CELLS

ORGANELLES & STRUCTURES

 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Recognise organelles and other cell structures found in eukaryotic
cells and outline their structures and functions

Describe and interpret photomicrographs, electron micrographs and

drawings of typical plant and animal cells

Compare the structure of typical plant and animal cells

DO YOU REMEMBER
THE DEFINITION OF
CELLS?
 WHAT ARE CELLS?

Cells are the basic

structural and functional
units of living organisms.
LET’S LOOK AT THE
TYPES OF CELLS
TWO TYPES OF CELLS
SIZE OF CELL
CELLS IN LIGHT
MICROSCOPE
ANIMAL
CELL
PLANT CELL
 WHAT IS AN ORGANELLE?

Organelles are the different

structures inside a cell that
each have different jobs or
functions to complete within
the cell.
 cell membrane

The layer of both plant and

animal cells that helps keep
fluids and other organelles
inside the cell.
The cell membrane acts as a
“security guard” as it has
small holes that let some
molecules in but keeps out
any harmful molecules.
 cell membrane

Thin (~7nm), partially permeable barrier Controls exchange of materials between

surrounding all cells. the cells and its environment.
cell membrane
 cell wall

The outer layer of plant

cells that helps keep
everything inside the cell
protected.
The cell wall is made of very
strong materials that can
keep anything harmful
outside of the cell.
Plant cell wall is made of
mostly cellulose.
 cell wall

Cell wall provides mechanical

strength and support for the
cells. It prevents bursting of the
cells when they absorb water.

Plant cell walls have openings

called plasmodesmata to
connect neighbouring cells.
 cytoplasm

The fluid that fills a cell.

Cytoplasm is found in both
plant and animal cells and
is made up of many
dissolved molecules that
can be used for other
processes throughout the
cell.
 cytoplasm

The contents of the cell,

excluding the nucleus. It
is an aqueous jelly-like
substance between
nucleus and the cell
surface membrane.

Cytoplasm + Nucleus =
Protoplasm
 Nucleus

The “control center” of

both plant and animal
cells that controls growth
and reproduction.
The nucleus is located near
the center of the cell and
contains all of the cell’s
chromosomes.
 Nucleus

Nucleus is a large organelle enclosed

by a double membrane called nuclear
envelope.
 Nucleus

Chromatins are thread-like structures

Nucleolus is a dense part in the
made of DNA and proteins.
nucleoplasm. It produces ribosomes.
They contain hereditary information.
 chloroplast

An oval-shaped organelle
with double membrane,
found in some plant cells
only.

Converts light energy of the

sun into sugars that can be
Chloroplast is the organelle
used by cells.
where photosynthesis takes
place and is only found in plant
cells.
chloroplast
 mitochondria

Sausage-shaped organelles
with double membranes.

They are the site of aerobic

respiration. Their function is to
provide energy in the form of ATP.

Mitochondria is found in both plant

and animal cells and is known as
the “powerhouse” of the cell.
mitochondria
 Golgi apparatus

A stack of flattened sacs.

Its main function is to process

proteins coming from rough ER
and send them to other parts of
the cell or out of the cell
(secretion).
 Golgi apparatus
It makes lysosomes

It produces glycoproteins and

glycolipid for the cell membrane.

It forms the cell wall in plant

cells.
Golgi apparatus
 endoplasmic
reticulum (E.R.)
A network of flattened
sacs running through the
cytoplasm to transport
molecules inside the cells.
 ribosomes

Small non-membranous
organelles found in all living
cells.

Made of rRNA and proteins.

Eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S.

Prokaryotes, mitochondria and
chloroplasts contain 70S
ribosomes.

They synthesise proteins.

ribosomes
 Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum (E.R.)
An organelle attached to the
nucleus that’s important in the
creation and storage of lipids.

Smooth E.R. is found in both

plant and animals cells and
looks like a group of tubes.

Smooth ER lacks ribosomes. It

makes lipids and steroids, stores
calcium and is involved in drug
metabolism.
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum (E.R.)

Rough ER has ribosomes

on its surface and it
transports proteins.

Rough E.R. is found in both

plant and animal cells and
looks like sheets of bumpy
membranes attached to the
nucleus.
 vacuole
Vacuoles are sac-like
organelles filled with fluid
called sap. The membrane
that encloses the plant
vacuoles is called tonoplast.

A storage bubble that stores

food and nutrients the cell needs
to survive.
 vacuole

Animal cells have small,

food vacuoles.

Plant cells have large,

permanent, central vacuoles
which provides support for the
plant cells and to the plant.
 Lysosome

Lysosomes are small

spherical vesicles containing
hydrolysing (lytic) enzymes.

Their functions are;

• to break down large
molecules
• to destroy worn out
organelles
• to destroy the entire cell if
necessary (autolysis)
Lysosome
 Microvili

Finger-like projections
extensions of the cell
surface membrane.

To increase surface area of

the cell for absorption like
in the intestines and kidney
tubules.
 Centrioles
A pair of rod shaped
organelles found only in
animal cells.

They have roles in cell

division and in formation of
cilia and flagella.

They are made of

microtubules arranged as 9
triplets.
Centrioles
 cilia & flagella
These are whip-like beating
extensions of cells.

Cilia are small and numerous

while flagella are long and
fewer in number.

Both are used for locomotion

and moving fluids over cell
surfaces.
 THAT’S ALL OF
THEM! HERE’S A
QUICK TIP...
 THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
CELLS
Plant cells Animal cells
have cell don’t have a
walls. cell wall -
only a cell
membrane.

Plant cells Animal

have larger cells have
vacuoles. centrioles.

Plant Cell Animal Cell

 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Calculate magnifications of images and actual sizes
of specimens from drawings, photomicrographs and
electron micrographs (scanning and transmission).

Define resolution and magnification and explain

the differences between these terms, with reference to
light microscopy and electron microscopy.
 LOOKING AT CELLS
WITH LIGHT MICROSCOPE
 LOOKING AT CELLS
WITH LIGHT MICROSCOPE
 LOOKING AT CELLS
WITH LIGHT MICROSCOPE
 LOOKING AT CELLS
WITH LIGHT MICROSCOPE
MAGNIFICATION

Magnification is making
thing look larger.
It has no unit.
(It is written as X150)
 magnification

Figure 1.20 shows plant cells magnified

Calculate the magnification of the drawing
X5600. Calculate the actual length of the
of the animal cell in Figure 1.4
labelled chloroplast.
USING EYEPIECE GRATICULE
AND STAGE MICROMETER
USING EYEPIECE GRATICULE
AND STAGE MICROMETER
RESOLUTION VS MAGNIFICATION
resolution
resolution
resolution
WAVELENGTH
LIGHT MICROSCOPE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
 2 TYPES OF
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

3NM-20 NM RESOLUTION 0.5

NM
 WHY CAN’T WE SEE
RIBOSOMES USING
LIGHT MICROSCOPE?
 LIGHT MICROSCOPE VS
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
 LIGHT MICROSCOPE VS
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
1.ELECTRON MICROSCOPE USES LIGHT WITH VERY SHORT

WAVELENGTH.

2.RIBOSOMES CANNOT BE SEEN USING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE.

3.MAXIMUM RESOLUTION OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPES IS 400 NM.

4.TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE PROVIDES 3D IMAGES OF

THE SPECIMENS.
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Outline key structural features of a prokaryotic cell

Compare the structure of a prokaryotic cell as found

in a typical bacterium with the structures of
typical eukaryotic cells in plants and animals

State that all viruses are non-cellular structures with

a nucleic acid core (either DNA or RNA) and a capsid made of protein,
and that some viruses have an outer envelope made of phospholipids
BACTERIA

• Single-celled and
prokaryotic

• Lack nucleus and

membranous organelles

• 1-5 micrometers in
diameter

• Divides by binary fission

BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
VIRUS

• No cell structure

• Made of nucleic acid

(DNA or RNA) surrounded
by protein coat (capsid)

• Some have phospholipid

envelope

• 20-300nm in size
VIRUS

• All viruses are parasitic;

they can only reproduce
by infecting and taking
over other living cells.
VIRUS