IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
• Consider the circle 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 = 25.
QUESTION
HOW TO FIND TANGENT LINE
EQUATION TO CIRCLE AT ANY
POINT ?
• But if we look carefully graph of circle, then we easily see that even if
not a graph of function. This means that y is not explicitly a function
of x. So in that case we need to split up the graph in two parts.
Implicit Derivative: leverage to chain rule
TAKE DERIVATIVE
IMPLICITLY!!!
THIS MEANS THAT WE DO NOT HAVE TO EXPRESS
𝑦 AS A FUNCTION OF 𝑥 EITHER WAY.
Example
2 2 𝑑𝑦
A) If 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 25. Find
𝑑𝑥
B) Find the equation of tangent to the circle 𝑥 2 +
𝑦 2 = 25 at point (3,4)
Example
Find 𝑦 ′ if
2
sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Linear Approximation
We have seen that a curve lies very close to its tangent line near
to the point of tangency. In fact, by zooming in toward a point on
the graph of a differentiable function, we noticed that the graph
looks more and more like its tangent line. This observation is the
basis for a method of finding approximate values of functions.
In other words, we use
the tangent line at (𝒂, 𝒇 𝒂 )
as an approximation to
The curve 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)
when x is near a.
Linear approximation or tangent line
approximation
An equation of this tangent line is
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓′(𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑎)
and the approximation
𝑓(𝑥) ≈ 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓′(𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑎)
is called the linear approximation or tangent line approximation of 𝑓 at 𝑎.
Example
Find the linearization of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 3 at
𝑎 = 1 and use it to approximate the numbers 3,98
and 4,05 . Are these approximations overestimates
or underestimates?
Exercises
Use a linear approximation (or differentials) to estimate the given
number (1,999)4 .
Differentials
The ideas behind linear approximations
are sometimes formulated in the
terminology and notation of differentials.
If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), where f is a differentiable
function, then the differential dx is an
independent variable; that is, dx can be
given the value of any real number.
The differential dy is then defined in terms
of dx by the equation
𝒅𝒚 = 𝒇′ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
So dy is a dependent variable; it depends
on the values of x and dx. If dx is given a
specific value and x is taken to be some
specific number in the domain of f , then
the numerical value of dy is determined.
Example
Compare the values of ∆y and dy if
𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1
and 𝑥 changes
(a) from 2 to 2.05
(b) from 2 to 2.01.
Mean Value Theorem
To arrive at the Mean Value Theorem we first need the following result.
Rolle’s Theorem: Let 𝑓 be a function that satisfies the following three hypotheses:
1. 𝑓 is continuous on the closed interval 𝑎, 𝑏 .
2. 𝑓 is differentiable on the open interval 𝑎, 𝑏 .
3. 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑓 𝑏
Then there is a number 𝑐 in 𝑎, 𝑏 such that 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 0.
Graphical Explanation of Rolle’s Theorem
EXAMPLE
Prove that the equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 1 = 0 has exactly one real root.
The Mean Value Theorem
Let 𝑓 be a function that satisfies the following hypotheses:
1. 𝑓 is continuous on the closed interval 𝑎, 𝑏 .
2. 𝑓 is differentiable on the open interval 𝑎, 𝑏 .
Then there is a number 𝑐 in 𝑎, 𝑏 such that
′
𝑓 𝑏 − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓 𝑐 =
𝑏−𝑎
or, equivalently,
𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑏 − 𝑎 = f b − f(a)
EXAMPLE
Suppose that 𝑓 0 = 3 and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ≤ 5 for all values of 𝑥. How
large can 𝑓 2 possibly be?
EXAMPLE
Determine if the Mean Value Theorem can be applied to the following
function on the the given closed interval.
If so, find all possible values of 𝑐: 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1 on [1,5]
EXAMPLE
Show that sin 𝑥 < 𝑥 for all 𝑥 > 0.
Solution: If 𝑥 > 2𝜋, then sin 𝑥 ≤ 1 < 2𝜋 < 𝑥. If 0 < 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋, then, by
the Mean-Value Theorem, there exists 𝑐 in the open interval (0,2𝜋)
such that
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥−sin 0
= = (sin 𝑥)′ |𝑥=𝑐 = cos 𝑐 < 1.
𝑥 𝑥−0
Thus, sin 𝑥 < 𝑥 in the case too.
