What Does 𝒇′ Say About 𝒇 ?
Between A and B and
between C and D, the
tangent lines have positive
slope and
so 𝒇′ (𝒙) > 𝟎. Between B
and C, the tangent lines
have negative slope and so
𝒇′ (𝒙)<𝟎 Thus it appears
that f increases when
𝒇′ 𝒙 is positive and
decreases when 𝒇′ 𝒙
negative.
Increasing/Decreasing Test
• If ′
𝒇 (𝒙) > 𝟎 on an interval, then 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing
on that interval.
• If 𝒇′ 𝒙 < 𝟎 on an interval, then 𝑓(𝑥) is decreasing
on that interval.
Example
Find where the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 −
12𝑥 2 + 5
is increasing and where it is decreasing.
Solution
Let’s take the first derivative of f(x)
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 12𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 − 24𝑥.
Now, let’s determine roots of the derivative function
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 12𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 = 0 ↔ 12𝑥 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 = 0 ↔ 12𝑥 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 + 1 = 0.
This implies that 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑥 = −1.
The following table is the sign table:
The First Derivative Test
Suppose that 𝒄 is a critical number of a continuous function 𝑓.
• If 𝒇′ changes signs from positive to negative at 𝒄, then 𝑓 has a
local maximum at 𝒄.
• If 𝒇′ changes signs from negative to positive at 𝒄, then 𝑓 has a
local minimum at 𝒄.
• If 𝒇′ is positive sign to the left and right of 𝒄, or negative sign to
the left and right of 𝒄, then 𝑓 has no local maximum or minimum
at 𝒄.
EXAMPLE
Example
Find the local minimum and maximum values of the
function 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 + 5?
we see that 𝒇′ (𝒙) changes
from negative to positive at x=-
1, so 𝑓(−1) = 0 is a local
minimum value by the First
Derivative Test. Similarly, 𝒇′ (𝒙)
changes from negative to
positive at x=2, so 𝑓 2 =
− 27 is also a local minimum
value. As noted previously,
𝑓(0) = 05is a local maximum
value because 𝒇′ (𝒙) changes
from positive to negative at 0.
Example
(a)Find the intervals of increase or decrease.
(b) Find the local maximum and minimum values
1
for the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 (𝑥 + 4)
Example
Find the local maximum and minimum values of the function
𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋
Exercises!!!
(a)Find the intervals of increase or decrease.
(b) Find the local maximum and minimum values
for the following functions:
• f 𝑥 =𝑥 6−𝑥
• g 𝑥 = 5𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 5
2 5
• ℎ(𝑥)= 5𝑥 − 2𝑥 3
3
• 𝑢 𝜃 = 2 cos 𝜃 − cos 2 𝜃, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
Inverse Functions
A function f is called a one-to-one if it never takes on the same value
twice; that is,
𝐟(𝒙𝟏 ) ≠ 𝐟(𝒙𝟐 ) whenever 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2 .
Horizontal Line Test :
A function is one-to-one
if and only if
no horizontal line
intersects its graph more
than once.
Example
Whether or not the following functions apre one-to-one?
1. f x = 𝑥 3
2. f x = 𝑥 2
Definition of Inverse Function
Let 𝑓(𝑥) be a one-to-one function with
domain A and range B. Then its inverse
function 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) has domain B and range
A and is defined by
𝑓 −1 𝑦 = 𝑥 ⇔ 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥
for any 𝑦 in B.
How to Find the Inverse Function of a One-to-
One Function 𝒇?
STEP 1 Write 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
STEP 2 Solve this equation for x in terms of y (if possible).
STEP 3 To express 𝑓 −1 as a function of 𝑥, interchange 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦.
The resulting equation is 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥).
EXAMPLE: Find the inverse function of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 2.
The graph of 𝑓 −1 is obtained by reflecting the graph of 𝑓 about the line
𝑦 = 𝑥.
Calculus of Inverse Function
Theorem: If 𝑓 𝑥 is one-to-one contInuous function on an
interval, then 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) is contInuous on this interval.
Theorem: If 𝑓 𝑥 is one-to-one differentiable function on a
given interval then 𝑓 −1 𝑥 is also differentiable and
−1 ′ 1
(𝑓 ) (𝑥) = ′ −1
𝑓 (𝑓 𝑥 )
Example
𝑥+2
If 𝑓 𝑥 = then find the
𝑥
−1
derivative of 𝑓 (𝑥)?
Examples
1- If 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟓 + 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟏, compute (𝒇−𝟏 )′ [𝟏]=?
2- Find the equation of the tangent line to the inverse of
𝒆−𝟑𝒙
𝒇 𝒙 = at point (-1,0)
𝒙𝟐 +𝟏
Exponential Function
Derivative of Exponential Function
𝑑(𝑏 𝑓 𝑥 ) ′ 𝑓(𝑥)
= 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑏 𝑙𝑛𝑏
𝑑𝑥
𝑑(𝑒 𝑓 𝑥 ) ′ 𝑓(𝑥)
= 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑒
𝑑𝑥
Examples
1- Compute derivative of
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 .
2- Compute derivative of
(−𝑥 2 +𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑓(𝑥) = 2 .
