Cent. Eur. J. Eng.

• 3(4) • 2013 • 740-749

DOI: 10.2478/s13531-013-0128-3

Central European Journal of Engineering

Temperature modulation of the vibrational responses

of a flexible fluid-conveying pipe
Research Article

Adekunle O. Adelaja1∗

1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,

University of Lagos, 101017, Lagos, Nigeria

Received 25 June 2012; accepted 10 September 2013

Abstract: In this study, the nonlinear transverse vibration of a flexible pipe conveying hot, pressurized fluid is investigated.
The pipe which is subjected to a pinned-pinned end condition extends as a result of several operating variables
such as internal fluid temperature variation, pre-stress and internal pressurization. The equation of motion is
solved analytically by hybrid Fourier-Laplace transforms, and the effects of inlet temperature, temperature gra-
dient, and coefficient of area deformation are investigated on the natural frequencies and transverse dynamic
response of the pipeline. While the inlet temperature and temperature gradient are found to be inversely pro-
portional to the natural frequencies and amplitude of the dynamic response, increase in the coefficient of area
deformation has little effect on the natural frequencies for the particular case considered.
Keywords: temperature • area deformation • natural frequencies • dynamic response • fluid-conveying pipe
© Versita sp. z o.o.

1. Introduction vibration and stability of such pipes have been studied

while the problems of undamped pinned-pinned, clamped-
pinned and fixed end fluid-conveying pipe have also been
tackled numerically. Ibrahim [1], in fact, recently gave a
The subject of pipe vibration has attracted a lot of atten-
comprehensive review on the subject. Housner [2] stud-
tion from various researchers in recent times due to the
ied the problem of the Trans-Arabian pipeline and, de-
numerous applications of fluid-conveying pipe in the in-
rive the governing differential equation. In his study, he
dustry, particularly, in heat exchangers, refrigerators and
found that at sufficiently high flow velocities, the pipeline
air-conditioners, chemical plants, hydropower plants, re-
might buckle as a column subjected to axial compression.
actors and oil and gas installations. These pipes, however,
Recently, Paidoussis [3–5] considered the problem of a
oftentimes transport fluids, liquid or gas at elevated tem-
pinned free cylinder (elastomer cylinder) in water flow in
peratures above the ambient. Under use, the pipes are
cantilever in three parts, both theoretical and experimen-
subject to both internal and external temperature fluctua-
tal. Olunloyo et al. [6] investigated the dynamics of a
tions while repeated operational start-up and shutdown
vibrating offshore pipeline on a moving seabed. Thurnam
procedures trigger vibration of these pipes and propa-
and Mote Jr. [7] considered nonlinear analysis of a pipe
gate internal waves. Within this context, the transverse
conveying fluid with simply supported ends. Semler et
al. [8] derived the nonlinear equations of motion of both
∗
E-mail: [email protected]

740
Adelaja A. 0.

cantilever and fixed ends by both energy and Newtonian

mechanics methods. Comparing their work with earlier
works, the equation derived for pipes with both ends fixed
were considered the most complete and correct. Oz and
Boyaci [9] studied the transverse vibration of a highly ten-
sioned fluid conveying pipe with variable velocities while
Oz [10] investigated the nonlinear transverse vibration of a
Figure 1. Pipe resting on elastic foundation
highly tensioned pipe with vanishing flexural stiffness con-
veying fluids with harmonically variable velocities. Gor-
man et al. [11] derived the nonlinear equations for motion
of a flexible pipe conveying unsteady flowing fluid. Lee
beam on subsoil layer typical of a simplified contin-
and Chung [12] employed the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory
uum model of two-parameter Vlasov model [16, 17].
and the Langrange strain in their derivation. Kuiper and
Metrikine [13] considered the analytical proof of stabil- 2. a fully developed incompressible, viscous, Newto-
ity of a clamped-pinned pipe subject to linear Morisson nian, pressurised hot fluid is flowing through the
damping caused by the surrounding flow at a low fluid pipeline.
speed. These studies unfortunately did not take into con-
sideration temperature effects in the formulation of the 3. the elastically deforming pre-stressed pipeline is
governing equations. However, recently, Olunloyo et al. also subjected to non-linear infinitesimal strains.
[14, 15]formally derived the governing differential equa-
4. the temperature differential between the external
tions of motion of pipelines that reflect the effects of tem-
and internal walls of the pipeline results in thermal
perature in an attempt to investigate pipeline dynamics
strain with attendant cross sectional area change
when a fluid at an elevated temperature is transported.
along the pipeline.
An example is the transportation of oil and gas in deep
and ultra deep offshore environment. Lee and Chung [12] 5. a linear temperature profile is assumed between in-
employed the von Karman strain while Semler et al.. [8], let and outlet of pipeline.
Gorman et al. [11] and Olunloyo et al. [14, 15] used in-
finitesimal nonlinear strain in their derivations. This study In Figure 1, a pipe of length L rests on the elastic founda-
is fore aimed at investigating the effects of inlet temper- tion denoted by Γ2 and hot fluid flows in the pipe within
ature, temperature gradient and area deformation on the region Γ1 . With the assumptions listed above, the deriva-
transverse natural frequencies and dynamic response of a tion of Gorman et al. [11] is modified to accommodate
pipeline conveying fluid at elevated temperature. In order the effects of temperature and elastic foundation. For this
to demonstrate the effects of temperature on the vibra- case, the fluid and pipe elements are as illustrated in
tional responses, a linear temperature profile between the Figures 2a and 2b. Consequently, it can be shown from
inlet and outlet of the pipeline is assumed. The transverse Figure 2a that the balance of forces on the fluid element
equation is linearised to simplify the model and the lin- in the transverse and longitudinal directions yields the
earised equation is solved using hybrid Fourier - Laplace following forces on the fluid element
transform techniques to obtain the natural frequencies and
the dynamic responses. These simulated results are com-
pared with other studies. − ft δx cos θ − fn δx sin θ − (pA cos θ)0 δx − mf gδx sin φ
D 2 (x + u)
1.1. Model Formulation = mf δx (1)
Dt 2
The physical problem under investigation consists of a
pre-stressed pipe and pressurized hot fluid-conveying
pipeline that is resting on an elastic foundation. The fluid
flow geometry of the boundary value problem is presented fn δx cos θ − ft δx sin θ − (pA sin θ)0 δx − mf gδx cos φ
in Figure 1. The underlying theory employs the following D 2 (w + w0 )
= mf δx (2)
hypotheses namely [6, 14, 15] Dt 2

where fn and ft are normal and tangential forces re-

spectively, p is the internal fluid pressure, A the cross-
1. the pre-stressed pipeline is idealised as an elastic sectional area of the fluid, t time, w0 the distance between

741
 Temperature modulation of the vibrational responses of a flexible fluid-conveying pipe

Figure 2. a)Fluid element, b)Pipe element

the x co-ordinate and the datum line, g the acceleration where T , Q, C1 and mt are the resultant axial tension,
due to gravity and θ the angle between the pipe element shear force, the coefficient of structural damping and mass
position and the x-axis and mf the mass per unit length per unit length of the pipe element. Here, the strain com-
of the fluid. Furthermore, φ is the angle of orientation of prises three components, namely, a steady strain due to
D
the system, Dt is the material derivative and the prime, an external tension T0 , thermal component α EAt Θ due
0
() denotes a derivative with respect to x while u and w to pipe expansion and an oscillatory strain due to pipe
are the axial and transverse displacement of the system. vibration. In general, the resultant axial tension T , and
For a large deflection but small strain as in Semler et al. the axial strain ε, can also be expressed, respectively, as
[8] and Gorman et al. [11], forces on the pipe element as
shown in Figure 2b is
T = T0 + EAt ε − αEAt Θ; ε = u0 +
1 02
(w ) (5)
2
(T cos θ)0 δx − (Q sin θ)0 δx + ft δx cos θ + fn δx sin θ−
mt gδx sin φ − F2 (t)δx = mt δx ü (3)
where E is the Young’s modulus of elasticity of the pipe, α
the coefficient of thermal expansion, At the cross sectional
area of pipe and Θ the temperature of the pipe.

(T sin θ)0 δx + (Q cos θ)0 δx − fn δx cos θ + ft δx sin θ−

Following the foregoing assumptions and derivation, the
complete transverse equation is presented [14, 15] in eq.
C1 δx ẇ − F1 (t)δx − mt gδx cos φ = mt δx(ẅ + w0 ) (4) (6) as

742
Adelaja A. 0.

To further simplify eq. (9), the following terms are written

as

mẅ + C1 ẇ + 2mf U ẇ 0 + mf U̇w 0 + mf UU 0 w 0 −

(To − pA − mf U 2 − αEAt Θ)w 00 + (To − pA − EAt − αEAt Θ)

(w 00 u0 + w 0 u00 +
3 00 02
w w )+ −∆p
A = Ao (1 − γx/L) :, A0 = −Ao γ/L; p0 =
2 L
(p0 A + pA0 + αEAt Θ0 + αEAt0 Θ)(w 0 − w 0 u0 −
1 03
w ) (pA)0 = ((−
∆p
)A + pA0 ) =
2 L
− EAt0 (w 0 u0 +
1 03
w ) − mg + EIw IV − pAo γ ∆p γx
− − Ao (1 − ) (10)
2 L L L
EI 3u000 w 00 + 4u00 w 000 + 2u0 w IV + w 0 uIV + 2w 02 w IV +
8w 0 w 00 w 000 + 2w 003 + F1 (t) = 0 (6)


where Ao is the characteristic area such as the inlet area.
From eq. (10), the approximate average area can be cal-
where I is the moment of inertial of the pipe, U the velocity
of the fluid m = mt + mf , ( )0 ,..., ( )IV are the spatial
culated. It is assumed that during deformation, the pipe

derivatives of the first to fourth order while (· ) and (·· ) are

strains such that the cross sectional area of the cold end
is slightly smaller than at the entrance. In addition, it can
be estimated from the area deformation γ = A0A−A
the time derivatives of the first and second order. 1
0
where
A0 and A1 are the initial and final area before and after
After linearization, a simplified form of eq. (6) is presented
in eq. (7)
a uniform deformation. The final area can be expressed
as A1 = A0 (1 − γ). For this analysis, the average area is
used thus
mẅ + C1 ẇ + 2mf U ẇ 0 −
(To − pA − mf U 2 − αEAt Θ)w 00 + 1 γ
A= (A0 + A0 (1 − γ)) = A0 (1 − )
(p0 A + pA0 + αEAt Θ0 + αEAt0 Θ)w 0 −
(11)
2 2
mg + Elw IV + F1 (t) = 0 (7)
So, the average area, A ≈ A0 (1 − γ2 ) and the following
The forcing function F1 (t) is defined as [Ref 16, 17] dimensionless quantities are introduced into eq. (9)

F1 (t) = kb w − k1 w 00 (8)

where kb the soil modulus of deformation or modulus of x w u mf

x̄ = , w̄ = , ū = , δ1 =
subgrade reaction multiply by the displacement experi- L L L m
enced by the loaded area. k1 = HGs /3 the second foun- r
El t Θ
t̄ = , Θ̄ = = χo + χ1χ̄
dation parameter multiplied by the displacement experi- m L2 Θ0
r
mf A To L 2
enced by the loaded area, H the depth of foundation and
Gs the soil shear modulus. Ū = UL , Ā = 2 , βo = ,
El L El
The analysis of the transverse vibration problem is done
pAo L2 C1 L 2
in the next section using eq. (7) for demonstration. p̄Ā = , C̄1 = √ , Θ̄0 = χ1
El mEl
EAto L2 mgL3
εt = αΘ0 , β1 = , ḡ =
2. Analytical Example El El
kb L4 ¯ k1 L 2
k̄b = , k1 = , χ0 = 1
El El

mẅ + C1 ẇ + 2mf U ẇ 0 − where, mf is the mass per unit length of fluid, m the sum
(To − pA − mf U 2 − αEAt Θ)w 00 + of the pipe and fluid masses per unit length. Θ0 is the
inlet temperature and L length of the pipeline. The di-
(p0 A + pA0 + αEAt Θ0 + αEAt0 Θ)w 0 −
mensionless version of the governing differential equation
mg + EIw IV + kb w − k1 w 00 = 0 (9) for the transverse vibration is

743
 Temperature modulation of the vibrational responses of a flexible fluid-conveying pipe

This, on application to eq. (15) transforms it into

∂4 w̄  p γ γ
+ (2 δ1 + 1)Ū 2 − βo + p̄Āo (1 − ) + εt β1 (1 − )×
∂x̄ 4 2 2 IV
 p γ
 ∂2 w̄ ∂ w̄
2  Λ(x̄) H̃(s) + (2 δ1 + 1)Ū 2 − βo + p̄Āo (1 − )+
(χ0 + χ1 x̄) − k̄1 + 2 + C̄1 − γ
2
∂x̄ 2

∂t̄ 00
εi β1 (1 − )(χ0 + χ1 x̄) − k̄1 Λ (x̄)H̃(s)+
!!
∆p̄Āo (1 − γ2 ) + p̄Āo γ + εt β1 χ1 (1 − γ2 ) + εt β1 (χ0 + χ1 x̄)γ 2
×

Ū Λ(x̄)(s 2
H̃(s) − sH(0) − Ḣ(0)) + C̄1 −
!!
∂w̄
− ḡ + k¯b w̄ = 0 (12) ∆p̄Āo (1 − γ2 ) + p̄Āo γ + εt β1 χ1 (1 − γ2 ) + εt β1 (χ0 + χ1 x̄)γ
∂t̄ Ū
ḡ
Λ(x̄)(sH̃(s) − H(0)) − + k¯b Λx̄ H̃(s) = 0 (18)
s
Eq. (12) is subjected to the pinned-pinned end boundary
conditions namely:

Let H(0) = Ḣ(0) = 0 , eq. (18) can be written as

w̄(0, t̄) = w̄(1, t̄) = 0

w̄ 00 (0, t̄) = w̄ 00 (1, t̄) = 0 (13)  p γ
Λ(x̄)IV H̃(s) + (2 δ1 + 1)Ū 2 − βo + p̄Āo (1 − )+
2
Using separation of variables, the term w̄(x̄, t̄) is decom- γ 
εi β1 (1 − )(χ0 + χ1 x̄) − k̄1 Λ00 (x̄)H̃(s)+
posed into space and time as in [Ref. 15] as follows 2
γ 
εt β1 (1 − )χ1 x̄Λ00 (x̄)(H̃(s) + s2 Λ(x̄)H̃(s)) + C̄1 −
2
w̄(x̄, t̄) = Λ(x̄)H(t̄) !!
∆p̄Āo (1 − γ2 ) + p̄Āo γ + εt β1 χ1 (1 − γ2 ) + εt β1 (χ0 + χ1 x̄)γ
(14)

On substituting eq. (14) into eq. (12) gives Ū

ε1 β1 χ1 γx̄ ḡ
sΛ(x̄)H̃(s) − + k¯b Λ(x̄)H̃(s) = 0
(19)
Ū s
 p γ
Λ(x̄)IV H(t̄) + (2 δ1 + 1)Ū 2 − βo + p̄Āo (1 − )+
2 
γ 
00
On the introduction of finite Fourier sine transform namely
εi β1 (1 − )(χ0 + χ1 x̄) − k̄1 Λ (x̄)H(t̄)+Λ(x̄)Ḧ(t̄)+ C̄1 −
2 !! ∞
∆p̄Āo (1 − γ2 ) + p̄Āo γ + εt β1 χ1 (1 − γ2 ) + εt β1 (χ0 + χ1 x̄)γ
Z 1 X
¯=
[.] [.]sinnπx̄dx̄; [.] = 2 ¯
[.]sinnπx̄ (20)
Ū 0 n=1

Λ(x̄)Ḣ(t̄) − ḡ + k¯b Λ̄(x̄)H(t̄) = 0 (15)

Eq. (19) becomes

From the analysis of the deflection of a simply supported

beam subjected to uniform load, eq. (16) satisfies the

(1 + (−1)n+1 )H̃(s)+
space boundary conditions in eq. (14) as follows [15] 24
s2
n

5π5

Λ(x̄) = x̄ 4 − 2x̄ 3 + x̄
s Z3 5 5 (1 + (−1)n+1 ) + Z4 ( 5 5 (2 + 3(−1)n )+
(16) 24 24
n π n π
2 n
(1 + (−1) ))H̃(s)+
3. Analytic solution via Fourier -  n3 π 3
Laplace transforms methods 24
nπ
(1 + (−1)n+1 )) − Z1 3 3 (1 + (−1)n+1 )+
24
n π

ḡ
Z2 3 3 (1 + 2(−1) ) + k̄b 5 5 (1 + (−1)n+1 ) H̃(s) = 1F
n
24 24
To suppress the time dependency in eq. (15), Laplace
n π n π s
transform is introduced namely
(21)
Z ∞ Z η+i∞
(.)e−st̄ dt̄; (.) = ¯(.)est̄ ds
¯ = 1
(.) (17)
0 2πi η−i∞ where,

744
Adelaja A. 0.

√ γ
Z1 = (2 δ + 1)Ū 2 − βo + p̄Āo (1 − )+
2
γ
εt β1 (1 − )χ0 − k̄1
2
γ
Z2 = εt β1 (1 − )χ1
 2
Z3 = C̄1
!!
γ
∆p̄Āo (1 − 2
) + p̄Āo γ + εt β1 χ1 (1 − γ2 ) + εt β1 χ0 γ
Ū
εt β1 χ1 γ
Z4 = (22)
Ū Figure 3. Absolute values of the transverse natural frequencies ω¯n
profile for the case Ri = 0.41m, L = 2km, γ = 0.02, δ1 =
0.3721, Θ = 100◦ C , χ = −0.2
To make eq. (21) more concise, the following representa-
tions are used

Z3 524 5 (1+(−1)n+1 )+
n π
Z4 ( 524 5(2+3(−1)n ))+ 32 3 (1+(−1)n )
n π n π
η̄1 = (23a)
24
n5 π 5
(1 + (−1)n+1 )

 
24 n+1 )−Z 24 n+1 )+
nπ (1+(−1) 1 n3 π 3 (1+(−1)
Z2 324 3 (1+2(−1)n )+k̄3 524 5 (1+(−1)n+1 ))
n π n π
η̄2 = (23b)
24
n5 π 5
(1 + (−1)n+1 )

The Fourier-Laplace inversion of eq. (21) finally gives

ḡF̄ (¯(t))
w̄(x̄, t̄) = Λ(x̄) · 24
Figure 4.
(24)
n4 π 4 Absolute values of the transverse natural frequencies ω¯1
profile for the case Ri = 0.41m, L = 2km, γ = 0.02, n =
where 1, δ1 = 0.3721, χ = −0.2

F̄ (t̄) = (
1
+
1
(α¯1 e−α¯2 t̄ − α¯2 e−α¯1 t̄ )) (25a) 4. Natural frequencies
α¯1 α¯2 ᾱ1 α¯2 (ᾱ2 − α¯1 )
In this section, the results of the analytic solution of the
and simplified nonlinear governing equation of a pipe convey-
r ing hot fluid, eq. (9), are presented. Particularly, the
η̄1 η̄12
ᾱ1 = +i η̄2 −
effects of temperature and pipe area deformation on the
(25b)
2 4 natural frequencies and dynamic responses are empha-
sised. The parametric values used for the simulation are
r
η̄1 η̄12 presented in Table 4 and the results simulated in MAT-
ᾱ2 = −i η̄2 − (25c) LAB 2007b environment. Results are presented for a very
2 4
soft soil, for example, very soft clay.
By isolating the system’s characteristic equation viz s2 +
η̄1 s + η̄2 the dimensionless fundamental natural frequency
and its complimentary value, can be evaluated as in [Ref.
6, 14, 20] as Of fundamental interest are the vibration modes for the
r fluid carrying pipeline and their variation with fluid flow
q
η̄12
ω¯n = η̄2 − ; ω¯m ∗ = −η
velocity, temperature profile, temperature gradient and the
¯ 2 (26a,b)
2 area deformation. Two frequencies have been identified,

745
 Temperature modulation of the vibrational responses of a flexible fluid-conveying pipe

Table 1. Parametric Values Used For Simulation

S/N DESCTIPTION SYMBOL VALUES USED

1 Density of pipe material ρ 7850kg/m3
2 Pipeline fluid relative density ρf 0.977
3 Modulus of elasticity of pipe material E 200GN/m2
4 Acceleration due to free fall g 9.8m/s2
5 Soil modulus of deformation kb 0.1 N/m
6 The second parameter of two-parameter foundation k1 3.1x104 N
7 Length of the pipeline L 2km
8 External Diameter Do 0.902 m
9 Internal Diameter Di 0.82 m
10 Moment of inertia I 1.17x10−5 m4
11 Uni. fluid flow velocity through the pipe U 1-5 m/s
12 Inlet temperature Θ 50 - 235◦ C
13 Pressure p 0.013 MN/m2 , 1.49MN/m2
14 Differential pressure ∆p p/20
15 Tension T 31 kN, 2.1 GN
16 Damping force/ vel. in transverse direction C1 , 1, 5

Figure 5. Absolute values of the transverse natural frequencies ω¯1 Figure 6. Absolute values of the transverse natural frequencies ω̄
profile for the case Ri = 0.41m, L = 2km, γ = 0.02, δ1 = profile for the case Ri = 0.41m, L = 2km, n = 1, δ1 =
0.3721, Θ = 100◦ C 0.3721, Θ = 100◦ C , χ = −0.2

the natural frequency and its complimentary value, Fig- Ū1 < Ū2 < Ū3 < ... < Ūi . For critical velocities approx-
ures 3-10. The first five modes in each case have been imately zero, the complementary natural frequencies are
simulated in this study as shown in Figures 3 and 7. The unpredictable.
nature of the profiles show the presence of two zones that Oil wells can be categorized into low temperatures (<
have been reported [10, 12, 14, 15, 18–20]. For the case 149◦ C) and high temperature (> 149◦ C) wells. Oil and
considered in the study, parameter δ1 is kept constant. gas wells onshore North America and Gulf of Mexico are
The pipe of inner radius 0.41m and length 2000 m was operated at between 204.4 and 260◦ C. It is fore necessary
used for the analysis. In all the cases, the natural fre- to consider a wide range of operating temperatures during
quency profiles are ordered such that ω̄1 < ω̄2 < ω̄3 < this study. In lieu of this, the modulation of the fundamen-
... < ω̄i where ω̄i corresponds to the ith mode. The crit- tal natural frequencies and their complimentary values by
ical velocities except for Ū1 , corresponding to the modes inlet temperature and temperature gradient are captured
are so ordered i.e. Ū2 < Ū3 < ... < Ūi . For the com- in Figures 4, 5, 8 and 9. The natural frequencies are plot-
plementary natural frequency profiles, the critical veloc- ted against the flow velocity for varying inlet temperatures
ities corresponding to the modes are ordered such that and temperature gradients. These profiles show decrease

746
Adelaja A. 0.

Figure 7. Absolute values of the transverse natural frequencies ω¯1 ∗ Figure 9. Absolute values of the transverse natural frequencies ω¯1 ∗
profile for the case Ri = 0.41m, L = 2km, γ = 0.02, δ1 = profile for the case Ri = 0.41m, L = 2km, γ = 0.02, δ1 =
0.3721, Θ = 100◦ C , χ = −0.2 0.3721, Θ = 100◦ C

Figure 8. Absolute values of the transverse natural frequencies ω¯1 ∗ Figure 10. Absolute values of the transverse natural frequencies
profile for the case Ri = 0.41m, L = 2km, γ = 0.02, n =
ω¯¯1∗ profile for the case Ri = 0.41m, L = 2km, n = 1, δ1 =
1, δ2 = 0.3721, χ = −0.2
0.3721, Θ = 100◦ C , χ = −0.2

in natural frequencies as inlet or operating temperature increases.

and, or temperature gradient (which is a function of the
thermal conductivity of the pipe material or pipe insula-
tion) increase. The effect of the variation in temperature 5. Dynamic response
gradient is small compared with the case of the operating
temperature. These are in consonant with earlier results On the dynamic response, the computed time histories of
[21–23], which revealed that frequency of vibration is in- the displacement response are plotted in Figures 11 -
versely proportional to temperature whether of a turning 14. Figure 11 shows the dynamic response of the dis-
fork [21], a plate [22] or a rod [23]. Likewise, is a decrease placement when Ū = 0.01, Θ = 100◦ C , χ = −0.2 and,
in the critical flow velocity as inlet temperature and tem- γ = 0.02 Figure 12 shows the response when Ū = 0.01,
perature gradient increases. On area deformation, it has Θ = 100◦ C , χ = −0.9 and γ = 0.02 while Figure 13 re-
been shown in Figures 6 and 10 that increase in area veals the response when Ū = 0.01, Θ = 250◦ C , χ = −0.9
deformation between 0.001 and 0.3 results in increase in and γ = 0.02. On the other hand Figure 14 presents
natural frequency, though; the effect is very small for the the response for the case of Ū = 0.01, Θ = 100◦ C and
first natural frequencies. For the complementary natural χ = −0.2 when γ = 0.3. Generally, the magnitude of
frequencies, the effect is significant when γ = 0.3 as the the transverse response decreases with time. The effects
critical velocity is substantially higher. This has been of inlet temperature, temperature gradient and area de-
shown for test specimen in plasticity [23]. In addition, the formation are observed to be inversely proportional to
natural frequencies decrease for all γ as the flow velocity the dynamic response of the displacement. As the in-

747
 Temperature modulation of the vibrational responses of a flexible fluid-conveying pipe

Figure 11. Dynamic response of the transverse displacement w̄

profile for the case Ri = 0.41m, γ = 0.02, n = 1, δ1 =
0.3721, Ū = 0.01, Θ = 100◦ C , χ1 = −0.2 Figure 14. Dynamic response of the transverse displacement w̄1
profile for the case Ri = 0.41m, γ = 0.03, n = 1, δ1 =
0.3721, Ū = 0.01, Θ = 100◦ C , χ1 = −0.2

inlet temperature and area deformation. However, a closer

examination of Figures 11 - 14, for example, shows that
the motion of the pipe within the context of time is sim-
ilar to that described by Housner [2]. He observed on
the Trans Arabian pipeline that over some specific period
of operations, the frequency increases and amplitude de-
creases so that halfway the pipe comes to complete rest
and the vibration then repeats itself. The higher the in-
let temperature, temperature gradient or area deformation
Figure 12. Dynamic response of the transverse displacement w̄ the faster the response dampens out and reaches steady
profile for the case Ri = 0.41m, γ = 0.02, n = 1, δ1 = state. This may be attributed to the increase in viscosity
0.3721, Ū = 0.01, Θ = 100◦ C , χ1 = −0.9
that results as the operating temperature or the difference
between the fluid temperatures and the ambient widens .

let temperature decreases, the transverse displacement

increases. However, the magnitude of decrease is more
intense with temperature gradient (Figures 11 and 12).
6. Summary and conclusion
Similarly, Figures 11, 13 and 14 show that the amplitude
In this paper, the problem of conveyance of hot fluid
of the transverse displacement decreases with increase in
through pipe is examined. In particular, the natural fre-
quencies and dynamic response have been investigated
in relation to the modulating effects of inlet temperature,
temperature gradient and coefficient of area deformation.
It was observed that the natural frequencies were inversely
proportional to the inlet temperature and temperature gra-
dient. There is little effect of area deformation on the fre-
quencies as the flow velocity increases. On the dynamics
response, the higher the inlet temperature, temperature
gradient and area deformation, the faster the responses
reach steady state.

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Figure 13. Dynamic response of the transverse displacement w̄
profile for the case Ri = 0.41m, γ = 0.02, n = 1, δ1 =
0.3721, Ū = 0.01, Θ = 250◦ C , χ1 = −0.2
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