This technique will be applied to avoid biases and make it
possible to draw valid inferences and generalisation on the basis of careful observation of
variables.

3.7. Instruments

Taylor (2006) views research instruments as tools used to collect data needed. Therefore,
research instruments can be defined as simple tools for collecting data for analysis. Instruments
help the researcher to get kind of data or information from which the researcher can draw
conclusions. Cohen and Manion (2001) define research instruments as devices used to collect
data systematically. Therefore, in this research, the researcher will use observations and
interviews to collect data.

3.7. Research Instruments

Research instruments according to Cohen, Manion and Morrison (2011) are tools for collecting
data. Neuman (2006) further states that research instruments are instruments that are intended to
be used during data collection. The main tools for collecting data in this research will be
questionnaires. The study will use questionnaires to collect data in order to ensure the quality of
data.

3.7.1 Questionnaires

These are carefully designed written instruments for the collection of items to which respondents
are expected to react usually in writing. It is a research instrument that gathers data over a large
sample and saves time. It involves use of open ended and closed-ended questionnaires (Oso and
Onen, 2009). In open ended questionnaires the researcher will expect the respondents to explain
or give their own opinion. In a closed-ended questionnaire the respondents gave either ‘Yes’ or
‘No’ response. The purpose of the questionnaires will be to collect a lot of information over a
very short period of time. Each item in the questionnaire will be developed to address a specific
objective of the study (Mugenda and Mugenda, 2003).

3.7.1.1 Advantages of questionnaires

Questionnaires were incorporated into the study due to its advantages such as that; it gave the
respondents ample time to read and understand the questions before responding to the questions,
they also allow the researcher to reach out a large number of people through the use of social
media platforms like whatsapp. Mugenda and Mugenda, (2003) points out that questionnaires are
cost effective especially where data is collected from a number of people far apart
geographically. As a result, this helps to reduce bias as they were no verbal clues that influenced
the respondents’ responses. They further say that questionnaires do not consume a lot of time in
their administration and allows the respondents to have freedom to bring out their views and
feelings independently. They also offer confidentiality as the respondents only respond without
writing their names. Lastly the questions on the questionnaire are uniform therefore it enables
more comparative data than interview collected through interviews

3.7.1.2 Disadvantages of questionnaire

However, Mugenda and Mugenda, (2003) points out that questionnaires may not give the
researcher an opportunity to probe further as respondents would just write low response rates
which may lead to lower results. In some cases, vague responses are given that could not help the
researcher in data interpretation and analysis. Lastly Lavrakas (2008) points out that
questionnaires can only be used by the literate and cooperating.

3.8. Data Collection Procedures

The researcher will ensure that all the questionnaires are ready, legible, and sufficient for the
respondents. A work plan will also be prepared, giving a period for accomplishing various
phases of the research study. The questionnaire will be administered directly by the researcher to
five school teachers and five parent for the purpose of collecting data on the role of parental
involvement in the implementation of Education 5.0.
3.9. Data Presentation, Interpretation, and Analysis

Data analysis is a practice in which raw data is ordered and organized so that useful information
can be extracted from it. This involves editing or organizing, interpreting and presentation of
collected data. Analysis reduces the field of information to a usable size, (McMillan and
Schumacher (2010). Data analysis is a process that involves editing, classifying and tabulating
the collected data (Kothari 2004). Data collected will be edited, coded, summarized and analysed
using in conformity with objectives of the study.

Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, and percentage will be used in the analysis of the
demographic and characteristics of respondents. Collected data from the field will be recorded,
tabulated, computed and described according to objectives of the study, (Kothari 2004).
Quantitative data will be derived from questionnaires which was therefore, classified, tallied and
computed into percentages. Tables will be used to interpret, summarize, justify and conclude on
the study findings. The Microsoft excel computer programme will be applied to compute
percentages of quantifiable data so as to simplify data analysis process. Qualitative data analysis
will be made using content analysis technique by examining data collected from questionnaires.
The data collected from questionnaires will be summarized.

3.10. Summary

This chapter outlined the research methodology employed in the study, including the research
paradigm, design, population, sample, sampling techniques, instruments, data collection
procedures, and data analysis methods. Ethical considerations were also discussed to ensure that
the research will be conducted responsibly and respectfully. The next chapter will present the
findings of the study, analyzing the data collected through the outlined methods.
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