Assignment 2
Applied Linear Algebra (MAT161)
Max Marks = 100
Deadline: 27-07-2025 (11:55 PM)
Submission Details: Write all the answers on paper and then convert it to a digital word/ pdf
file. For each question provide detailed steps and also mention the section in the book on which
the answer is based upon. Finally, you should name the file as follows
<First_Name><Student_id>”. For example, if your name is “Sumit Shekhar” and student id is
“241000189” your filename should be “Sumit_241000189”.
1. Solve the system of linear equations by each of the methods listed below (10 marks).
(i) Gaussian elimination with back-substitution
(ii) Cramer’s Rule
[a.]
3x1 + 3x2 + 5x3 = 1
3x1 + 5x2 + 9x3 = 2
5x1 + 9x2 + 17x3 = 4
[b.]
x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 4
−3x1 + x2 -2x3 = 1
2x1 + 3x2 -3 = 9
2. The table shows the estimated revenues (in millions of INR) of a software organization in
India from 2021 through 2023.
Year Revenue
2021 156.8
2022 161.7
2023 177.2
2
(a) Create a system of linear equations for the data to fit the curve 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑐 where
𝑦 = 1 corresponds to 2021, and 𝑦 is the revenue. (5 marks)
(b) Use Cramer’s Rule to solve the system.
3. Let A and B be square matrices of order 4 such that |𝐴| = 4 and |𝐵| = 2. Find (a) |𝐵𝐴|, (b)
2 ⊤ −1
|𝐵 |, (c) 2𝐴, (d) (𝐴𝐵) |, and (e) |𝐵 | (5 marks)
4. Compare the various methods for calculating the determinant of a matrix. Which method
requires the least amount of computation? Which method do you prefer when the matrix has
very few zeros? (2 marks)
5. Find the values of resultant vector for [i] and [ii] where, u = (1, 2, -3, 1), v = (0, 2, -1, -2) , and
w = (2, -2, 1, 3) (3 marks)
[i] 4v + ½ u - w
[ii] ½ (4v - 3u + w)
6. Find w such that 2u + v - 3w = 0 where, (5 marks)
[i] u = (0, 2, 7, 5), v = (−3, 1, 4, −8)
[ii] u = (−6, 0, 2, 0), v = (5, −3, 0, 1)
7. Write each vector [i to iii] as a linear combination of the vectors in S (if possible), where S =
{(2, -1, 3), (5, 0, 4)}: [i] u = (-1, -2, 2) [ii] v = (1, -8, 12) [iii] w = (1, 1, -1) (5 marks)
3
8. Prove that the set of vectors is linearly independent and spans 𝑅 . (5 marks)
B = {(1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0)}
B = {(1, 2, 3), (3, 2, 1), (0, 0, 1)}
3
9. Determine whether S is a basis for 𝑅 . (5 marks)
⇒ S = {(4, 3, 2), (0, 3, 2), (0, 0, 2)}
⇒ S = {(1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1)}
10. Find the nullspace of the matrix. (5 marks)
1 3 -2 4
0 1 -1 2
-2 -6 4 -8
4
11. Find a basis for the subspace of 𝑅 spanned by S. (5 marks)
⇒ S = { (2, 9, −2, 5, 3), (−3, 2, 3, −2), (8, −3, −8, 17), (0, −3, 0, 15) }
12. Find coordinates of vector x relative to the basis B (3 marks)
⇒ B = {(-5, 6), (3, -2)} and x = (-17, 22)
⇒ B = {(8, 11, 0), (7, 0, 10), (1, 4, 6)} and x = (3, 19, 2)
13. Determine whether vectors u and v are orthogonal, parallel, or neither (2 marks).
⇒ u = (0, 1, 0), v = (1, −2, 0)
⇒ u = (0, 3, −4), v = (1, −8, −6)
14. Verify the triangle inequality for the vectors u and v (4 marks)
⇒ u = (1, 1, 1), v = (0, 1, −2)
⇒ u = (1, −1, 0), v = (0, 1, 2)
2
15. Show that the function defines an inner product on 𝑅 , where u = (u1, u2) and v = (v1, v2)
where, (7 marks)
⇒ < 𝑢, 𝑣 > = 3𝑢1 + 𝑢2 𝑣2
⇒ < 𝑢, 𝑣 > = 𝑢1𝑣1 + 9𝑢2 𝑣2
16. (a) Find 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑣𝑢 and 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑢𝑣 (b) Sketch a graph for both the projections. Use the Euclidean
dot product for the following vectors (3 marks)
⇒ u = (−3, -1), v = (6, 3)
17. Determine whether the set of vectors are (a) orthogonal and (b) orthonormal (5 marks)
⇒ {(2, - 4), (2, 1)}
⇒ {(4,−1, 1), (−1, 0, 4), (-4,−17, -1)}
18. Apply Gram-Schmidt orthonormalization process to transform the given basis for a subspace
into orthonormal basis: (6 marks)
⇒ {(1, 3, 0), (3, 0, -3)}
19. Verify that λ𝑖 is an eigenvalue of 𝐴 and that 𝑥𝑖 is a corresponding eigenvector (3 marks)
𝐴=
1 4
-2 -8
λ1 = 2, 𝑥1 = (1, 0) | λ2 =− 2, 𝑥2 = (0, 1)
𝐴=
4 -5
2 -3
λ1 =− 1, 𝑥1 = (1, 1) | λ2 = 2, 𝑥2 = (5, 2)
20. An n × n matrix A has the characteristic equation (2 marks)
2
|λ𝐼 − 𝐴| = (λ + 2)(λ − 1)(λ − 3) = 0.
(a) What are the eigenvalues of A?
(b) What is the order of A? Explain.
21. Find the eigenvalues of the triangular matrix. (5 marks)
-5 0 0
3 7 0
4 -2 3
22. Find the eigenvalues of the symmetric matrix. (5 marks)
0 4 4
4 2 0
4 0 -2
