cafs syllabus p24

Research Methodology
Syllabus Notes

Research methodology the purpose of research, eg advance knowledge, increase understanding, educate others, inform practice
research fundamentals Advance knowledge: research advances knowledge by systematically gathering and analysing information, leading to new insights,
●​ the purpose of solutions to problems, and a deeper understanding of specific topics
research, eg advance Increase understanding: research increases understanding by exploring and uncovering new information and clarifying complex ideas
knowledge, increase Educate others: research educates others by sharing new findings and insights, helping people learn and apply knowledge in arious fields
understanding, Inform practice: research informs practice by proiding evidence based insights that guide decision making and improve methods in real
educate others, inform world applications
practice
●​ the focus of research, the focus of research, eg question/ hypothesis
eg question/ question: a research question asks whether a relationship exists between variables in a particular population
hypothesis Hypothesis: predicts that a relationship among or between at least two variables in a given population exists
●​ sampling
-​ Methods sampling
-​ sample group The process of choosing a small sample of people to conduct research on, to extend those findings to the entire group
-​ sample size Methods
●​ types of data -​ Random sample: a random sample involves selecting people so that everyone has an equal chance of being selected e.g lotto,
-​ primary and draw
secondary -​ Systematic random sample: choosing one number at random and proceeding with the number after that e.g choosing number 2
-​ qualitative and and going with every third option
quantitative -​ Stratified random sample: the population is divided into strata (layers) groups and then a random selection occurs within each
●​ sources of data strata
-​ individuals and -​ Cluster sample: dividing the population into clusters and random selection is made within the clusters e.g choosing 5 people from
groups each cluster
-​ print and digital -​ Convenience sample: when a researcher selects people because they are easily located
●​ reliability and validity sample group
●​ ethical behaviour Deciding where a sample group is to be chosen from e.g neighbourhood, organisation
-​ respect sample size
-​ integrity The number of participants included in the research study
-​ privacy
-​ bias types of data
Primary data: Data that are collected first hand by the researcher
Secondary data: data that have been gathered and recorded by someone else
Qualitative data: research that collects facts and information regarding people's beliefs, attitudes, feelings, and opinions
Quantitative data: collects facts in the form of numerical data, which can then be analysed using counting, measuring and graphing

sources of data
Individuals: patients, students, employees
-​ Advantages: feedback, rich detailed information, access to unique experience
-​ Limitations: time consuming, bias
Groups: professiona;;/community organisations, religious groups, sport groups.
-​ Advantages: dierse perspective within the group
-​ Limitations: group thinkers (influenced by other group members answers an perspectives)
Print: books, newspaper, documents, magazines
-​ Advantaged: credible data, historical data access, variety of perspective
-​ Limitations: difficult to access, information outdated, labour intensive
Digital: online articles, social media, podcasts
-​ Advantages: easily accessible, broader information reach, real time analysis
-​ Limitations: qua;ity, credibility, information overload, bias potential

reliability and validity

Reliability: refers to consistency of measurement
Validity: refers to measurement that accurately reflects what it was intended to measure

ethical behaviour
Respect: as voluntary participants in research, individuals have rights that must be respected.
-​ Keeping names confidential
-​ Be aware of wellbeing of participants
-​ Make sure to have consent from participants
Integrity: honest research, being truthful and being accountable for undertaking research without changing answers
-​ Dont tamper with results to get the answer you want
Privacy: keeping people's information/ not letting others have access to that information
-​ Removing names from research
Bias: favouring one side over another
-​ Recording data that supports your hypothesis rather than being objective
 -​ Choosing sampling methods that does not reflect age, gender or culture of population

Research methods questionnaires

●​ questionnaires A set of formally prepared questions that seek information on a person's knowledge, beliefs, feelings, opinion, likes or dislikes. (open
●​ interviews ended questions)
●​ case studies interviews
●​ observations A conversation between two or more people in which the interview has been planned with a set of predetermined questions developed by
●​ literature reviews the researcher
case studies
A deep analysis of a situation
observations
A process of watching and recording the behaviours of participants. Researcher may be a participant or non-participant in the research
activity
literature reviews
A logical and methodical way of organising the already existing body of knowledge about a topic

Research process
●​ Planning for research
-​ Formulating a
research proposal
-​ Managing resources
e.g time, materials
●​ Conducting research
-​ accessing sources of
data
-​ collecting and
recording data
-​ documenting actions
and issues
●​ Interpreting research
-​ presenting research
findings
-​ analysing research
results
 -​ drawing conclusions
from research

Groups in context
Syllabus Notes

Specific groups within the Youth

community Definition: youth are between 15-24 years of age. These individuals are studying, training and planning for the future. Often perceived as
Youth fun-loving, egocentric, may also be bored, stressed about school and relationships or confused/ figuring out themselves.
●​ Prevalence of each Prevalence of each group within the community:
group within the -​ From 1971 to 2020, the population has grown, however the youth proportion in Australia has been steadily decreasing (from 17%
community to 12%). This is due to low fertility and increased life expectancy
●​ Individual diversity -​ In 2020 young people make up 12% of the whole population
within each group -​ The majority of young people lived with their parents as either a dependant student (46%) or a non dependant child (29%)
●​ Terminology used by -​ In may 2020 9 in 10 young people were engaged in education and/or employment (88%) which has decreased by 4% since 2019
the community to -​ Of every 100 young australians, atleast one is homeless
describe the group -​ NSW (31%)
●​ Issues for concern for -​ VCT (27%)
the youth within the -​ QLD (21%)
community: -​ WA (10%)
satisfaction of needs -​ SA (6.8%)
-​ Adequate standard of -​ NT (1.0%)
living needs -​ Aboriginal and torres strait islander (5.1%)
-​ Health -​ Born overseas (25%)
-​ Education -​ Disability (9.3%)
-​ Employment Individual diversity within each group (how individuals vary in the group)
-​ Safety and security -​ Living environments and conditions
-​ Sense of identity -​ Levels of education
●​ Access to services -​ Mental health issues
-​ Types of services e.g -​ cultures/ backgrounds (ethnicity)
financial, transport, -​ Disability
accomodation and -​ Religious beliefs
 housing, healthcare, -​ Socio economic status
counselling, education, -​ health
employment, legal aid Terminology used by the community to describe the group
●​ Factors affecting -​ innocent/ naive
access to services -​ Joyful
●​ characteristics of -​ Rebels
individuals within the -​ Emerging adults
group, eg age, gender, -​ Juvenile
level of education, -​ Immature
culture, type of -​ Happy
disability, first -​ Carefree
language spoken, Issues of concern for the youth within the community: satisfaction of needs
socioeconomic status Adequate standard of living:
●​ resources, eg time, -​ High dependence on parents providing them with basic adequate standard of living needs e.g, food to meet dietary requirements,
money, energy, clothing and housing, once youth grow independent and begin relying on themselves, they may be uneducated regarding how to
knowledge fulfill all of their own needs
●​ aspects of the service, Health:
eg opening hours, -​ Young people need to become more educated about their medical wellbeing and how to access medical care, as during this time,
confidentiality, location, due to being risk takers and succumbing to peer pressure, youth groups are more prone to being injured from sports, partacking in
staffing drug and alchol use or unsafe sex practices.
Education:
-​ Education for youth is critically important as it prepares them for employment and contributes to a persons self esteem and sense
of identity
-​ However due to factors such as covid which resulted in people being pulled away from their education, as well as feelings of
negativity towards school due to having problems performing, leading to people doubting their abilities and not getting a proper
education
Employment:
-​ Stable work can give the youth the opportunity to build a good, independent life for themselves.
-​ However due to young people today facing harcher job scenarios due to changing workforces (e.g ai and technology taking over
old jobs filled by youth), youth unemployment is increasing→ as well as being occupied by school
Safety and security:
-​ Young people who attend parties at which alcohol and drugs are consumed may be more likely to experience violence → can
contribute to high risk behaviours
-​ Financial security is a concern s unemployment rates are higher and some experience problems regarding budgeting
Sense of identity:
-​ When a young person grows independent, they may need to reshape their identity because of the lifestyle change as well as
breaking free from those lifestyle structures that previously restricted them from exploring their true identity
-​ Social media, peers etc are most likely to impact sense of identity for youth

Justify TWO most significant needs for youth and discuss the implications if these are not met

education -​ Prepares the youth for employment -​ Having issues in performing

as it teaches them the necessary properly at school can negatively
skills for their future life path impact one's self esteem→ causing
-​ Can contribute to an individual's self them to doubt their abilities
esteem and growing sense of
identity through exploring one's
interests and academic abilities

Adequate standard of living needs -​ Through achieving adequate -​ If this need is not met due to
standard of living needs in youth, it parents unable to provide their
provides that individual the youth or youth unable to meet it as
resources necessary to achieve a result of growing independent and
other needs and life goals not being educated on how to fulfill
successfully. their own needs→ this can cause a
lot of difficulty in being able to
achieve other needs→ as well as
negatively impacting ense of
identity, as it does not have a stable
environment to regrow.

Access to services
There are 8 types of services which all groups in the community require access to (CHAT FEEL) → like all people, young people need
access to services to ensure their needs are met and their overall wellbeing is supported
Financial support
Centrelink- youth allowance:
-​ Centerlink is a Government run service that provides financial support to those in need. One financial service that they provide for
youth is known as “Youth Allowance”. Youth allowance is a fortnightly payment provided to young people who are partaking in
 study and or an apprenticeship. It ranges between $300-$570 per fortnight (depending on income and sometimes parents
earnings). This payment helps youth meet many of their needs including education and adequate standard of living.
-​ Many young people may not be able to afford to engage in tertiary education due to the financial cost. They may be more inclined
to start lower paying full time work to assist with meeting their more immediate needs. Youth allowance will ease financial stress
experienced by many youth students, therefore enabling them to engage in further education.
-​ Any financial support payment is going to assist people in meeting essential needs such as clothing, housing and food. By
accessing this payment, youth are able to better meet the above needs.
Transport
Concession cards- transport NSW
-​ Offers concession cards that provide discournted travel affairs for youth
-​ Eligible for full time students (above 16), trainees, apprentices and centrelink customers
-​ By reducing transportation costs, it makes transportation more affordable for young people to commute to essential services
(educational institutions, workplaces and social activities)
Accommodation and housing
Salvation army- oasis
-​ Offers support to young people who are homeless or at risk of homelessness
-​ Provides youth in these regions, services provided at no risk to the youth
-​ By offering housing support, oasis helps youth achieve stability and independence, addressing immediate needs and therefore
promoting longterm wellbeing
Father chris rileys youth off the streets
-​ A non denominational organisation founded by chris riley operating in sydney
-​ The organisation assists homeless and disadvantaged youth by offering housing and rehabilitation, programs generally free for
participants
-​ By providing housing, it provides youth with basic adequate standard of living needs, creating environments to foster personal
growth and be apart of a community
healthcare
Medicare card (over 15)
-​ Medicare is a public health insurance system accessible to youth
-​ Individuals 15 and over can apply for their own medicare card, granting them access to a range of medical services at a low cost
-​ Having personal medicare card enables youth to independently access healthcare services, promoting their physical health and
encouraging responsibility for their wellbeing
Headspace
-​ A national youth mental health foundation
-​ Offers mental health services to young people aged 12-25 at low costs
 -​ By providing accessible mental health support, headspace ensourages individuals to address psychological wellbeing, helping the
youth manage issues like anxiety, depression and stress
councelling
Kids helpline
-​ A 24/7 telephone and online councelling service
-​ It is a service free of charge to individuals aged 5-25
-​ Offers confidential counselling, kids helpline provides immediate support for emotional and mental health concerns. Ensuring
youth have someone to talk to during difficult times
education
Vocational pathways
-​ Vocational and educational/training programs offered through government institutions
-​ Available to young people seeking practical skills and qualifications
-​ By providing practical skills and qualifications, vocational pathways enhance employment opportunities, supporting youth
economic independence and career development
MTC
-​ A not for profit organisation providing education institutions for youth
-​ Offers employment, training and youth programs to diverse communities
-​ Through education and employment services MTC assists youth in gaining skills and securing jobs, promoting financial stability
when gaining independence from the world and establishing personal growth
employment
Youth connect
-​ An NSW network of employment services
-​ Assists job seekers, including youth through various programs, at no cost
-​ By facilitating the transition from school to work, youth connect helps youth develop career pathways, enhancing their future
prospects and wellbeing
CoAct
-​ National network of employment services
-​ Assists job seekers, including youth through various programs, at no cost
-​ By connecting young people with employmet opportunities and support services, promoting economic sufficiency and self
sufficiency for young individuals
Legal aid
Shopfront youth legal centre
-​ Free legal service for homeless and disadvantaged youth offering assistance at no cost
-​ By providing free legal advice and representation in court, it assists youth to navigate legal challenges, thereby promoting their
 rights and wellbeing.

Factors affecting access to services - characteristics

How these characteristics of individuals within youth groups affect their access to services
Age
-​ As youth age, they begin to gain access to specific services like job training, educational programs and legal rights. Therefore
opening them up to new opportunities
-​ Youth will face barriers and imposing restrictions due to age limits for certain benefits and services i.e mental health/ medical
services, job opportunities
Gender
-​ Specific gender ensures availability to tailored programs that address their specific needs, such as womens health services or
initatives in promiting gender equality
-​ Barriers can be created due to gender based discrimination or sterertypes limiting opportunities, resources and support for certain
genders
Level of education
-​ Higher levels of education empower youth with the knowledge, skills and confidence by accessing anf utilising services; improving
their overall wellbeing to those who are provided with the access to and are willing to be educated
-​ Brain barriers, like stigma around education, overload of information and youth who live in families affected by low socioeconomic
status and cannot affod to provide education may limit youth from access to services and decrease the knowledge offered by
educational institutions
Culture
-​ Culture enhances youth access to services by fostering community support, trust, traditional knowledge, mentorship and
representation
-​ Ones cultural heritage may limit youth access to services as a result of racial stigma, language barriers, discrimination, as well as
cultural beliefs being a restriction
Type of disability
-​ Youth with diagnosed disabilities may receive priority access to support services like NDIS, improving their quality of care
-​ Youth with mobility impairments may struggle to access public transport, making it harder to attend health or educational services
First language spoken
-​ A shared first language may open opportunities to commune with wider communities who share/experience the same interests
and culture. As well as providing communication and access to exclusive services
-​ Language barriers can cause miscommunication, exclusion from certain groups/communities, limit opportunities (i.e workforce),
and reduces access to essential services
Socio-economic status
 -​ Youth from low socioeconomic status background may qualify for government funded programs (e.g) centrelink, increasing their
access to essential services which those of high socio economic status have easy access to.
-​ Low socioeconomic youth may struggle to afford healthcare or education services, limiting their opportunities

Factors affecting access to services - resources

Resources that are necessary to support youth access to the service
Time
-​ Time is how we use it that makes it valuable or an underutilised resource
-​ Many youth waste time participating in coial media, sleeping excessively, and losing time spent on working
-​ However, those youth who are totally engrossed in their study do not take time to explore the many services available to them to
use in order to gain social mobility
Money
-​ If activities are expensive, it will limit the participation of many young people → e.g for youth who have the luxuries of living at
home and a well paying job, access to services is less restricted
-​ Meanwhile a lack of money may limit their opportunities and abilities to get to service facilities. Also due to prioritising other
important needs with money→ for instance, spending money on food andhousing before leisure orr education
Energy
-​ Young people have a lot of energy, therefore the need to find companions to accompany them to leisure activities may limit the
opportunities available to them if unsuccessful
-​ This may impact their sense of identity as they are not able to explore their own interests, therefore leading to a loss in desire to
access the services and lower levels of motivation which may result in decreased energy levels
Knowledge
-​ Youth who are unaware of facilities are unable to use those services
-​ Knowledge is closely linked to education, so some youth may lack knowledge and not fully understand the services around them
and so fail to even apply for it.
-​ Therefore youth centres play a major role in advising and educating youth of the services available
Factors affecting access to services - aspects of the service
Aspects of a service that might enhance or inhibit a specific groups accessing to resources in a community
Location
What is it:
-​ where the service is located. Its position will impact accessibility and frequency of visits→ as a location may make it practical or
impossible for groups to access based on where it is places
How does it impact youth availability:
-​ services located in urban areas are easier to access, meanwhile services in remote locations may be harder for youth to reach.
 Distance may also be a factor as a result of this, decreasing youth from reaching out to seek help
Opening hours
What is it:
-​ some services are available 24 hours whilst some are only open during the day
How does it impact youth availability:
-​ services with flexible hours ensure youth can access help outside of school or work hours, especially in times of need
Confidentiality
What is it:
-​ refers to protecting all information about individuals
How does it impact youth availability:
-​ young people need to feel safe that their information wont be shared. This allows youth to speak out and get help without the fear
of judgment
staffing
What is it:
-​ refers to who is working at the service → as staff vary in characteristics and qualifications
How does it impact youth availability:
-​ Youth services should have approachable, empathetic staff who we trained to work with younger individuals to make them feel
comfortable seeking help.
-​ For instance, some individuals may feel ensouraged by staff to return to services, whilst others might have negative experiences
and cease accessing that service as well as discouraging them fron accessing other support services

Specific groups within the Rural and remote families

community Definition: the term rural and remote is used to describe akk areas outside of australias major cities and the individuals who live in it
Rural and remote families
●​ Prevalence of each Prevalence of each group within the community
group within the Around 28% of the Australian population live in rural and remote areas ( 7 million out of 26 million).
community The majority of australians live in major cities compared with rural and remote areas, with the proportion of autsralians by area of
●​ Individual diversity remoteness being:
within each group -​ 72% in major cities (sydney, wollongong, newcastle)
●​ Terminology used by -​ 18% in inner regional areas (nowra)
the community to -​ 8.2% in outer regional areas (leeton)
describe the group -​ 1.2% in remote areas (cobar)
●​ Issues for concern for -​ 0.8% in very remote areas (bourke)
the youth within the
 community: Individual diversity within each group
satisfaction of needs Ways individuals vary within the group:
-​ Adequate standard of Age:
living needs -​ people living in rural areas are older than those in major cities
-​ Health Education:
-​ Education -​ people living in rural and remote areas were less likely than those in major cities to have completed year 12 → as they are more
-​ Employment focused and more likely to be educated in other areas e.g general labour, agriculture (not necessarily formal education)
-​ Safety and security Employment:
-​ Sense of identity -​ People aged 15 and over in major cities are more likely to be employed than people in remote areas. → due to fewer
●​ Access to services opportunities and access to work, as they are more likely to be in agricultural work
-​ Types of services e.g Health:
financial, transport, -​ People living in rural areas are more at risk of physical injuries due to their jobs doing labour and working with heavy machines
accomodation and doing agriculture, compared to those in major cities.
housing, healthcare, Violence:
counselling, education, -​ women are more likely to have experienced partner violence in rural areas. While men in major cities are more likely to experience
employment, legal aid partner violence
●​ Factors affecting Death:
access to services -​ People living in rural areas are more likely to die at a younger age than those in major cities. As well as having a lower life
●​ characteristics of expectancy
individuals within the Access to healthcare:
group, eg age, gender, -​ The more remote, the harder it is to access good healthcare services. Leading to needing to travel longer distances for those in
level of education, need of healthcare
culture, type of Culture:
disability, first -​ The aboriginal and Torres strait islander population increases more in remote areas.
language spoken,
socioeconomic status Terminology used by the community to describe the group
●​ resources, eg time, Positive and negative stereotypes created in regards to those living in rural and remote areas and the impact it has on them
money, energy,
knowledge
positive negative
●​ aspects of the service,
eg opening hours, -​ Strong sense of community: People in rural areas are often -​ Lack of education and opportunity: Rural Australians are
confidentiality, location, perceived as friendly, close-knit, and supportive of one sometimes seen as less educated or having fewer career
staffing another. prospects.
 -​ Hardworking and resilient: Rural Australians are seen as -​ Resistance to change: They may be perceived as
tough, independent, and able to handle adversity, conservative or reluctant to adopt modern ideas and
especially in farming and resource industries. technologies.
-​ Healthy outdoor lifestyle: Life in the country is associated -​ Isolation and disadvantage: There is a stereotype that rural
with fresh air, open spaces, and a more active lifestyle. life is lonely, with limited healthcare, education, and job
-​ Self-sufficiency: Individuals in remote areas are viewed as opportunities.
resourceful and able to fix or create solutions with limited -​ Uncultured or unsophisticated: Some view rural individuals
resources. as being out of touch with city lifestyles and lacking
refinement.
Impact:
-​ Can foster pride and a strong rural identity. impact:
-​ Encourages resilience and community support networks. -​ Can discourage investment in rural education and job
-​ May lead to expectations that rural individuals should opportunities.
always be self-reliant, discouraging them from seeking -​ May contribute to lower self-esteem or frustration among
help when needed. rural individuals.
-​ Can lead to misconceptions that rural communities do not
need as much government support.
-​ May deter young people from staying in or returning to
rural areas due to perceived limitations.

Issues for concern for the youth within the community: satisfaction of needs
Education:
-​ In 2022 people aged 20-64 living in rural and remote areas were less likely than those in major cities to have completed year 12 or
a non-school qualification
Adequate standard of living:
-​ The greater remoteness the greater the social disadvantage (e.g and limited access to public transport and other facilities)
-​ Rural and remote communities in australia generally exhibit lower socioeconomic status compared to cities due to higher costs of
goods and services
Health:
-​ People in rural and remote areas often have lower life expectancy, more long term health conditions, injuries, occupational
accidents and injury as a result of poorer access to care compared to people in major cities.
-​ Risk of suicide, self harm, smoking and excessive alcohol is also higher in rural and remote areas due to less societal prejudices
 and lack of education.
Employment:
-​ Rural and remote areas have fewer job opportunities, leading to higher youth unemployment and reliance on seasonal or lower
paying jobs
-​ Many young people migrate to cities for work which contributes to the population decline in rural areas
Sense of identity:
-​ Limited social opportunities, cultural activities, and exposure to diverse perspectives can impact young people's sense of
belonging
-​ Many feel isolated or disconnected from mainstream australian culture, affecting self esteem and aspirations
Safety and security:
-​ Geographical isolation means longer emergency response times, limited police presence and greater exposure to natural
disasters (bushfires, dought)
-​ Domestic violence and mental health issues can be worsened due to lack of immediate support services in remote regions.

Access to services
There are 8 types of services which all groups in the community require access to (CHAT FEEL) → like all people, young people need
access to services to ensure their needs are met and their overall wellbeing is supported
Financial support
RFCS- rural financial counselling service australia:
-​ Remote area allowance offers extra financial support to those living in rural and remote areas (families facing financial challenges)
-​ Comes at no direct cost, as it comes part of income assistance provided by the government
-​ Improves economic well being by providing support to families in tough situations (natural disasters) and providing financial
support to assist in regaining the needs of the family. As well as ensuring families have access to resources and a higher standard
of living despite geographic challenges.
Transport
Live Better - Regional Transport Service
-​ Regional Transport Service, operating in regional and remote New South Wales and Queensland.
-​ This service is available to rural and remote residents who require transportation for essential travel (e.g to medical
appointments). Which is available for all eligible individuals (disabled, elderly)
-​ Improves health and adequate standard of living by providing transport to medical facilities, grocery stores and community
services that may be difficult to reach. Therefore reducing isolation from society enables individuals to travel for social
engagements and ensures people in remote areas can attend medical appointments without the stress of long distance travel.
Accommodation and housing
Services Australia - Living in a rural or remote area
 -​ available nationwide for eligible individuals in rural and remote locations.
-​ This service supports rural and remote Australians who need financial assistance for housing and living costs.
-​ This service provides financial aid by helping low income families afford housing in remote regions where cost may be higher due
to limited availability. As well as providing safety and security through reducing risk of displacement or homelessness by assisting
with rent and home ownership support (providing stable housing in return contributing to overall quality of life)

healthcare
Royal flying doctor service
-​ Royal Flying Doctor Service, operating nationwide across rural and remote Australia.
-​ The service provides emergency medical care, primary healthcare, and telehealth services to people in remote areas. There is no
cost for emergency services, with service fees being covered and provided by the government
-​ Addresses health needs by ensuring that people in rural and remote areas receive immediate medical attention who are in
isolated areas, reducing preventable deaths due to delays in treatment without participants needing to travel long distances,
improving overall healthcare access.
councelling
Rural Wellbeing - Psychologists helping rural Australians
-​ Psychologists helping rural Australians, Operates across rural and remote areas of Australia, offering telehealth and outreach
services to ensure accessibility.
-​ They provide for rural and remote Australians, particularly individuals and families facing mental health challenges due to isolation,
financial stress, or natural disasters. With service fees being compensated through government funding and community support
programs.
-​ Offers psychological support to individuals struggling with isolation, stress, and anxiety, ensuring they have access to mental
health care despite geographical barriers. As well as by providing telehealth consultations (consult a healthcare provider by phone
or a video call), it removes barriers to mental health healthcare by eliminating long travel distances, ensuring early intervention
and providing consistent support. This improves access to professional psychological care for those in rural areas, promoting long
term mental wellbeing and reducing the risk of untreated mental health issues.
education
NSW Government - Education (zoom calling)
-​ Education via Zoom Calling, available for students in remote New South Wales.
-​ This service provides online learning opportunities for school-aged children in rural and remote areas. Public education is free, but
some technology or internet costs may apply.
-​ Provides equal access to learning opportunities for students in remote areas, ensuring they receive quality education without the
need to travel long distances. Therefore encouraging educational application to younger individuals without parents being
discouraged due to needing to travel longer distances.
Employment:​
The Community Development Program
-​ The Community Development Program (CDP), operating in remote regions across Australia.
-​ helps those in remote and rural communities gain access to employment opportunities. With CPD programs aiming to enhance
skills, provide career guidance, and improve job readiness for individuals with limited access to employment services.
-​ Increases economic stability, by providing skills training and job opportunities it reduces unemployment in remote areas. As well
as enhancies safety through providing a stable income and enhancing security by financial stability and adequate standard of
living by being able to earn enough income to support a family.

Legal aid
Regional Outreach Clinic Program
-​ Regional Outreach Clinic Program, operating across rural and remote areas of Australia.
-​ This service provides legal assistance to individuals in remote communities who may have difficulty accessing legal aid. Fees vary
based on income, but many services are free or subsidised. Ensuring equal access to legal representation, advice, and advocacy
for those who may not have local legal services available and help empower individuals by providing knowledge of their legal
rights and options.
-​ Ensures individuals have access to legal representation and advice, protecting them from legal vulnerability and ensuring their
rights are upheld.

Factors affecting access to services - Charcteristics

characteristics of individuals within the group
Age
-​ A significant portion of aged people living in rural and remote locations often require greater health services due to
disease/ilnesses that occur due to their age. They have less options available locally and experience inability to travel the greater
distances to access services in rural locationsLack of knowledge of how to use technology to help break down barriers to
accessing services may also be an impact
-​ For younger people, lack of knowledge of services, limited transport options. However, the younger people tend to have greater
technological skills which may help them access services via computers
Gender
-​ Traditionally males are less likely to access services in rural and remote locations
-​ For those who identify as ‘other’ on the gender spectrum there wpuld be much greater difficulty accessing specialised services,
finding professionals that treat you with dignity and respect, ensures privacy.
level of education
-​ Those living in rural and remote locations have lower education means people are more unaware of services available and often
 have lower levels of health literacy, which is vital when it comes to making good decisions.
-​ Lower education often results in lower levels of employment and lower socio economic status
Culture
-​ Beliefs may still impact on access to services, some women may not be allowed to access certain services even if they are
available
type of disability
-​ Rural and remote families are just like the rest of the population and experience a range of disabilities. The geographical isolation
may limit rural and remote families from accessing the types of services required
-​ Lack of transport can be a major factor that links closely to this
first language spoken
-​ For some rural and remote families, English may be the 2nd language for some people. This is a barrier to effective
communication, making accessing services difficult
-​ However the government made it a priority to ensure that many outback communities have services specifcally targeted at this
group
socioeconomic status
-​ Some services may be unaffordible due to rural and remote damilies generally having a low to middle socio economic status
-​ Transport required to access a service may prove to be costly and time consuming, impacting on time needed to work to earn
money.

Factors affecting access to services - resources

Location:
Services in rural and remote areas are harder to access due to distance. A hospital or support service may be hours away, making it
difficult for individuals to receive timely care. Limited transport options further restrict accessibility.
Opening Hours:
Longer operating hours or 24/7 online services (e.g., Kids Helpline) are essential for rural populations. Since travel times are long, flexible
hours ensure individuals can access services outside of work or school hours.
Confidentiality:
Maintaining privacy is crucial in small rural communities where social stigma and gossip can discourage people from seeking help. If
individuals trust that their information is protected, they are more likely to use services and seek support for sensitive issues.
Staffing:
The presence of friendly, understanding, and well-trained staff encourages individuals to return to services. If staff are unapproachable or
judgmental, people may avoid seeking help. Cultural awareness and active listening are particularly important for rural communities.

Factors affecting access to services - aspects of the service

 Time:
Due to service isolation, individuals may spend hours traveling to access essential services. A hospital visit, for example, may take an
entire day. Work commitments, particularly in agriculture, also limit the time available for seeking support.
Money:
Many individuals in rural areas have lower socioeconomic status, making transport costs (e.g., petrol) a barrier. Expensive travel reduces
the likelihood of accessing services. However, some services, like Headspace and Kids Helpline, provide free support, improving
accessibility.
Energy:
After long hours of physical labor (e.g., farming), individuals may lack the energy or motivation to travel for services. Students, for
instance, may struggle to wake up early and travel long distances to school, affecting their education.
Knowledge:
Rural populations often have lower formal education levels, limiting awareness of available services and opportunities. However,
knowledge in areas like farming and agriculture is strong, providing employment opportunities within local communities.

Specific groups within the Homeless

community
Homeless Prevalence of each group within the community
●​ Prevalence of each -​ The homeless rate was 50 persons for every 10000 persons
group within the -​ Homelessness rate rose by 27% in new south wales, while in WA 11%, and in NT and Australian capital fell by 17%
community -​ Homeless youth made up 32% of total homeless persons living in severely crowded dwellings
●​ Individual diversity -​ The number of aged people (above 55) has steadily increased over the past three censuses (28% increase between 2011 and
within each group 2016)
●​ Terminology used by -​ Male homelessness rate increased to 58 males per 10000
the community to -​ Female remained steady at 41 per 10000
describe the group
●​ Issues for concern for
plus minus interesting
the youth within the
community: -​ The number of homeless children -​ Homelessness has continued to -​ NSW has both the largest and
satisfaction of needs aged 18 and under is decreasing rise, with a 14% increase in the fastest growing homeless
-​ Adequate standard of -​ There is a current sustained number of homeless people since population
living needs economic growth → means the 1022
-​ Health government will have more money -​ Many individuals who are homeless
-​ Education to distribute towards homelessness go unacounted for in homeless
-​ Employment
(creating more job opportunities statistics
-​ Safety and security
aswell)
-​ Sense of identity
-​ Number of homeless people is
●​ Access to services
decreasing in ACT, NT, WA
-​ Types of services e.g
financial, transport,
accomodation and Individual diversity within each group
housing, healthcare, -​ Location (rural vs urban areas)
counselling, education, -​ Level of homelessnes
employment, legal aid -​ Gender (men are more likely to experience homelessness as there is more access specifically for women and children)
●​ Factors affecting -​ Age
access to services -​ Mental health (drug/alcohol abuse)
-​ characteristics of -​ Level of education
individuals within the -​ Sexuality (kicked out of family homes)
group, eg age, gender,
level of education, Terminology used by the community to describe the group
culture, type of
disability, first negative positive
language spoken,
socioeconomic status -​ Lazy freeloaders -​ Hard workers
-​ resources, eg time, -​ Stupid failures -​ Resilient
money, energy, -​ Not working hard enough
knowledge -​ Hobos → positive terminology in regards to homeless people may make
-​ aspects of the service, -​ Druggies people feel worthy, especially after facing traumatising lifesty;es
eg opening hours, and processes while being homeless, helping them find the
confidentiality, location, → however, negative terminology, for instance being referred to as courage to get back on their feet. For instance being referred to as
staffing ‘stupid failures’ and ‘lazy druggos’ by wealthy bystanders may ‘hard working’ and ‘resilient’ may help those individuals feel
●​ Creating positive social cause those indivdiduals to negatively impact their hope and self recognised in their life
environments wirth. Causing it to be harder to get out of the homeless lifestyle.
-​ addressing the groups
issues of concern Issues for concern for the youth within the community: satisfaction of needs
→ Government policy Adequate standard of living needs
and legislation -​ Many homeless people lack the need for safe and adequate permanent shelter due to not having enough money, being kicked out
→ Organisations within of their homes, or homeless shelters not having enough room to fit them in.. Therefore homeless people require support that offer
 the community that accommodation and social support in order to help alleviate the causes of their homelessness
support the group -​ OASIS EXAMPLE: provide food and accommodation for the homeless. As well as Provide cleaning services for troubled
→ Equity issues individuals in housing
-​ Positive influences on Health
community attitudes -​ Homeless people have health issues that are more severe than others within the community. As they dont have the money or
→ contributions the access for medical care. They also struggle with druh and alchohol abuse as a result of mentail illness due to homelessness.
group makes within the -​ OASIS EXAMPLE: provide their attendees with rehab support if they are struggling with drug or alchohol use
community Education
-​ Advocacy (speaking -​ Due to a lack of financial and adequate standard of living, educational needs are significantly difficult to meet and are not a top
up for the groups priority for those who are homeless. However education is important to fulfill as it can help people escape poverty as it provides
needs and concerns) them with life skills like cooking, cleaning and managing money, as well as the skills necessary to get a job.
→ raising awareness -​ OASIS EXAMPLE: oasis grant access to individuals to go to tafe and provide educational services for them to fulfill their
within the community education and explore opportunities and career paths
→ educating the Employment
community -​ Most homeless people are unemployed, which is a key part of reentering society, as well as increasing their self esteem through
gaining independence in gaining their own finances. However many struggle to find work due to low confidence, health issues,
lack of skills or not having the cleanliness for interviews.
-​ OASIS EXAMPLE: open employment opportunities in their own services e.g oasis cleaning service for the homeless people in
their care
Safety and security
-​ A person's sense of identity comes from involvement in work, family life and other social activities. Many homeless individuals lack
thence things, impacting their self esteem as they do not feel like they belong
-​ OASIS EXAMPLE: oasis hold weekly excursions for individuals to take part in e.g surfing club and boxing. Through oasis being a
group service, it also brings individuals being housed a sense of community which can increase a sense of self and belonging.
Sense of identity
-​ The socio emotional and physical security of homeless people is severely limited because of this, manyhomeless people are
victims of assault and abuse. Homeless people are very vulnerable, as the lack of a safe place to sleep, lack of job security, and
being alone on the streets makes them targets for crimes and ilnesses
-​ OASIS EXAMPLE: provide housing accommodation to keep individuals off of the streets. They also run a young mothers support
group to provide mothers with help to look after and ensure the safety and security of their children.
Access to services
Types of services
Type of service Example/ Description of service

Financial National Affordable Housing Agreement (NHHA)

-​ Not having a fixed address makes it difficult to obtain government benefits. Some homeless people
do not want their whereabouts known. Therefore, financial support for this group is provided
through other services like the NHHA provides funding to states and territories to improve access to
affordable housing and reduce homelessness. It supports crisis accommodation, rental assistance,
and long-term housing options.

Transport Missionbeat
-​ Homeless people usually lack reliable transport to access other critical services like healthcare, or
safe shelter. Missionbeat provides transport for homeless people for emergency accommodation,
medicaly services, and other support networks

Accomodation/ housing OASIS

-​ OASIS provides crisis accommodation and long-term housing support for homeless youth. It offers
a safe place to stay to assist individuals while going through transitions to independent living. The
program offers life skills training and education, employment support and mental health services for
those in their care to further assist with this. → providing what a regular stable household would.

healthcare Streetside medics

-​ Streetside Medics is a mobile medical service that provides free healthcare to homeless individuals.
Operated by volunteer doctors and healthcare professionals, it offers general check-ups, treatment
for chronic illnesses, vaccinations, and referrals to specialist care. The service aims to improve the
health and well-being of those without access to traditional medical facilities.

counselling Beyond blue

-​ Beyond Blue provides mental health support for individuals experiencing depression, anxiety, or
trauma. It offers free, confidential counselling through phone and online chat services, helping
homeless individuals cope with emotional distress, develop resilience, especially after traumas
faced during homelessness or from events leading up to homelessness

education Father chris rileys youth off the streets

 -​ This program supports disadvantaged and homeless youth by providing access to education and
vocational training. It includes alternative schooling, mentorship, and personal development
programs to help young people gain qualifications and break the cycle of poverty and
homelessness. And expanding opportunities to explore one's own work interests to gain financial
independence and explore one's identity

employement The big issue

-​ The Big Issue is a social enterprise that provides employment opportunities to homeless and
disadvantaged individuals by allowing them to sell magazines. This helps the homeless earn an
income, develop financial independence, and build self-confidence. Which can build overtime,
leading to a long term escape from poverty.

Legal aid The shopfront

-​ The Shopfront is a free legal service that assists homeless and disadvantaged young people with
legal issues such as fines, criminal charges, housing disputes, and discrimination. It provides legal
advice, representation in court, and advocacy to ensure fair treatment and access to justice.

Factors affecting access to services - characteristics

How the characteristics of individuals within the group affect their access to resources
Age:
-​ Homeless children may not be aware that specific services exist
-​ Homeless adolescents may be turned away from or find difficulty accessing services due to being too young
-​ Older homeless people pay suffer from an age related health condition preventing them from accessing services (low mobility,
limiting their transport to services)
Gender
-​ Women may get increased access to specific services e.g housing for women in domestic violence, young mothers childcare
services.
level of education
-​ Many homeless people may not access certain services due to their lack of knowledge of them existing as a result of low
education levels,
-​ Poor literacy and numeracy skills may cause homeless people to struggle dealing with vital paperwork or information required for
a service (e.g financial services)
Culture
-​ Those of certain cultures may be fearful of government services due to lack of confidence (dont know how to deal with services in
other countries)
-​ Barriers placed by societal structures or policies could prevent culturally diverse homeless people from accessing services
type of disability
-​ Many homeless struggle with physical disabilities due to overuse of drugs and alcohol. This makes access to serrvices difficult due
to homeless individuals being out of the right state of mind (making them difficult to work with). → harming the access they could
get from medical services and transportational services.
first language spoken
-​ Language barriers can affect their ability to access vital information, services and resources
-​ Individuals whose first language is spoken is foreign, they may have a low sense of confidence to seek services, due to language
barriers.
socioeconomic status
-​ Homeless individuals are usually a part of low SES which means they have limited access to finances, adequate housing and
food. Making it more difficult to access high standard services (private hospitals, eating at restaurants)
-​ Those belonging to low SES may have lower self worth and self esteem, meaning they will be less likely to access services due to
embarrassment.

Factors affecting access to services - resources

What resources are necessary to support this groups access to services
Time:
-​ Homeless individuals often struggle with irregular sleep patterns and lack a structured routine, making it difficult to attend
scheduled appointments.
-​ Flexible service hours (e.g., 24-hour shelters, night-time outreach programs) ensure that support is available when they need it.
-​ Without time management skills or structured schedules (due to lack of education), they may miss opportunities for healthcare,
housing, and employment services.
Money:
-​ Financial instability due to unemployment, lack of identification, or no bank account prevents access to paid services like medical
care, transport, and housing.
-​ Free or subsidised services (e.g., public healthcare, food banks, emergency shelters) remove financial barriers and ensure access
to essential support.
-​ Financial stress can also cause anxiety, leading to isolation and further limiting access to resources.
Energy:
-​ Poor nutrition and lack of sleep result in low energy levels, making it difficult to travel to service locations.
 -​ Mobile and outreach services (e.g., food vans, mobile medical clinics) reduce the need for travel and ensure support reaches
those who cannot seek help themselves.
-​ Without access to regular meals and healthcare, physical weakness and illness prevent homeless individuals from engaging with
available support services.
Knowledge:
-​ Many homeless individuals have low literacy levels, making it difficult to complete forms, apply for housing, or understand legal
rights.
-​ Education and training programs improve literacy, employment skills, and awareness of available services, increasing
independence and access.
-​ Without knowledge of available resources, homeless individuals may not seek out the help they need, leaving them without
essential support.

Factors affecting access to services - aspects of the service

Aspect of the service How available is the access of the service

Opening Hours OASIS Example:

(Limited hours make it hard for homeless individuals to access -​ OASIS operates 24/7, providing emergency
support when needed. After-hours help may be unavailable.) accommodation and crisis support at any time. This
ensures homeless youth can access assistance outside
regular business hours.

Confidentiality OASIS Example:

(Homeless individuals may fear seeking help due to privacy -​ OASIS ensures confidentiality by allowing young people to
concerns, especially in cases of domestic violence.) access services without parental consent and by keeping
their information secure. This encourages more youth to
seek help.

Location OASIS Example:

(Homeless individuals may struggle to reach services due to -​ OASIS is centrally located in Sydney and provides
transport issues or distance.) outreach programs, meeting young people where they are.
This makes services more accessible to those in need.

Staffing OASIS Example:

 (Well-trained, compassionate staff are crucial in making homeless -​ OASIS staff undergo trauma-informed training to better
individuals feel safe and supported.) support homeless youth, ensuring they receive care from
understanding professionals who build trust and
encourage engagement.

Creating positive social environments - addressing the groups issues of concern

Government policy/ legislation
Government policy: a plan of action to address an issue --> a set of principles, guidance or documents adopted by government
Legislation: a law or set of laws passed by parliament setting foundation for what people can and cannot do

Government policy/ legislation Description: How does it ensure equity for homeless
Name: people:

Housing australia future fund -​ The HAFF is a $10 billion -​ Promotes equity for homeless
investment fund established by the people through targeted funding as
Australian government to support a portion of the 30,000 homes
the construction of social and funded in the first five years is
affordable housing. specifically allocated for individuals
-​ The returns from the fund are used experiencing homelessness,
to finance housing projects, aiming ensuring their access to stable
to build 30,000 new homes over five housing.
years for vulnerable groups -​ Additionally, they also work in
partnerships with community
housing providers and support
organizations to help create
long-term, sustainable housing
solutions

Reconnect program (funded by the -​ This program is a government -​ It ensures that services can be
australian government) initiative in Australia designed as an open to everyone
early intervention to prevent youth -​ helps all with resources
homelessness. -​ provides education and training.
-​ It supports young people aged Also, prevents more homeless
 12-16 who are at risk of youth with early interventions and
homelessness, aiming to improve through a focused support for the
their housing situation, relationships whole family.
with family, education and training.

renstart Provides financial assistance for clients -​ This policy ensures equity for the
through group as those in need of adequate
-​ maintaining a tenancy in rental housing have the opportunity to
market programs, like Rentstart access financial assistance in order
Move to attend to the need of accessing
-​ Offers financial assistance to help the private rental market.
people experiencing homelessness -​ This will then result in the lessening
or at risk of homelessness of other inequities such as health,
employment and safety and security
as they can take better care of
themselves when things like
showers are accessible snd
employment as they have a home
address to apply for jobs.

Organisations within the community that support the group

How the following services in these oganisations provide the needs of the homeless to be met

Organisation: Services provided Needs met

THE RED CROSS: -​ Safety and Security: They offer shelter, first aid, and
-​ Homestay: supports people maintain their current evacuation services to ensure people’s immediate safety.
accommodation or help them access more sustainable -​ Health: they have medical aid, including first aid training,
accommodation and emergency medical care. As well as support mental
health and well-being in crisis situations.
-​ Private tenancy: support provided to tenants living in
-​ Adequate Standard of Living: provides food, clean water,
private rentals. E.g Advocate real estate agents and clothing, and shelter for people affected by disasters, and
landlords that resolve tenancy issues (adressing rent) displacement, ensuring their basic survival needs are met.
 THE SALVATION ARMY: -​ Health ( by providing free clinical care, homeless people
-​ Domestic assistance have better access to these services and are more likely to
-​ Clinical care seek medical attention)
-​ House assets at a discounted price -​ Adequate standard of living (meet these needs by
-​ Transport assistance providing food, water, shelter and housing assets)
-​ Social support -​ Safety and security (by providing a bed/shelter and staff to
check up on individuals.)

ST VINCENT DE PAUL SOCIETY: -​ Safety & Security: offer a safe environment and protect
-​ Emergency housing (family and domestic violence) individuals from physical and socio-emotional abuse often
-​ Food relief experienced on the streets.
-​ Financial aid -​ Adequate standard of living: offers food relief and financial
-​ Counselling assistance, which are crucial for maintaining an adequate
-​ General support (for drug, alcohol and other addictions) standard of living by alleviating immediate needs such as
hunger and financial stress.
-​ Sense of identity: The Society also supports clients in
accessing health services, education, and employment
opportunities, providing opportunities for individuals to self
discover by alleviating other stresses.

Equity issues
Defenition: equity is about fairness and lack of bias/ treating people fairly. This means that people arent unfairly excluded from getting a
service that other people are getting. It is about the community having the necessary resources and opportunity to achieve and maintain
good health and wellbeing
Unfairness may happen:
-​ people of these groups not being referred to necessary support services
-​ People are not offered support that matches the way they live/culture
-​ People from these groups think that these services can help them
Example: Homelessness equity on the right to work
Description:
-​ The right to work includes the right of every person to have the opportunity to gain a living by work that they have freely chosen or
accepted
Inequity issues:
-​ Unemployment levels amongst the homeless population remain high → this is due to the many barriers faced by the homeless
when gaining and maintaining employees
-​ Many homeless people struggle to find employment due to a lack basic education and training skills, due to disrupted or
incomplete schooling
-​ a lack of community and family connections that can assist in finding employment
-​ Homeless people are particularly vulnerable to exploitation and discrimination at work
-​ Once in employment, people have difficulty holding down a job due to unstable living arrangements (not having an address to
provide or a home that provides them with basic needs).
-​ Managing mental ilness and substance addiction can impact the struggle to maintain a job
-​ Managing more immediate needs such as caring for children or finding a place to sleep can also impact the maintenance of a job
Solutions to address inequity:
-​ Work practices and policies must provide flexibility, understanding and support to take account of their life situation
-​ Stable housing initiatives
-​ Job training/educational programs
-​ Employment opportunities provided by housing services to decrease difficulty for the homeless finding jobs

Creating positive social environments - Positive influences on community attitudes

contributions the group makes within the community
The positive influences homeless people have on community attitudes through their contribution to society
-​ Homeless people maintain humanity in the world (staying resilient even when people are constantly degrading them)
-​ They survive by taking care of themselves and eachother by finding food, places to sleep etc
-​ Retain a sense of humour and lightheartdness in the world despite issues
-​ Their experiences of trauma assist to inspire and shape the livelihood of others
-​ Art and culture: sydney street choir
-​ Recycling and ebviornmental effects: collection of glass bottles and cans (decreases waste)
-​ Volunteering: at shelters, foodbanks, community centres
EXAMPLE: THE BIG ISSUE

Advocacy (speaking up for the groups needs and concerns)

Advocacy:
-​ aims to influence decisions within political, economic, and social systems and institutions. Advocacy can include media
campaigns, public speaking, commissioning and publishing research, as well as lobbying. An advocate is someone who provides
advocacy support to people who need it.
Raising awareness within the community:
campaigns that exist in australia to raise awareness about homelessness
Organisations: Mission Australia
-​ provides systematic advocacy for the homeless sector, working with a network of organisations to promote a unified voice on
preventing and responding to homelessness
Campaign: homelessness week
-​ an annual event aimed at raising awareness about homelessness and promoting solutions to end it
-​ the week includes community events, social media activities, forums, and silent protests
-​ They do this in order to actively raise awareness and advocate for solutions for homelessness, building community support by
educating communities in how they can make a difference, and advocate for government commitment to end homelessness
Educating the community
Explores educating the community to help understand homelessness and what can be done to provide support for individuals in neeed

governments -​ Educates the community to help understand homelessness and what can be done to provide support for
individuals
-​ Employes services like link2home to assist people at risk, providing them with support to find stable housing
and avoid homelessness
-​ Educated disadvantaged groups about their own homelessness and the community

schools -​ NSW includes homelessness education, integrating it into their studies/ curriculum
-​ Helps students understand the causes and impacts of homelessness and foster social responsibilities (project
compassion, winter appeal)
-​ Help students who are at risk of homelessness + provide education for those already in homelesness

Religious -​ Religious groups in NSW are actively involved in educating the community about homelessness and providing
groups essential support services
-​ For example, anglicare which is run by the anglican church runs educational programs and workshops in
churches and communities to raise awareness. Also offer accommodation, food assistance to homeless
individuals

Community -​ Organisations highlight collaborative efforts within the community to educate and support those affected
organisations -​ For example mission australia provides campaigns to advocate for homeless people to make the community
and government aware and educated on the homeless situation in new south wales (homelessness week)
 families -​ Parents contribute significantly in raising awareness and educating their children about homelessness
-​ This is done through educational discussions, school engagement (escursions) → taking their kids to charity
events
​

Specific groups within the Prevalence of each group within the community
community -​ Australias population is ageing as a result of sustained low fertility and increasing life expectancy. This has resulted in a larger
The aged portion of people aged 65 and over (increased to 15.9)
●​ Prevalence of each -​ Northern territory has the largest group of the aged (4.9%)
group within the -​ There are more female (317600) than males (198100) 65 and older, reflecting higher female life expectancy
community -​ Median age of australia is increasing (invcreased by 2 over the last two decades, it is now 37)
●​ Individual diversity -​ Increased growth in non-working ages due to growth of the aged population +65
within each group
●​ Terminology used by Individual diversity within each group
the community to What determines whether an individual is part of the aged group
describe the group -​ Generally classified as people aged 65 and over
●​ Issues for concern for How might individuals vary within this group
the youth within the -​ culture/ language
community: -​ Age (65 or 80)
satisfaction of needs -​ Health status
-​ Adequate standard of -​ Educational levels
living needs -​ Socio economic status
-​ Health
-​ Education Terminology used by the community to describe the group
-​ Employment
-​ Safety and security
positive negative
-​ Sense of identity
●​ Access to services -​ Mature -​ Old
-​ Types of services e.g -​ Wise -​ ‘A burden to society’
financial, transport, -​ Experienced -​ helpless
accomodation and -​ Active -​ Frail
housing, healthcare, -​ Knowledgeable -​ stubborn
 counselling, education,
Impact: -​ boring
employment, legal aid
-​ Positive terminology that is uplifting enables them to feel Impact:
●​ Factors affecting
empowered and well respected by thecommunity. -​ Negative terminology that is offensive and derogatory can
access to services
-​ improves the social wellbeing of the aged as they will feel impact the emotional as it can cause them to feel
-​ characteristics of
safer to interact with others (making them feel useful and unsupported from the community and inferior.
individuals within the
contributing members of society) -​ They may begin to believe they are burden and isolate
group, eg age, gender,
themselves from society harming social wellbeing
level of education,
culture, type of
disability, first Issues for concern for the youth within the community: satisfaction of needs
language spoken, Adequate standard of living needs
socioeconomic status -​ Many aged people live independently in their own home or with family members, therefore housing may change due to the
-​ resources, eg time, physical health of the aged person → aged people with decreasing mobility may need to move to an accessible house or granny
money, energy, flat built into family homes in order to remain with some independence while keeping them close to people who can provide
knowledge assistance
-​ aspects of the service, -​ As disability and frailty increases, a person can move into a nursing home where meals, personal care and medical care are
eg opening hours, provided as well as laundrey services and a variety of programs to stimulate residents physically, slcially and mentallity
confidentiality, location, Health
staffing -​ Many people experience increasing levels of sickness and disability as they become older so health needs become increasingly
●​ Creating positive social important.
environments -​ increase in health problems can cause reflexes to slow making old people more prone to falling leading to rehabilitation and lack
-​ addressing the groups of independence
issues of concern -​ Those who have chronic illnesses such as asthma or arthritis, it is important for them for individuals to have access to a GP who
→ Government policy supports them effectively. Many GP’s will bulk bill senior citizens so that they do not have to pay the gap between regular services
and legislation by allied health proffessionals such as physiotherapy
→ Organisations within -​ Some of the aged experience depression and may require physiological health and medication to assist them
the community that -​ There are also higher risks of dementia and alziemers may result in loss ability to communicate and live indipendentaly
support the group Education
→ Equity issues -​ Can be formal (community colleges, TAFES and universities to pick up skills to engage in leisure activities, expand knowledge on
-​ Positive influences on technology so that they can maintain communication, seek information and improve their access to goods and services)
community attitudes -​ And informal (educational needs may also be achieved by asking a friend or family member for assistance)
→ contributions the -​ Education has valuable social and self esteem benefits, researchers suggest that intellectual stimulation may help to reduce the
group makes within the impact of dementia
community Employment
-​ Advocacy (speaking -​ Many aged people are no longer in full-time work may be phasing into retirement by accessing part time work or job sharing
up for the groups -​ However full retirement may cause a change in their sense of identity due to losing a job that created a day to day pattern that is
needs and concerns) now broken → to avoid this elderly are more likely to contribute through voluntary word e.g minding grandchildren or assisting at a
→ raising awareness hospital
within the community Safety and security
→ educating the -​ The aged can be vulnerable because of their deteriorating strength and mobility
community -​ The aged are exploited financially or harmed physically by relatives or nursing home staff
→ promoting the rights -​ As partners and friends die, the ages may become lonely and isolated → with increased support, the aged may be able to stay
of the group longer in their homes, this can lead to safety and security issues such as falls or robberies
Sense of identity
-​ As the aged begin to change their lifestyle such as leaving work or not being able to participate in a particular sport, they may
begin to question their purpose in life which affects their sense of identity.
-​ The process of retirement and losing a daily routine will cause them to lose their sense of identity.
-​ Losing a loved one from old age may also cause sadness and may eventually lead to depression if they have no one to spend
their time with.
-​ Therefore It is important for the aged to surround themselves with family and friends to remind themselves of their values and
maintain their sense of identity through staying active in the community or fulfilling personal interests (travel)

Two most significant needs

health Safety and security

-​ as their health continually deteriorates and are more prone -​ The needs of safety and security is a priority for the aged
to developing a sickness. It is important to ensure these as they feel the most vulnerable at this stage of their
needs are met to ensure they are able to access services lifespan due to their decreased mobility and fragility.
and to maintain a healthy lifestyle. -​ The aged will begin to feel a sense of loneliness and
-​ If the aged do not have easy access to medicine and abandonment, affecting their emotional wellbeing as they
health services, they will experience a slow recovery which won’t feel secure in their surrounding
will further shorten their life span and affect all areas of Example:
their wellbeing. There will be a significant decline in their -​ It is known that are small amount of nursing homes are
quality of life as their health continues to deteriorate with unsafe and the aged may be at high risk of abuse and
no treatment. exploitation
Example:
 -​ impact on the family’s emotional wellbeing of the aged
individual as diseases such as dementia causes the aged
to forget their family members which may lead to
depression for both the family member and the aged.

Access to services

Financial Description:
Centrelink aged -​ a government-provided income support payment for eligible older australians assists with their basic
pension living expenses, paid fortnightly
Why the aged require it:
-​ The Age Pension aims to provide financial assistance to individuals who have reached retirement age
and who are no longer working, ensuring they can afford essential living costs like food, housing, and
healthcare without needing a job to receive an income.

Transport Description:
Care connect -​ A transport service designed to assist older Australians in accessing essential services such as medical
appointments, grocery shopping, and social activities.
Why the aged require it:
-​ Many older individuals experience reduced mobility, making it difficult to drive or use public transport.
-​ Care Connect ensures they maintain their independence and remain engaged with their community by
providing safe and reliable transport options.

Accommodation and Description:

housing -​ Residential facilities that provide accommodation, medical care, and daily living support for older
Nursing homes individuals who can no longer live independently.
Why the aged require it:
-​ As individuals age, they may develop health conditions or mobility issues that make independent living
unsafe.
-​ Nursing homes offer professional care, social interaction, and a secure environment to enhance their
quality of life.
Health care Description:
Home care package -​ A government-funded program that provides a range of in-home support services, including personal
care, nursing, meal preparation, and household assistance, tailored to the needs of older Australians.
Why the aged require it:
-​ Many older individuals prefer to remain in their homes rather than move into residential care. Home
Care Packages help them maintain their independence while receiving the necessary support to
manage daily tasks and health needs.

Councelling Description:
phsycholigists -​ Mental health professionals who provide therapy and emotional support to older Australians
experiencing anxiety, depression, grief, or other psychological challenges.
Why the aged require it:
-​ Ageing can bring significant life changes, including loss of loved ones, declining health, and social
isolation.
-​ Access to psychological support helps older individuals manage their emotions, improve their mental
well-being, and maintain a positive outlook on life.

Education Description:
University of the Third -​ A learning community that offers educational and recreational courses for older adults, covering a wide
Age range of subjects, including arts, history, technology, and health.
Why the aged require it:
-​ Lifelong learning helps older individuals stay mentally stimulated, socially engaged, and adapt to new
technologies and ideas, contributing to their overall well-being and sense of purpose.

Employment Description:
Older workers - -​ A job board specifically designed for older Australians seeking employment, providing job listings,
national Job Board career advice, and support tailored to their needs.
Why the aged require it:
-​ Many older individuals wish to remain in the workforce for financial security, social interaction, or
personal fulfillment.
-​ This service helps them find suitable job opportunities and overcome age-related employment barriers.

Legal Aid Description:

The Aged Care -​ An organization that provides free legal advice, advocacy, and education on the rights of older
 Rights Service Australians, particularly regarding aged care services, retirement villages, and elder abuse.
(TARS) Why the aged require it:
-​ Older individuals may face legal challenges related to housing, financial exploitation, or mistreatment in
care settings.
-​ TARS ensures they have access to legal support and can make informed decisions about their rights
and entitlements.

Factors affecting access to services - characteristics of individuals within the group

Age
-​ age can allow or restrict access certain services
-​ Positive: there many services that are available specifically for the aged for example, once you turn 65 an aged pension is
available
-​ Negative: It may be difficult for a 62-year-old man to find employment because employers often want employees who can
contribute to the organisation for a long period of time.
Gender
-​ Division in services according to gender.
-​ Positive: more women make up the aged community, as they have a longer life expectancy than men.Meaning that women are
going to be the greatest users of services that cater for the aged → more services will be available to females
-​ Negative: there will be less room for males in these services

Level of Education
-​ Positive: An aged person who is educated in the services available to them, are more likely to access these services when
required for example, an aged person who is competent and confident in using the internet has an increased access to a wider
range of goods, services and information.
-​ Negative: A lack of education about how to use certain technologies (eg. internet banking) may limit the aged person’s access to
some services.
Culture
-​ A person from a certain background will be able to access support from their own cultural group
-​ Positive: Some nursing homes support a specific ethnic group; for example, there are homes for the aged run by the Greek, Italian
and Jewish communities. Overall helps to foster a greater sense of community
Type of disability
-​ As age increases, so does disability
-​ Positive: The aged with a disability may access community transport to attend appointments and activities in the community
 -​ Negative: however their disability makes it much more difficult for them to access services
First Language Spoken
-​ Those aged who speak English will have much greater access to services
-​ Positive: being able to read and write in English gives the aged better access to services (e.g bc they need to fill out forms ect)
-​ Negative: Some services provide translators or information in another language to help those who don’t speak English as their first
language. increasing access to services for these people.
Socioeconomic Status
-​ Positive: An aged person with high socioeconomic status may have private health insurance and money for entertainment, travel,
housing, education, transport
-​ Negative: An aged person with lower socioeconomic status may not be able to afford a car or suitable housing. Their health care
may be compromised as they may have to be forced to wait on a public hospital waiting lists

Factors affecting access to services - resources

time -​ Most aged people need access service during the daytime, e.g. 9am – 5pm. Fortunately, this is when
the majority of services operate

money -​ The cost of some services needs to be affordable for aged people due to them being on a limited
income
-​ Many also experience a number of health conditions and require access to many services to improve
their physical wellbeing

energy -​ As age increases, energy tends to decrease.-Aged people must have enough energy to be able to
safely access buildings e.g. providing elevators instead of stairs, making waiting areas more
comfortable, etc.

knowledge -​ Internet assists aged people in obtaining information about events and services-Advertising local
paper, on the radio and on television to inform aged people

Factors affecting access to services - aspects of the service

Opening hours -​ The majority of services for the aged operated between the hours 9am – 5pm.
-​ This suits most aged people who are retired from the workforce
 -​ Public transport runs frequently before, during and after these hours to assist the aged in getting to
particular services

confidentiality -​ They can find it difficult to trust, e.g. preferring to go into a bank branch rather than using an ATM, not
wishing to use technology to access services in case their details are stolen
-​ Many prefer to go to their own GP, with whom they have built up a trusting relationship over the years
-​ A number of aged people worry that if they disclose difficulties they are experiencing, this will be
shared with their family and they will be moved into a nursing home and lose their independence

location -​ Many aged people are losing their mobility, whether it be because they can’t drive, have a physical
disability or cannot access public transport they MUST live close to resources such as grocery stores,
doctors, specialists, pharmacies and hospitals
-​ Rural or remote area limits access to resources-Important to live to live near family and friends for
easy contact in case of emergencies or for help, e.g. help with grocery shopping

staffing -​ Staff need to be patient and listen carefully to understand what they’re asking.
-​ Staff also need to explain things in simple terminology so that the aged individual isn’t confused

Creating positive social environments - addressing the groups issues of concern

Government policy and legislation
Aged Pension:
-​ Designed to meet the basic needs of food, clothing and shelter Access is determined by income, assets and being over 65 yrs-old
Recipients must have lived in Australia for more than 10 years
HOW IT ENSURES EQUITY FOR THE AGED?:
-​ Supports them financially to give them fair playing field (in terms of financial stability),
-​ Allows the aged to obtain an adequate standard of living
-​ Aged individuals may need extra financial support after retirement (which is a consequence of their age) provides extra financial
security Concession cards

Concession cards
-​ Provides discounts on services such as telephones, health, transport, electricity and entertainment
HOW IT ENSURES EQUITY FOR THE AGED?
-​ Provides them with more ease and convenience to such services since their age can be hindrance to purchasing or accessing
 services

Age Discrimination Act 2004

-​ Ensures that regardless of age, all Australians have the right to be treated equally
-​ Makes direct and indirect age discrimination punishable and unlawful in regards to
-​ employment, access to goods and services and accommodation
HOW IT ENSURES EQUITY FOR THE AGED?
-​ Ensures that their age doesn’t obstruct them from finding employment or accessing services

Organisations within the community that support the group

Australian red cross

service How it meets needs

Home visits: -​ Since this service is free and most aged people rely on a
-​ We match volunteers and agedcare participants based on limited pension ⇒ maintains economic WB
personality, interests, hobbies and background. Each -​ Regular social visits in their home as aged people might
volunteer visits their participant once a week not be mobile enough to leave their home⇒ boosts social
WB
-​ Frequent and positive visits help aged people who are
sensitive / lonely and feel like a burden to feel valued and
build friendships ⇒ enhancing emotional WB

Telephone contact: -​ Physical WB → their physical safety is ensured as a daily

-​ Telecross is a service that provides the elderly a phone call is used to make sure they are safe
reassuring daily phone call to ensure that they are safe -​ Emotional WB → telephone calls give the elderly a sense
and well. If this call goes unanswered an agreed of independence
emergency procedure will be activated and help arranged -​ Since this service is free and most aged people rely on a
if necessary. limited pension ⇒ maintains economic WB
-​ Telecross provides peace of mind to clients and their
families, and allows the elderly maintain their
independence for as long as possible, providing a degree
of companionship to decrease the sense of isolation many
 people experience.

Equity issues
Current inequity issues faced by the group
Inequity issue:
-​ Unequal distribution and varying levels of healthcare → Socioeconomic status affects their standard of healthcare, and some aged
people can’t afford to receive healthcare
Strategies to address the issue:
-​ Local council can promote/advertise health initiatives/services specific for the needs of the aged (e.g. Meals on Wheels)
-​ Local council can also provide the aged with a pass to enter local pools or gyms for light exercise
-​ Free classes educating the aged about health practices and the importance of exercise & be provided with disease-prevention
info and info on healthy diets

Creating positive social environments - Positive influences on community attitudes

contributions the group makes within the community
-​ Able to educate the younger generation with their knowledge and wisdom
-​ They have experience to pass on to others
-​ Part time jobs (economic growth)
-​ Able to care for their grandchildren
-​ Positive role models to the younger people

Advocacy (speaking up for the groups needs and concerns)

raising awareness within the community
Carers organisation NSW:
-​ Some aged members in the community need the assistance of a carer.
-​ May require them to do certain strenuous tasks - cleaning, cooking, hygiene
-​ Raises awareness of a carer’s rights as an employee and for the community to appreciate their role
-​ Raises awareness on what tasks a carer is able to do for an aged person for family / individual to research
Overall: Improves community attitudes on the importance of the role of aged carers and the extensive needs of aged people. Also raises
awareness on the vulnerability of aged people and the services available.
educating the community
Educating the aged community on their rights and resources:
-​ Access to carers to aid with cooking, cleaning etc.
 -​ Financial aid such as National Disability Insurance Scheme
Positive influence: Feel more secure and looked after: emotional WB benefited
Educating caring community:
-​ How to manage finances
-​ Support such as counselling, advice on stress etc.
-​ How to find time and care for themselves
Positive influence: supported in their roles and their feelings are considered

promoting the rights of the group

-​ Right to be cared for in relation to their needs → through access to an aged carer
-​ Right to access affordable housing → full time carers in nursing homes are affordable
-​ Right to nutritional diet → carers ensure healthy and balanced diet is maintained for aged carer
-​ Right to feel loved, valued and supported → carers have responsibility to maintain the dignity of their dependent and build a
positive relationship
Through promoting these rights in the community, aged people’s rights can be more fully realised and appreciated in regards to
community attitudes.

Parenting and caring

Syllabus Notes

Types of parents and carers biological parents

●​ biological parents -​ Shares genetic material with a child through process of sperm and egg during coneption
●​ social parents -​ They are individuals whose DNA is passed down through child
-​ Adoption social parents
-​ Fostering Adoption
-​ Step-parenting Definition:
-​ surrogacy -​ Provide permanent care for children who are unable to live with their birth families. It is a legal process where all legal rights and
●​ carers responsibilities are transferred from birth parents to adoptive parents
-​ Primary Prevalence:
-​ informal and formal -​ Between 2012 and 2013, there were only 210 local adoptions and 129 intercountry adoptions in Australia.
Legislation:
 -​ The main legislation governing adoption is the Adoption Act 2000. This act, along with the Adoption of Children Act 1965, outlines
the legal framework for adopting children in the state
Changes in Community Beliefs and Attitudes:
-​ There is increasing recognition of open adoption, where children are aware of their adoption
-​ it is increasingly common and acceptable for the child to maintain connections with birth families and cultural heritage.
-​ Community concerns about past forced adoptions, especially of Aboriginal children, have influenced more transparent and
child-centered adoption practices
Fostering
Definition:
-​ Fostering provides alternative living arrangements for children whose parents are temporarily unable to care for them in their
family home. Caregivers volunteer who are paid a fortnightly allowance to help meet the needs of the child.
Prevalence:
-​ In 2020-21, Australia had approximately 9,000 foster carer households.
-​ Social norms are increasingly accepting of diverse family structures, including those formed through adoption, fostering, or
step-parenting. This shift can positively impact social parents by validating their role and increasing their social support
Legislation:
-​ Family Law Act 1975 = child protection laws govern foster care arrangements
-​ NSW laws = Children and Young Persons (Care and Protection) Act 1998 outlines foster carers rights and responsibilities
Changes in community beliefs and attitudes:
-​ greater recognition of the important role foster families play supporting vulnerable children.
-​ Foster families are seen as advocates and allies for children, helping them into society and accessing services that aid in
satisfying their needs (medical services for health needs)
Step-parenting
Defenition:
-​ A man or woman who marries or forms a de facto relationship with a partner who has a child or children from a previous
relationship, they become a step-parent. This can occur due to divorce, separation, death or other circumstances.
Prevelance:
-​ The number of step and blended families has grown by more than 50 per cent in the last 10 years and they now represent 10.6%
of all couple families with children
-​ In 2022, about 6% of kids lived in households with at least one parent.
Legislation:
-​ Though stepparents can and do carry out parenting roles, they do not automatically, as a matter of right, assume the legal parental
responsibility of a child.
-​ ordinarily stepparents are not legally able to authorise medical care, sign school forms, apply for passports and/or obtain birth
 certificates etc.
Changes in community beliefs and attitudes:
-​ The idea of a “nuclear family” has evolved, with step-families becoming a common and normalized family dynamic.
-​ Society is becoming increasingly more accepting of blended and recognising step-parents as caregivers and role models.
surrogacy
Definition:
-​ An arrangement in which a woman (the surrogate) agrees to carry and give birth to a child on behalf of another person or couple
(the intended parent/s)
Prevalence:
-​ Approx 130-150 births occur through surrogacy annually in Australia.
Legislation (and changes) related to this type of parenting in Australia:
-​ State and territory laws protect the human rights of surrogates
-​ The laws do this by regulating altruistic (doing it out of the good of your heart) surrogacy → In Australia, surrogacy is legal and
MUST be altruistic (unpaid→ surrogate can't be bribed into it).
Changes in community beliefs and attitudes:
-​ The community's views and opinions regarding surrogacy have changed over time due to its increased awareness in the media as
it has evolved and technology has become more prevelant.
-​ Legal and ethical frameworks have adapted to support surrogacy, reflecting societal shifts towards recognizing diverse family
structures.
-​ Generational changes and cultural influences have also contributed to more open-minded perspectives to surrogacy.

carers
-​ People who provide unpaid care and support of family members and friends who have a disability, mental ilness, chronic condition,
terminal ilness, substance issues and who may be aged.
-​ A person who, formally or informally, provides ongoing personal care to a dependant (child or parent)
-​ Carers make up 11% of australias population, with an average age of 54
Primary
Defention:
-​ is a person who provides the most informal assistance, in terms of help or supervision, to a person with one or more disabilities or
who is aged 60 years and over.
-​ they will provide care for core activities (communication, mobility, and self care)
Reasons for becoming this type of carer
-​ Family responsibility: driven by personal values and/or cultural norms
-​ Coils provide better care: carers believe they can provide the best care for the needs if the recipient compared to anyone else as
 they know them the best
-​ Emotional obligation: carer may feel a commitment to ensure recipients needs are best met out of love for that person
-​ No other family or friends available: no one else left for the recipient to receive care from
informal
Defention:
-​ any person, such as a family member, friend or neighbour, who is giving regular, ongoing assistance to another person without
payment.
Reasons for becoming this type of carer
-​ someone you love/ know had an accident, or has a disability and there's no one else to take care of them
Formal
Defenition:
-​ trained professionals who provide care through formal agencies or institutions and are paid for by the receiver
Reasons for becoming this type of carer
-​ A teacher caring for her students
-​ Nurses in a retirement home
-​ day care worker

●​ The roles of parents The roles of parents and carers:

and carers paragraph outline
-​ satisfying the specific satisfying the specific needs of the dependant: Roles of parents and carers
needs of the
dependant
-​ building a positive parent carer
relationship with the
dependant Ensuring Safety and Security: Addressing Health Needs:
-​ promoting the -​ Creating a safe environment within the home and -​ Formal: Assisting with personal hygiene (bathing,
wellbeing of the protecting the dependent from harm, both physical and dressing), administering medication as directed,
dependant emotional. This can evolve with the dependent's age, from accompanying to medical appointments, and monitoring
baby-proofing to setting appropriate boundaries for health conditions according to their training.
Supporting Educational Needs: -​ Informal: Assisting with hygiene, prompting medication
-​ Providing opportunities for learning and development from intake, arranging and attending appointments, and
early childhood through adolescence and beyond, providing emotional support related to health concerns
including encouraging engagement in formal education and based on their personal care and concern.
supporting their learning journey. Meeting Adequate Standard of Living:
 -​ Formal: Providing assistance with tasks like grocery
shopping, meal preparation, and ensuring a safe and clean
living environment within their professional capacity.
-​ Informal: Providing food, clothing, shelter, and ensuring the
dependent has access to necessary resources based on
their personal relationship and capacity.

building a positive relationship with the dependant: Roles of parents and carers

parent carer

Prioritizing Time and Attention: Communicating Effectively:

-​ Dedicating quality time to engage with the dependent, -​ Formal: Using clear, professional communication, actively
showing interest in their activities, and actively listening to listening to the dependent's needs and concerns, and
their thoughts and feelings. documenting relevant information.
Building Trust and Respect: -​ Informal: Engaging in open and honest communication,
-​ Being reliable, keeping promises, and valuing the actively listening, and providing emotional support through
dependent's opinions and feelings, even when they differ conversation.
from the parent's. Building Trust and Reliability:
-​ Formal: Adhering to schedules, fulfilling responsibilities
outlined in the care plan, and maintaining professional
boundaries to build trust.
-​ Informal: Being dependable, keeping promises, and
offering consistent support based on their personal
commitment.

promoting the wellbeing of the dependant: Roles of parents and carers

parent carer

Social Wellbeing: Supporting Physical Wellbeing:

 -​ Providing opportunities for interaction with peers, family, -​ Formal: Assisting with mobility, encouraging exercise within
and the wider community, and helping them develop social their capabilities, and supporting healthy eating habits as
skills. per dietary guidelines.
Emotional Wellbeing: -​ Informal: Encouraging healthy lifestyle choices, providing
-​ Creating a safe and supportive environment where the nutritious meals, and supporting participation in physical
dependent feels comfortable expressing their emotions, activities where appropriate.
learning to manage stress, and developing a positive Nurturing Emotional Wellbeing:
self-image. -​ Formal: Providing emotional support within professional
boundaries, recognizing signs of distress, and referring to
mental health professionals when necessary.
-​ Informal: Offering comfort, understanding, and a safe
space for the dependent to express their feelings.

●​ preparations for preparations for becoming a parent or carer

becoming a parent or changing health behaviours, eg nutrition, physical activity, social or spiritual connections
carer COME Health behaviours – nutrition, physical activity, social and spiritual connections.
-​ changing health -​ Parents and carers need to make lifestyle changes before they take on a dependant. For biological parents, the mother needs to
behaviours, eg take a range of actions to assure the health of their child – e.g. not consuming alcohol, implimenting baby gates and child proofing
nutrition, physical around the house etc. Therefore they need to be physically fit enough to meet the demands of their dependant and the
activity, social or responsibilities involved.
spiritual connections
-​ enhancing knowledge enhancing knowledge and skills, eg education, information, training
and skills, eg -​ Carers and parents need to be equipped with knowledge and skills to facilitate the best care possible for their dependant.
education, -​ This may look like attending prenatal classes, getting a certification in care, keeping their skills and knowledge constantly updated.
information, training -​ For specific needs, such as a disability, the parent or carer needs to have extensive knowledge and skills regarding the disability.
-​ modifying the physical -​ If the child, adopted or foster, or dependent is of a specific religion or cultural heritage, it is important for the carer or parent to
environment, eg have knowledge regarding such – e.g. culturally appropriate hair, meals, prayer space etc.
housing, amenities,
equipment modifying the physical environment, eg housing, amenities, equipment
-​ organising finances, -​ The physical environment may need to be modified to meet the needs of the dependent. If they are a wheelchair user, stairs need
 eg budgeting, saving, to be replaced with ramps, or for a small child, gates to stop them from going down stairs, covers for sharp edges. This also
support payments includes the safe storage of necessary equipment, such as walking frames and wheelchairs.

organising finances, eg budgeting, saving, support payments

Organising finances - Involves budgeting and saving to ensure adequate finances to support the dependant and their needs.
-​ Parents may need to take paid or unpaid leave to support the dependant at times, specifically when they are born, become ill or
other events, therefore adequate savings need to be ensured.
-​ Not only do the parents/carers have to meet their own needs, funds need to be allocated to meet the dependents' needs – food,
clothing, shelter, medical etc. Government subsidies (Medicare, PBS) and allowances (carers payments) may be available to
assist with finances.

●​ Characteristics of the Characteristics of the dependent

dependent Describing how the characteristics of the dependent can affect the roles of the parent or carer
-​ Age Age
-​ skills/ capabilities Satisfy specific needs of the dependent
-​ Special needs, ilness, -​ Younger child rely on parents to satisfy all of their needs, as well as require more attention with the needs related to adequate
disability standard of living (food, clothing, shelter)
-​ As the child grows older and more independent, these needs shift to more importance on sense of identity and less on adequate
standard of living as that is already fulfilled. Teenagers rely increasingly more on parents to provide them with safety and security
e.g providing a curfew.
-​ This affects the role as parents, as they need to continually provide these needs and understand what ones to focus on in order for
their child to develop fully
Build a positive relationship with the dependent
-​ When children are young, a strong bond is created with parents, this helps the parents feel a sense of connection to their child
-​ As the child grows older, it may become more challenging for the parents, so effective communication from parents is vital to
continue a positive relationship
Promote wellbeing of the dependent
-​ This occurs when the needs of the dependent are met, with the age of the dependent affecting the parents ability to do this
-​ A dependant’s needs change through the lifespan; for example, parents will go from meeting the physical needs of a child, to
enhancing the self- esteem of a teenager concerned with body image, to providing emotional and perhaps economic support to
adult children.
skills/ capabilities
Satisfy specific needs of the dependent
 -​ The skills of the dependent create a guide to the amount they can assist in meeting their own needs.
-​ For instance once a child is adolescent they can assist their parents in meeting their own needs by being physically active, eating
healthy and completing school work indipendently.
-​ This assists parents to focus on other roles like providing economically for the family and guiding children on crucial things rather
than doing everything
Build a positive relationship with the dependent
-​ Parents' connection with the child will change as a childs skill set increases, for instance, parents may foster interests of children to
bond with them and show interest, as well as help them further increase their skills. For instance, a parent helping a teenager drive
a car, or a parent being a soccer coach for their kids team.
-​ Meanwhile carers may need to spend more time with dependents to help them build their skills, needing assistance with food,
bathing and dressing which the dependant may never learn how to perform those tasks themselves
Promote wellbeing of the dependent
-​ Due to a carer needing to constantly help dependents increase skills and capabilities, it gives them the role to constantly build
towards improving wellbeing overtime

Special needs, ilness, disability

Satisfy specific needs of the dependent
-​ A chronically ill child may not be able to have their parents meet their specific needs for health as they will need professional
medical assistance.
Build a positive relationship with the dependent
-​ There may be difficulties in building positive relationships Difficulties in communication, due to a disability of a dependant may limit
the ability to build a positive relationship e.g a child with autism or an aged parent who has had a stroke. (causing carers or
parents to be more aware on how to navigate these disabilities to connect with the dependent)
Promote wellbeing of the dependent
-​ promoting wellbeing especially important for those who have special needs. A dependant may require more physical + emotional
support in everyday activities

Influences on parents and Influences in parents and carers

carers Parenting and caring relationships are influenced by a variety of factors. These influences can be personal (relating to the immediate
●​ Personal world of the person and their family) and social (relating to influences outside the family from the community).
(CROPMESS)
-​ Culture, customs, and Personal
traditions Culture, customs, and traditions
-​ religion/spirituality
-​ Education Main points:
-​ Previous experience -​ Parents commonly would want their children to uphold the culture they were born into
-​ Own upbringing -​ This could mean satisfying childs physical needs through their cultural elements e.g cultural foods, cultural dress and involving
-​ multiple commitments, them in cultural events (social)
eg work, study, sport, -​ Sharing cultural beliefs can promote bonding (e.g celebrating festivals together and sharing beliefs as a family)
family -​ Sculpture can impact parenting style, choices and arrangements made around how to look after children passed down by
-​ socioeconomic status grandparents
-​ special needs, eg -​ For some parents in a new country, language barriers and lack of information available can affect care choices of family or caere
illness, disability as they are limited to resources (e.g dont know or trust english speaking daycares for children, family members not knowing where
●​ Social to send dependents)
-​ community attitudes Strategies to assist parent and carers in managing this
-​ gender expectations -​ Utilise non formal resources to look after child/ dependant who resonate with cultural teachings
-​ media stereotypes -​ Utilise supportive workplace structures that accept cultural norms and traditions with no discrimination
religion/spirituality
Main points:
-​ Parents generally pass down religious practoces to children by modelling it in the household and taking them to partake in
practices
-​ This can influence choice of schooling, social activities and parenting style according to what is believed as ‘right’
-​ If parent and dependent share faith, it may be helpful to enhance bonding due to having the same worldviews
Strategies to assist parent and carers in managing this
-​ Church on sundays → uphold tradition
-​ Schedule to allow time to dedicate to religion
-​ Take child/ dependant to schools or hospitals catered to religion
Education
Main points:
-​ Education (e.g parent/carer help books, tafe) aim to enhance skills and knowledge of parent and carer so they are able to better
deal with day-to-day issues → it also gives them the confidence and more knowledge of resources when dealing with dependent
-​ The more educated people are, the more knowledge they have about services and resources available, this gives them access to
better services and care when looking after dependant
-​ Higher education, means a sufficient job with good income which can assist in looking after children (ability to buy a tutor and
 better schooling to increase the education of not only them but now their children)
-​ Parents and carers of low levels of education may gain knowledge and base parenting style on the way their parents looked after
them, this may lead to recycled habits of neglect and abuse.
Strategies to assist parent and carers in managing this
-​ Parenting groups → informal and formal education that leads parents to find out about tried and trusted resources that could be of
use
-​ Asking for help from informal support networks (knowledge of family and friends)
Previous experience and Own upbringing
Main points:
-​ Because of evolving practices/experiences, parenting and caring may enhance and become more modified
-​ E.g after a first child is raised, parents will have had crucial learning experiences which will impact their parenting of future children
-​ E.g after caring for a person with dementia, a caere may be more aware in caring for another person with that problem
-​ Children are more likely to feel safe and secure, developing strong bonds with parents or carers when they are more confident in
what they are doing
Strategies to assist parent and carers in managing this
-​ Sharing role allocation and decision making with partner or carer → asking for opinions from what they like/dislike from previous
experience
multiple commitments, eg work, study, sport, family (their own parents)
Main points:
-​ The amount of time and energy external pursuits take can affect the quality of relationships with dependents
-​ Benefits: parents participating in extracurriculars may feel more refreshed after getting time out from the parenting role, if parents
manage commitments well it can be inspiring to their children and what they can achieve
-​ Negatives: causes conflict if parent has too much going on → dont have time to properly meet responsibilities and expectations of
multiple roles, stress may also be passed into kids, children may also feel neglected as their parents dont have enough time for
them
Strategies to assist parent and carers in managing this
-​ A parent with multiple roles will need to make decisions on childcare, schooltype and after school extracurricular activityities for
children
-​ Management strategies: parents will need a plan or action put in place to achieve goals e.g setting and prioritising goals of
overlapping schedules
socioeconomic status
Main points:
-​ Determined by an individual's amount of income, occupation, level of education and area they live, these can affect the way people
carry out parenting and caring roles
-​ High income:
→ although strengthening bonds by providing kids with toys, long hours at work compromise time spend involving in family life
→ putting dependents in high standard nursing homes ensures high standard care
-​ Low income:
→ parents may be too busy with work to ensure their families have enough money to survive and needs are met, this may
increase a childs indipendence, but it can also harm relationships with families due to feelings of neglect
→ carers of low income may find it hard to cover expenses, reducing ability to have reliable resources
Strategies to assist parent and carers in managing this
-​ Prioritising needs + wants
-​ Discover resources appropriate for tax bracket that can be used
special needs, eg illness, disability
Main points:
-​ Refers to situations which dependents require more support due to experiencing illness, disability or allergies (can be both
dependent or independent)
-​ Dependents disabilities may influence way of treating and satisfying needs e.g specific medical attention, communication needs
and certain services
-​ Quality time from this may increase bonding, however this needs for dependency may sometimes allude to strain and stress on
relationships
-​ Communication issues may make it difficult to understand what the dependent needs
-​ May be too costly to cater to specific needs of dependents with disabilities.
Strategies to assist parent and carers in managing this
-​ Effective communication should be recommended
-​ Using resources recommended by doctor
Social
community attitudes
Community attitudes reflect norms and expectations society has on parents or carers (including their behaviours, methods of education
and acceptable activities)
-​ Emotional well being harmed: if parents or carers are seen not abiding by these norms, they may face opposing opinions and
questions by others which can harm emotional and social wellbeing by being viewed as an outcast by the community. For
instance, a parent seen homeschooling their child, although a valid choice, many will question their decision and the parent may
face scrutiny
-​ Social wellbeing: due to facing scrutiny, parents may lose control on how to look after their children causing them to feel less
confident and inferior. This may make parents more likely to compare parenting styles to others around them to see how
successful they are. This can harm social wellbeing by causing more judgment towards friends who are parents, stimulating more
gossip and bullying on other parents. Harming the social wellbeing of children as they may not be able to make friends due to
parents' judgment and scrutiny towards others.
-​ Emotional wellbeing of children harmed: parents' insecurities and loss of control could make them constantly switch up parenting
style to avoid judgment. However this may cause more confusion for children and increase their stress.
gender expectations
Due to socialisation, people follow specific gender stereotypes ingrained in them which is reflected in the way they carry out parenting and
caring roles → in which will be role modelled and carried out by the parent or carer dependant/child.
-​ emotional well being harmed: By acting out these expectations, it influences the parent/carer's interaction with the dependent or
child. For instance, due to dads stereotyped as the ‘breadwinners’ they may spend less time with their children and therefore their
bond with their child may be weaker.
-​ Economic well being harmed: Similarly, for caring professions such as nursing and teaching, many caeres are female due to
gender expectations. Not only limiting their roles in caring, but hindering the job opportunities for males who prefer professions in
those fields.
-​ Emotional well being harmed: by going against social expectations, parents or carers may feel inferior due to public scrutiny
-​ Social well being improved: for instance, as stay at home dads become more common, they will be able to connect with other dads
and learn from eachother and share experiences not only improving social wellbeing but improving emotional wellbeing as fathers
feel accepted into groups that they were once excluded from.
media stereotypes
The media infiltrates messages which influence parents, with behaviours and opinions expressed on television/radio/written media that
may depict or challenge an individual's values. As well as carers, with media giving them information about financial support, job
opportunities and advocacy opportunities which can lead to carers performing their roles effectively
-​ Portrayal of ideal parenting on media = parents may feel guilty if they do not meet expectations (harming emotional wellbing),
 -​ Parenting/caring advice and information = increase economic well being by promoting job opportunities for care/ financial
resources available to informal carers and parents. → allowing them to spend less time on work and more time with children/
dependant

Styles of parenting or caring Authoritarian

●​ Authoritarian -​ This describes a demanding and inflexible parent or carer who has a goal to achieve in which they already have idea about the
●​ Democratic best way to meet the needs of the dependant
●​ permissive/ indulgent -​ They expect obedience with the dependant having little to no input into decisions that may affect them
●​ negligent
advantages disadvantages

-​ This style benefits emergency situations for instance, if a -​ Dependant can become resentful and distant due to their
house is on fire or if a parent got fired from their only opinions being ignored and due to parent or carer creating
source of income, this wat the parent or carer already has fear (harm on social wellbeing as it causes a strain on their
a plan on what to do (promoting emotional wellbeing of relationship)
dependant as they are not left with the stress or burden of -​ Dependent has no opportunity to be independent due to
the problem) strict rules (harm on economic and social well being as
they will never learn how to navigate themselves)

Democratic
-​ This style of parenting invites all members to have a say in decisions

advantages disadvantages

-​ Dependants are more likely to feel appreciated as their -​ Without clear boundaries and consistent enforcement of
ideas are taken on board. (This will build a positive rules, democratic parenting can sometimes lean towards
relationship with carer or parent increasing their social leniency which can potentially lead to confusion and a lack
wellbeing) of structure for children. (harming their emotional well
-​ This can lead to increased trust between both dependant being as it may increase stress and burden)
and parent/carer, where both parties feel happy to share
opinions (boosting emotional wellbeing for dependants or
children with past traumas to open up)
 -​ In a nursing home, a resident who has an input into their
activities is more likely to increase their sense of identity
(need)

permissive/ indulgent
-​ This follows excessive leniency, where a parent or carer will always agree to a dependants requests

advantages disadvantages

-​ The dependent may be happy as they always get their way -​ This could lead to a lack of respect for the parent/carer by
(boosts emotional wellbeing) the dependent/ child as they feel like they are not cared for,
-​ A kid could be happy as less restrictions give them the or they may feel disregarded, comparing their own situation
ability to explore the world for themselves and take on to how their friends' parents treat them. (harming emotional
dependance (increase in social wellbeing → more wellbeing causing a strain with a childs own parent/carer)
opportunity to go out and hang out with friends) -​ Due to there being minimal set limits for the
-​ Dependant could have the opportunity at exploring their dependant/child, they may be more inclined to engage in
own interests and wants without carer stopping or high risk activities (risking harm to physical wellbeing)
restricting them (helping them meet need of sense of -​ Safety and security needs not met due to lack of parental
identity) restrictions (also harming physical wellbeing)
-​ Dependant could turn out to be immature adult who
demands their needs are met for them (harming economic
wellbeing and social well being as no one will accept that
behaviour)

Negligent
-​ Characterised by uninvolved parenting, with parent/carer having a lack of parental interest, responsiveness, and emotional
connection with a child/ dependant → this could be a result of socioeconomic status, substance abuse or addiction

advantages disadvantages

-​ dependanr/ child is more likely to establish independence -​ parent/ carer may lack in providing food, hygiene and
early on (beneficial to social wellbeing as they will be clothing (can be detrimental to a child/dependants physical
 knowledgeable on how to navigate their own issues and needs)
meet their own needs) -​ parent/carer not providing supervision over
child/dependant (harm physical wellbeing if dependant gets
into an accident while unsupervised)
-​ dependant/child may feel they are not loved or protected,
making them feel insecure about their own relationship with
parent or carer (harming social wellbeing due to jealousy of
those around them, as well as harming their emotional
wellbeing due to a poor relationship with parent or carer)

rights and responsibilities in legal rights of parents carers and dependants

parenting and caring
●​ legal rights of parents, Parents:
carers and
dependants Health and medical decisions Education and schooling Financial support
●​ responsibilities of -​ It is the legal right of a parent to -​ The right that every parents child is -​ Parents in Australia have a legal
parents and carers attend to the child's medical entitled to education which they duty to financially support their
-​ duty of care treatments must provide them children until they turn 18. This
-​ setting limits -​ It is the legal right of children to -​ It is legally recognised for kids includes providing for basic
-​ discipline make their own medical decisions because it's considered a necessities like food, clothing,
(over the age of 16) fundamental human right (a key to shelter, and education
Laws: individual and societal Laws:
-​ The Family Law Act 1975: looks development) -​ Family Law Act 1975: ensures that
after parental responsibilities for Laws: financial support for dependents is
medical decisions in Australia. -​ Education Act 1990 (NSW): Parents provided by both parents.
-​ Example: Under Section 61C, both have responsibility under the Governing the shared parental
parents share parental Education Act 1990 to make sure responsibility of having the duty to
responsibility unless a court order that their children are enrolled in financially support their children,
states otherwise. school /recieve homeschooling regardless of who they live with.
Impact on wellbeing of carer: -​ If they don't, the Department of Family tax benefit: to help assist with costs
-​ Emotional wellbeing: By knowing Education can apply to the associated with raising a child
 that parents can access the best Children's Court for a compulsory -​ Family Tax Benefit Part B: paid per
treatment to help their child can schooling order. family with single parent families,
alleviate stress around childs Impact on wellbeing of carer: non parent carers and some
-​ Social wellbeing: will increase, as families that only have one main
wellbeing
they will be able to socialise with income
-​ Economc well being: however Impact on wellbeing of carer:
decreasing economic well being their childs friends parents, as well
-​ Economic well being: Access to
due to parents being required to as teachers at their child’s school
financial resources ensures parents
spend money on medical costs Impact on wellbeing of dependant:
can cover basic needs, such as
Impact on wellbeing of dependant: -​ Emotional wellbeing: will increase
housing bills, education, and basic
-​ Emotional wellbeing: dependants as dependents are able to gain
necessities like food and clothes.
may feel like a burden on their more knowledge through getting an
Ensuring less stress around
parents due to medical costs being education. increasing their ability to
financial requirements and less time
significant, causing them to feel explore their own interests and
spent overworking.
more stressed identity.
Impact on wellbeing of dependant:
-​ Physical wellbeing: due to having
basic necessities covered, allows
dependents to have health needs
met through getting sufficient
fulfillment

Carers:
Health and medical decisions Education and schooling Financial support

-​ The legal right of carers to look over -​ carers have significant legal rights -​ Carers in Australia have legal rights
medical decisions of dependants to concerning the education and and access to financial support to
ensure their health and medical schooling of the children they care help them in their caring roles.
wellbeing is fulfilled for, especially if the child has a Laws:
Laws: disability -​ Carer Payment: A regular payment
-​ Guardianship act: A dependant can Laws: for carers who provide full-time care
 appoint a guardian to make medical -​ Disability Standards for Education and cannot engage in any other job/
decisions on their behalf if they lose 2005: Students with disabilities substantial paid work.
the capacity to do so themselves have the right to access and Impact on wellbeing of carer:
due to disability or medical illness. participate in education on the -​ Emotional wellbeing: carers may
Impact on wellbeing of carer: same basis as students without experience stress, burnout and
-​ Emotional wellbeing: reduced disabilities. Education providers
mental health issues due to their
stressed, increased peace of mind must make "reasonable
adjustments" in consultation with responsibilities if they work as a full
since they have control over time carer, therefore, by receiving
the dependant and carer to ensure
dependants medical decisions this full time pay for caring may
Impact on wellbeing of dependant: Impact on wellbeing of carer: significantly reduce stress and
-​ Physical wellbeing: if carers are in -​ Emotional wellbeing: reduced eliminate extra work requirements.
charge, dependants physical stressed, increased peace of mind Impact on wellbeing of dependant:
wellbeing is in their best interest as since they have control over -​ Physical wellbeing: health needs
they might appoint a carer that they dependants medical decisions are likely met due to carers being
know will ensure health needs are Impact on wellbeing of dependant: provided substantial pay to cover
met -​ Physical wellbeing: if carers are in their medical expenses.
charge, dependants physical
wellbeing is in their best interest as
they might appoint a carer that they
know will ensure health needs are
met

Dependants:
Health and medical decisions Education and schooling Financial support

-​ From the age of 16 the dependent -​ children and young people are -​ Dependants have the right to
is granted medical rights including legally required to attend school/ financial support to assist in the
ability to consent to some medical get an education. fulfillment of economic needs and
treatments with the same authority Laws: financial aspects of living
 as an adult. → e.g booking -​ United Nations Convention on the Laws:
appointments, able to dictate when Rights of the Child (UNCRC): -​ Youth allowance: an income
to start and stop treatments emphasizes the right Children have support payment that provides
Laws: regarding a safe learning financial assistance to young job
-​ The privacy act: restricts disclosure environment, free from harassment, seekers, aged 16 to 21 who are
of medical information to parent of victimisation, and abuse. → Where looking for work or undertaking
above 16 schools have a duty of care to other activities to improve their
Impact on wellbeing of carer: protect students and ensure their employment abilities.
-​ Emotional wellbeing: may decrease well-being Impact on wellbeing of carer:
due to rising stress as their child Impact on wellbeing of carer: -​ Emotional wellbeing: may alleviate
may be confidential about medical -​ Emotional wellbeing: carer/parent financial stress on carers/
treatments, causing parents to feel may have relieved stress if they depenants who struggle to provide
scared and worried for the know their child is being supervised financially for dependants. Giving
wellbeing of the child, as they may and not subjected to abuse, the dependants the ability to source
not feel assured that their child harrassment or discrimination. And their own finance
understands how to fulfill their if they are their will be Impact on wellbeing of dependant:
health needs. consequences for those inflicting -​ economic well being: allows
Impact on wellbeing of dependant: conflict dependance to have backup
-​ physical wellbeing: dependents are Impact on wellbeing of dependant: support when attempting to seek a
able to be proactive about their own -​ Social wellbeing: being able to job, making them more likely to
health. Allowing them to fulfill their attend school and having protection spend time on gaining proper skills
own personal needs which they may increase a childs ability to to get a stable job (As there is no
might have been too afraid to voice make connections with students need for quick income due to
to their parents. and teachers. Allowing them to support payment)
build positive relationships with
others.

responsibilities of parents and carers

How the responsibilities of parents and varers contribute to building a positive relationship with dependants
Responsibility: a duty or obligation to perform or take care of something and to be accountable fo the outcomes of those actions
Involves making decisions, carrying out task and accepting responsibility of consequences
duty of care

parent carer

Duty of care outline: Duty of care outline:

-​ Moral responsibility to ensure the safety, wellbeing and -​ Includes physical, emotional and medical wellbeing
development of the dependants in their care → this What carers are expected to do/ examples
concept is especially important in both family and caring -​ Assisting with mobility to prevent falls
contexts -​ Administrering medication appropriately and on on time
What parents are expected to do: -​ Monitering for signs of illness or distress and responsing
-​ Provide a safe environment free from hazards (Protect appropriately
children from abuse and neglect)
-​ Ensure access to medical care and basic needs like food,
shelter and education
-​ Following child protective laws
-​ The legal obligation to avoid causing harm

Legal implications
If a parent or carer fails to meet their duty of care, they may be legally held accountable
-​ Child protection intervention
-​ carer/parent liability to damages
-​ Criminal charges in severe cases

setting limits

parents carer

Setting limits outline: Setting limits outline:

-​ Process of establishing clear, consistent and age -​ Establishing boundaries that protect carer and dependant
appropriate boundaries for dependants behaviour → helps while respecting adults autonomy
What carers are expected to do/examples:
 dependants feel secure, learn self discipline and -​ Setting boundaries around lifting or physical assistance to
understand expectations avoid injury
What parents are expected to do: -​ Establishing routines for meals, hygeine or rest to support
wealth and reduce confusion (especially with dementia or
-​ Clearly communicating what behaviours are acceptable
are disabled
-​ Enforcing boundaries with consistency -​ Respectfully declining unsafe requests e.g i can't let you go
-​ Helping children understand reasons behind rules outside at night because its not safe

Why it matters
-​ Promotes safety as limites protect children from harm
-​ Supports development as children learn responsibility
-​ Builds trust as consistent boundaries help children feel cared for
-​ Encourages independence as children learn to trust themselves in following rules

Discipline

parents carers

Discipline outline: Discipline outline

-​ Refers to actions taken to guide, teach and support to -​ In adult care discipline is about encouraging cooperation
children in learning appropriate behavuiour, rather than and mutual respect
Carer expectations/ examples
simply puniching them
-​ Redirecting aggressive or inappropriate behaviour calmly
What parents are expected to do: and respectfully
-​ Guidance over punishment: discipline should help children -​ Using positive reinforcement to encourage participation in
understand the consequences of their actions and learn therapy or healthy routines
better ways to behave -​ Setting consequences for repeated unsafe behaviours, for
-​ Respectful communication: encouraging open dialogue instance limiting access to certain areas
and listening to the childs perspective
-​ Consistency and fairness: setting clear expectations and
following through with approproate consequences
 Examples of positive discipline:
-​ Redirecting a childs attention to a more appropriate activity
-​ Using time out (if doing something wrong, a parent can
intervene and give a child time out from the activity)
-​ Offering choices to empower decision making

Why it matters:
-​ Educational wellbeing: by giving guidance over punishment allows dependants to gain an education on what is right and wrong
-​ Emotional wellbeing: Respectful communication during discipline encourages open dialogue for the child to express their
feelings, allowing them to feel respected and heard
-​ Physical wellbeing: by setting clear boundaries and reminding dependants of it their safety and health needs are met

Types of support How these different types of informal and formal support assist parents and carers to prepare for their roles, fulfill their responsibilities
●​ informal Maintain their own wellbeing
-​ Relatives Roles = satisfying needs, building positive relationships, promoting wellbeing
-​ Friends Responsibilities = duty of care, setting limits, discipline
-​ Neighbours informal
●​ Formal Relatives
-​ Government agencies
-​ Community
How they assist them in their role/responsibilities How they support wellbeing
organisations
-​ Changes in society causing parenting role to be shared -​ Shared responsibility assists mothers to spend more time
between both parents, with fathers spending more time on their own pursuits like work (economic well being) and
with children with friends and extracuricculars (social wellbeing → also
-​ Having the constant support of immediate family members helps fathers grow a stronger bond with children (emotinal
means a parent or carer can fulfil their role with greater well being)
ease → due to being relatives, other immediate family -​ Relying on relatives allow both parents to have a regular
members knowing what is best for dependance, being break from parenting, the chance to refresh and regain
reliable to fill out roles and responsibilities. energy is possible
Friends

How they assist them in their roles/responsibilities How they support wellbeing

-​ Friends may provide informal advice or emotional support -​ Emotional wellbeing is supported through regular
during challenging parenting moments (e.g., through conversations and empathy, reducing stress and feelings
shared experiences or listening). of isolation.
-​ Friends can assist with tasks such as babysitting or school -​ Social wellbeing is enhanced through regular meetups,
pick-up/drop-off when parents are busy or unwell. playdates, and outings, allowing both parents and children
-​ They offer a social outlet for both parents and children, to feel connected.
helping to create a balanced lifestyle. -​ Physical wellbeing may be supported by shared activities
like group walks, exercise classes, or outdoor gatherings.

Neighbours

How they assist them in their roles/responsibilities How they support wellbeing

-​ Neighbours may help in emergencies or provide -​ Safety and security needs (physical wellbeing) is increased
supervision for children if needed. knowing there is someone nearby to help.
-​ They can share community information (e.g., school -​ Social wellbeing is supported through a sense of
events, local services). community and casual interactions.
-​ Can form part of a support network for families, especially -​ Emotional wellbeing is enhanced through feeling supported
in areas without extended family. and less isolated, especially for stay at home parents or
single parents.

Formal
Government agencies

How they assist them in their roles/responsibilities How they support wellbeing

-​ Provide services such as Centrelink for financial support -​ Economic wellbeing is supported through financial
(Family Tax Benefit) to assist parents in meeting their assistance → enabling parents to look after children
 financial responsibilities e.g buying clothes, food and water without financial stress or burden.
for children. -​ Emotional wellbeing is enhanced through access to mental
-​ Offer parenting support through agencies like the health and counselling services when facing stress from
Department of Communities and Justice like child parenting or caring.
protection services and family counselling. -​ Physical and social wellbeing is promoted by programs that
-​ Deliver access to early childhood education, through encourage healthy development, immunisation, and
subsidies for daycare to help parents balance work and access to parenting groups.
parenting.

-​ NDIS (national disability insurance scheme) protects the -​ Social wellbeing: improved as carers do not need to be
rights of carers, and promotes their health, safety, and overworked from working their own job to earn income at
wellbeing. the same time as care for dependants. Allowing them to
spend more time for themselves as their days are less
busy as finance is covered

Community organisations

How they assist them in their roles/responsibilities How they support wellbeing

-​ Provide parenting courses, support groups, and workshops -​ Emotional wellbeing is improved through peer support and
(Tresillian) to build parenting skills and confidence. professional guidance. → as well as social wellbeing is
-​ Offer practical help such as food banks, clothing donations, strengthened via connections with other families and
and emergency accommodation (The Salvation Army). community networks.
-​ Physical and economic wellbeing is supported through
provision of essential items and services to reduce
financial strain.

-​ Wesley mission: a church that serves a wide range of -​ Creates a space for carers to speak about their mental
services including support for mental health and disability. health as the burden of looking after someone else may
cause pressure and stress which the carer may have to
hold in → to not put stress on dependants. This outlet
boosting their emotional wellbeing
types of services provided types of services provided through formal support and its impact on the wellbeing of young carers, aged carers, first-time parents, working
through formal support parents
-​ health care
-​ education Young carers
-​ financial support
-​ childcare health care Impact on wellbeing:
Medicare -​ positive impact on the economic wellbeing of young carers
-​ respite care
-​ young people are able to obtain a medicare card at age 15, as it relieves financial pressures regarding medical bills
-​ counselling and fees.
which enables them to see a doctor independently without
relying on a carer -​ Positive impact on physical wellbeing as Medicare covers a
wide range of medical services, including visits to general
practitioners, speciclait and allied health professionals.

Education Impact on wellbeing

The young carers bursary program -​ Emotional wellbeing improved as their is reduced stress
-​ Supports young carers continue their education, reducing from not needing to work and gain an education at the
same time
their need to work as they provide fees each year to assist
-​ Social wellbeing: from halving less time needed to spend
with education needs and resources on work, that enables young carers to spend time with
friends and family

financial support Impact on wellbeing

Carer allowance -​ Economic well being: youth are able to maintain their own
-​ Fortnightly payments to youth who provide daily ongoing make income, as well as have the money to provide to
care to someone terminaly ill or with medical conditions dependants ontop of that
-​ Emotional wellbeing: lwss stressed about trying to get a job
as they have the money to provide for dependants

respite care Impact on wellbeing

Respite care -​ emotional and physical wellbeing of the young carer as it
-​ Temporary care for the aged, ill, or disabled (usually in an gives them a physical and mental break from being in the
caring role.
institution). Allowing young carers to have a break from
-​ positive impact on social wellbeing as respite care allows
their caring duties allowing them time for themselves and young carers to spend more time with their friends ect.
 their own responsibilities

Counselling Impact on wellbeing

Kids helpline -​ Emotional wellbeing: can enable carers to deal with
-​ Free 24/7 online and phone councelling service for youth overwhelming or confusing emotions while making sense
of their responsibilities, experiences and needs (may feel
aged 5-25
alone as no one is caring for them.)

Aged carers
health care Impact on wellbeing:
The benevolent society -​ Physical wellbeing: by ensuring dependants normal daily
-​ Provides dependants support in their own home (helps routine is completed, this improves their physical health,
dependants bathe, eat, dress, medicine, chores etc) and prevents the quality of their health from declining →
emotional wellbeing improved as it reduces stress on other
carers of the dependant that they are well looked after

Education Impact on wellbeing

MyTime for Grandparents -​ Emotional wellbeing: less stress as it allows carers to have
-​ A playgroup that provides support for parents and carers downtime and take time for themselves while dependant is
entertained
with a dependant with a disability → in an environment
-​ Social wellbeing: the supportive group space can boost
controlled by trained individuals who assist carers roles connections and create an environment for carers to share
tips and knowledge

financial support Impact on wellbeing

Centrelink -​ Economic well being: able to make and provide income for
-​ Provides funds per fortnight and Basics Cards that allow dependants needs → carers can put all their focus on
carers and dependants to buy essential goods and assisting dependants without needing to work
services to assist their needs if they didnt have enough -​ Emotional wellbeing: less stressed about trying to get a job
income to do so already at an older age to provide for dependants as they are given
funds
 respite care Impact on wellbeing
Respite care -​ emotional and physical wellbeing of the elderly carer as it
-​ Temporary care for the aged, ill, or disabled (usually in an gives them a physical and mental break from being in the
caring role.
institution). Allowing elderly carers to have a break from
-​ Spiritual well being: carers can spend time on their faith or
their caring duties allowing them time for themselves and culture as they may not have had access or time to do so
their own responsibilities before hand

Counselling Impact on wellbeing

National carers counselling program -​ Emotional wellbeing: can enable carers to deal with
-​ Short term councelling services specifically designed for overwhelming or confusing emotions while making sense
of their responsibilities, experiences and needs
carers (face to face and over the phone)
-​ Economic well being: decreased as the counselling
program may not be an expense carers can afford,
especially if they are living off of a pension

First time parents

health care Impact on wellbeing:
Online government websites such as Raising Children Network -​ Emotional wellbeing: gives guidance and reassurance to
-​ Provides information regarding the health, hygeine and carers as they know they are following safe and healthy
daily care of a newborn processes for their child → health needs if the child are
met
-​ Economci well being: gaining access to online resources is
not a high expense, making information and advice on
baby health and safety easily accessible without harming
income

Education Impact on wellbeing

Nsw government provides a “having a baby booklet” -​ Emotional wellbeing: new parents will be less stressed as
This helps parents understand and gain more knowledge on how they have increased knowldege on processes abd
sustuations that happen during pregancy and birth
to deal with this significant part of their life → providing tips on
-​ Physical wellbeing: booklet provides advice on health
when things do not go to plan
 information regarding healthy behaviours during pregancy
(no drinking)

financial support Impact on wellbeing

Newborn upfront payment launch -​ Economic well being: reduces the struggle to multitask →
-​ Provide payments such as parental leave pay for parents looking after child and working as income is looked after
to recieve up to 18 weeks whike they take time off to care -​ Emotional wellbeing: first time parents will be granted the
for their newborn baby time to fully experience being with their newborn child and
navigating the life of caring for them without needing to
worry about other respinsibilities

childcare Impact on wellbeing

Daycare centres -​ Economic well being: first time parents are able to continue
-​ centers that offer care for infants and toddlers without need their work obligations as their children are in the hands of
professional childcare workers who work in their childs best
for parents, often during standard work hours.
interest
-​ social wellbeing: First time parents can interact with other
parents at the centre which helps build a supportive
community

Counselling Impact on wellbeing

Beyond blue -​ Emotional wellbeing: having access to support and helpful
-​ Offers mental health support for first time parents, aswell resources can assist parents in navigating an
overwhelming time of raising a child for the first time →
as emotional health and wellbeing resources
helping them settle into this life changing experience

Working parents
health care Impact on wellbeing:
A Dependent Care Flexible Spending Account (DCFSA) -​ Economic Well Being: reduces financial stress for working
-​ a pre-tax benefit that allows working parents to set aside parents, allowing them to afford reliable childcare services.
money from their salary for childcare expenses. -​ Emotional Wellbeing: this support enables parents to focus
on their work and enjoy peace of mind, ultimately
 benefiting their overall physical and mental health

Education Impact on wellbeing

Tresillian -​ Emotional Wellbeing: the extra support provided through
-​ Tresillian helps parents with breastfeeding, nutrition and tressilian will take the load of caring and working off,
therefore allowing them to feel less stressed while knowling
settling their baby as well as supporting parents with
their child is well looked after → helping them create a
mental health. This is all done face-to-face. routine for themselves

financial support Impact on wellbeing

Parental care leave pay: -​ Economic well being: provides working families sufficient
-​ For parents who were initially working and wish to take funds to cover their own needs as well as their children,
time off to look after their newborn. The family can get up helping them to not need to constantly work overtime just
to 100 days of Parental Leave to cover expenses
-​ Emotional wellbeing: with the extra financial support they
will feel less stressed about trying to make ends meet.

childcare Impact on wellbeing

Daycare centres -​ economic well being: allows parents to work longer hours
-​ centers that offer care for infants and toddlers without need and therefore earn more income. → however daycare
services may be expensive
for parents, often during standard work hours. → Through
-​ emotional wellbeing: as parents might not feel stressed
before and after school care, working parents are able to leaving their children alone or to look after themselves
continue to work, without disruption

Respite care Impact on wellbeing

Hospital care: -​ Emotional wellbeing: parents will be less stressed in
-​ Sending a sick child to the hospital to stay overnight if knowing that their child is receiving the proper care they
need, if they have a work emergency.
severely ill.

Counselling Impact on wellbeing

ParentLine: -​ Emotional wellbeing: due to having multiple responsibilities
 -​ Parent Line is a counselling service that provides of having to work and looking after a child, it may pose
confidential and non-judgemental advice and support for severe stress on parents. Therefore through this, whenever
parents parents are feeling overwhelmed, they can open up to a
professional in a safe environment. → The counsellor will
be able to provide the parents with different ways of coping
with their stress

Social Impact of Technology

Syllabus Notes

Defining technology Defining technology

●​ technology as technology as hardware, eg appliances, gadgets, toys
hardware, eg -​ Physical devices used to accomplish tasks
appliances, gadgets,
toys
primitave complex
●​ technology as
software, eg Appliances: kettle Appliances: robotic vaccum
applications, Gadgets: spear Gadgets: sensor light
databases, websites Toys: marbles Toys: computer games
●​ technology as
organisation of
knowledge, eg technology as software, eg applications, databases, websites
communications, -​ Software built into computers and advancement of digital technology
media, internet, home
entertainment primitave complex
●​ describe both primitive
and complex Applications: abacus Applications: skype
●​ technologies historical Database: filing cabnet Database: microsof office
perspectives Websites: encyclopedia Websites: google
-​ the Digital Revolution
-​ the Information Age
technology as organisation of knowledge, eg communications, media, internet, home entertainment
-​ Modern media and internet that connects individuals with the world and eachother

primitive: complex:

Communications: morse code Communications: whatsapp

Media: nickelodeon Media: cnn news
Internet: telegram Internet: youtube
Home entertainment: playing cards Home entertainment: interactive games (playstation)

describe both primitive and complex

Primitive: basic tools/gedgets
complex: complex tools with many parts

technologies historical perspectives

the Digital Revolution
What is it:
-​ The movement towards digital technology and away from analogue, mechanical and electronic technology
the Information Age
What is it:
-​ The ability of individuals to transfer information freely and access knowledge instantly → allowing rapid global communications

How the nature and use of information and communication technology has changed:
technology How has it changed/ improved example

Information technology It has changed the opportunities for Online education:

individuals to receive as well as send -​ making educational material data
information accessible anywhere, aswell as
making new methods for education
through online media and
applications (e.g using online
textbooks instead of searching for
 physical ones → improving time and
information available)

Communication technology It has improved the efficiency in which How we used to communicate:
people communicate with eachother -​ began through cave paintings being
the only form of communication
which was inefficient, time
consuming and difficult to
understand
How we communicate now:
-​ We now have strong
telecommunication, people can
communicate effectively and
whenever they want through
applications like facetime, social
media, and translating apps →
broadening who we can
communicate with (with countries
and language no longer being a
barrier)
Australian Bureu of statistics:
How many households had access to the internet in 2016-17?

What was the first and second most common device used to access the internet at home in 2016-2017?

Compare the mean number of devices per household with children under the age of 15 to households with children over the age of 15

Which age group had the highest internet use in 2016-2017?

What were the three most common online activities in 2016-2017?

What devices have grown in their use between the years of 2014-2015 to 2016-2017.
 What devices have decreased in their use between the years of 2014-2015 to 2016-2017.

reasons for the development reasons for the development of technology

of technology
●​ improve upon existing
technology
-​ economic benefit
-​ consumer demand
and human needs
-​ social betterment
-​ the global community
-​ response to social
problems

improve upon existing technology

economic benefit
Description:
-​ Introduction of various technologies have benefited communities and the economy immensely through improving efficiency
Example:
-​ Production line machines
 -​ Sata analytics → allows businesses insight on larger customers demands, market changes, and strategies to impliment
consumer demand and human needs
Description:
-​ Increasing the variety of technology as a result of consumer demands to fulfill human needs
Example:
-​ Online streaming services
-​ Meal delivery
social betterment
Description:
-​ Technologies have positively impacted social life through assisting in social contact and enhancing self esteem
Example:
-​ Mental health apps → gives individuals an efficient way to seek mental help
-​ Applications like facetime → enables overseas phone calls
-​ Language learning applications
the global community
Description:
-​ Communication around the world has became instantaneous and easy through information technology, enabling meetings and
interactions over continens
Example:
-​ Applications like skype or zoom → enabling people to connect wherever and whenever
-​ Online shopping → enabled regular people to become part of the global community
response to social problems
Description:
-​ Mobile phone use has opened opportunities to strengthen individuals emotional well being and advocate for social problems /
become more aware of worldly issues
Example:
-​ Use of tiktok and instagram to express opinions and advocate
-​ Voting apps to grant all individuals access to voting for government issues
-​ Online councelling like betterhelp

factors affecting access to factors affecting access to and acceptance of technology

and acceptance of technology -​ Each factor can either limit or enhance one's access to technology, in which can negatively or positively impact their wellbeing
-​ Age Access: the ability to use the technology
-​ Culture Acceptance: the action of consenting or to use technology
 -​ Education Factors affecting access to and acceptance of technology
-​ economic status
-​ Disability
-​ geographical location
-​ Gender
-​ religion

the impact of technology on household technology

lifestyle technologies and the Definition: help complete domestic chores, enjoy entertainment and undertake work related tasks
family
-​ household technology
Example 1: Slow cooker
-​ information and
communication positive/negative impact on individuals well being positive/negative impact on family relationships
technology
-​ entertainment -​ Time efficient -​ Able to spend more time with family as cooking looks after
technology -​ Can be prepared whilst at work and ready to eat itself
-​ Meals prepared can go a long way (make multiple meals) -​ Nutritious meal for family (kids feel cared for and looked
-​ Not expensive after)

Example 2: television

positive/negative impact on individuals well being positive/negative impact on family relationships

-​ Educational purposes -​ Family bonding (shared experience, watching shows

-​ Lack of physical activity (obesity) together)
-​ Lack of interaction/ social isolation -​ Arguments over tv shows can cause concern for parents
-​ Distract kids from helping around the house
-​ Parents distracted from parenting role

Example 3: dishwasher
 positive/negative impact on individuals well being positive/negative impact on family relationships

-​ Less physically demanding task (more time to spend with -​ Frees up time for family
others/own hobbies) -​ Reduces chore related conflict
-​ Still have to unpack -​ Can be a learning opportunity for kids (parents giving them
-​ Initial cost (waterbill, maintenance) that chore)
-​ Arguments over uneven responsibility (who unpacks
dishwasher)
-​ Arguements over how to pack it properly/ use

information and communication technology

-​ Social media: instagram, tiktok
-​ Video conferencing: skype, zoom
-​ Educational learning platforms: edrolo, compass, google classroom
-​ Health and wellness apps: my fitness pal
-​ Parental control software: life 360, screentime
-​ Smart home devices: google home, ring doorbell
Social media
→ What: Social media are online platforms enabling users to share and view content, for instance tiktok
→ negative: Tiktok poses significant risks for teenagers due to constant scrolling, dopamine receptors may be damaged, hence teenagers'
development may be stunted due to interrupted cognitive function. This poses risks for parents when attempting to navigate their growing
up and navigating external world as they need to be more monitored
→ positive: However tiktok has the ability to improve family relationships through its ability to share content. by creating common interests
and conversations it enables positive relationships and shared views in the family
→ Another example: Another example may be Instagram​
→negative: Instagram has the ability to ruin young teenagers' self-esteem especially girls due to insecurities by comparing them to other
individuals on the platform. this may lead to teenagers feelings suicidal which parents may have difficulty navigating and won't understand
how to treat.
→ positive: However Instagram can also give the opportunity for parents to get to know the lives of children when posting where they are
and what they are doing

Parental control software

→ What: Parental control softwares are applications that give parents access to child information and safety for instance life 360
 → negative: This can cause conflict as children may feel that personal pursuits and privacy is violated. hence causing them to be more
inclined to lie and sneak around. Harming the personal relationships of parents and children as their values now clash which can arise
conflict and arguements from disagreements
→ positive: However children can feel their parents care for them as they are being monitored, as well as feel more secure when going
out as children are aware that their location is constantly known. meaning they are protected boosting interpersonal relationships as
children will feel supported and parents trusting their kids.

entertainment technology

technologies and the

community ▪ education and
training ▪ transport and travel
▪ health and medicine ▪ food ▪
leisure and entertainment

technologies and the

workplace ▪ safety technology
▪ information and
communication technology ▪
structure of the workplace –
health and safety –
equipment – efficiency –
flexibility – education and
training ▪ introduction of
technology into the workplace